中國의 律令格式 攷

郭東憲,李相悅 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1983 東洋文化硏究 Vol.10 No.-

A study of legal system and history of East Asian Countries is impossible, enless we consider the Chinese legal system and history. Therefore, we are to study the Chinese legal system, especially the system, mutual relation, history of enactment and specific character about the lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式) for basic study of the legal system and history. The lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式) are titles of 4 code of laws, which the lu¨(律) is criminal row, the ring(令) is law of the civil administration, the ko(格) is law of reform for the lu¨-ling(律令), and the shih(式) is detailed rule relative to the application of the lu¨-ling-ko(律令格). In these cord of laws, the lu¨-ling(律令) are fundamental laws aiming at the imperial ordinance and punishment and the ko-shih(格式) are assistance laws for maintenance and enforcement of the lu¨-ling(律令). The numbers and contents of volm's item of the lu¨-ling(律令) are distinguished a little in every dynasty. The Tang's lu¨-ling(唐律令) are the most outstanding lu¨-ling(律令) in China, then the Tang-lu¨(唐律) is of 12 volume's item(篇目) and the Tang-ling(唐令) is of 27 volume's item. Mutual relation of the lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式) as follows. (1) If one has acted contrary to the ling(令) i.e. the law of civil administration, one should be punished in accordance with the lu¨(律) i.e. criminal law. (2) The lu¨-ling(律令) was revised by means of the ko(格). (3) The sinh(式) had provided the detailed rule relative to the application of the lu¨-ling-ko(律令格). (4) The exceptional matter of the specified lu¨(律) had been provided in the another lu¨(律). (5) The contents of the lu¨(律) had been provided by the ling-ko-shih(令格式). History of enactment of the lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式) as follows. The lu¨(律) originated from the age of civil war(戰國時代) and the ling-ko-shih(令格式) could be traced back to Tsin(晋) Dynasty, thereafter all the successive dynasties had enacted it. Investigating legal systems in the previous of the Tang(唐) dynasty, it was generally system of the lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式), But it was system of the ppyen-chi(編勅) and the ssing-tung(刑統) at the age of 5 reign(五代期), system of the chi-ling-ko-shih(勅令格式) at the sung(宋) dynasty, system of the tien-Jang(典章) and the tiao-ko(條格) at the yu¨an(元) dynasty, and system of the lu¨(律) and the hwoe-tien(會典) at the Ming-Ching(明淸) dynasty. The lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式) had character of the confucianism from the age of Han-wo-di(漢武帝), and then it was completed at the Tsin(晋) dynasty, furthermore it was succeeded for 2000 years till the ching(淸) dynasty. Conclusively, the chinese lu¨-ling-ko-shih(律令格式) was an instrument for the maintenance of a nation which is centerlized power with authoritarianism, and not for the right and duty of the people, but for the imperial ordinance and punishment, and then it aimed at achivement of authoritarianism, despotism and a class system by nationalizing a territory and depriving of rights of the people.

Molindone: 약물학적 특성과 임상적 적용 : Molindone: A Review of Pharmacological Properties and Clinical Use

곽경필,정성훈 대한생물치료정신의학회 1999 생물치료정신의학 Vol.5 No.1

새로운 비전형적 항정신병약물은 전형적 약물에 비해 효능과 부작용 측면에서 많은 이점을 가지고 있으나, 비전형적 약물 역시 체중증가라는 부작용을 보인다. 체중증가는 치료의 순응도 뿐만 아니라 신체적 건강 그 자체에도 중요한 의미를 가진다. 항정신병약물 중 molindone만이 체중변화가 거의 없고 일부 환자에서는 체중감소가 보고된 바 있다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 molindone의 약동학적, 약력학적 특성, 치료적 효능 및 부작용에 대해 검토해 보았다. Molindone은 다른 항정신병약물과 여러 면에서 많은 유사성을 가지지만, 구조적 차이와 D1, D2, M, H1, α 수용체의 친화력에서 차이를 보인다. 약동학적 면에서도 매우 짧은 반감기, 낮은 지용성 등이 다른 항정신병약물과 차이를 가지고 있다. 정신분열병에 있어 molindone의 치료적 효능은 다른 항정신병약물과 차이가 없다. 약동학적, 약력학적 특성으로 노인, 내과적 질환이 병합된 환자, 임신부에게 안정성과 적은 부작용을 고려할 때 molindone이 선택될 수 있다고 제안되고 있다. 중추신경계와 기타 부작용 역시 전형적 항정신병약물과 유사한 경향을 가지나, 체중변화와 경련 유발에는 기타 항정신병약물에 비해 우수하다고 할 수 있겠다. 1980년대 말까지 molindone은 독특한 약동학적 특성으로 비전형적이라 분류되기도 하였지만, 현재의 비전형적 약물 즉 세로토닌-도파민 길항제가 소개되면서 molindone에 대한 임상연구는 거의 찾아보기 힘들다. 그러나 비전형적 항정신병약물이 과거처럼 전형적인 항정신병약물에 반응을 보이지 않거나 부작용이 심각한 환자에게만 사용되는 것이 아니라, 모든 정신병적 증상의 일차 치료제로 선택되는 현 시점에서 과도한 체중증가가 문제가 되는 환자들 중 일부는 molindone으로 교체하여 증상호전의 유지 및 체중감소를 동시에 얻을 수 있는 군이 있을 가능성이 높다. 다만 국내 및 국외에서 최근 molindone의 임상연구가 부족한 편이기 때문에 molindone으로 교체가능한 환자군에 대한 지침을 얻을 수 없어 임상의의 경험에 의존할 수밖에 없다는 문제점이 있다. 그래서 향후 항정신병약물에 의한 체중증가 부작용에 대한 잘 계획된 연구들이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Although the side effect profiles of the new atypical antipsychotics are more advantageous than those of the conventional neuroleptics, the atypical antipsychotics have also been associated with weight gain. Weight gain is common and troublesome side effect and may have a significant effect on compliance as well as physical health. Several reports suggest that molindone is less harmful in this respect and alleviates the obesity of some patients. So, the authors review literatures concerning the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic effects, and side effects of molindone.Molindone, an indole derivative dopamine antagonist, is structurally distinct from other classes of neuroleptics. Molindone exhibits many similarities to other neuroleptics, including dopamine receptor blockade, antipsychotic efficacy, and extrapyramidal side effects. Despite these similarities, molindone also has different properties. Molindone has very little affinity to bind centrally to either the D1 or D2 receptor site and has the lowest affinity for cholinergic, noradrenergic and histaminic receptors. Molindone also inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase in vitro and in vivo. Molindone is unlike any other neuroleptic agent with respect to its pharmacokinetic parameters. Tmax of molindone is very short and is less lipophilic than other neuroleptics. Although the elimination half-life of molindone is approximately 2 hours, the clinical duration of action of molindone is at least 24 hours.Molindone appears to be comparable in efficacy to conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia and to be both effective and well-tolerated in geriatric and medically ill patients. Molindone does not appear to have the same propensity to induce side effects as other neuroleptic agents. But, clinically, molindone has a tendency to cause weight loss than conventional antipsychotic agents. The mechanism producing this weight loss is uncertain. A wide range of studies is still needed before we can fully appreciate the usefulness of molindone.

水晶體 α-Crystallin의 Aggregation에 對한 Calcium의 影響에 關한 硏究

郭明憲,林圭,郭相太,黃炳斗 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1987 충남의대잡지 Vol.14 No.2

The elution profile of CaCI_2 treated and EGTA plus CaC1_2-treated soluble fraction protein of bovine lens are compared by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, and then changes of protein patterns of CaCI_2-treated crystallin and EGTA plus CaCI_2-treated α-crvstallin fractions have been investigated by urea/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1. In the presence of 0.8 mM CaCI_2, 10 mM CaCI_2, or 10 mM CaCI_2 plus 20 MM EGTA, absorbance at 500 nm exhibited 0.039, 0.087, 0.040 respectively. 2. Physiologic concentration (0.8 mM) CaCI_2-treated, 10 mM CaCI_2-treated and 10 mm CaCI_2 plus 20 mM EGTA-treated soluble fractions were analyzed by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. In the 0. 8 mM CaCI_2-treated proteins four peaks were eluted in the tube No. 17, 27, 31, 35 and identified as α, β_H, β_L, γ-crystallin, but eluted in the tube No. 16, 26, 30, 33 in 10 mM CaCI_2-treated protein, respectively. In presence of 10 mM CaCI_2 plus 10 mM EGTA, protein patterns exhibited the same. 3. Physiological concentration (0. 8 mM) CaC_2-treated α-crystallin was seperated ten subtractions by urea/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the 10 mM CaCI_2-treated α-crystallin, No. 9 subfraction was disappeared and No. 3B was newly appeared when compared with that of 0.8 mM CaCI_2 treated and 10 mM CaCI_2 plus 20 mM EGTA. 4. Absorbance and electrophoretic pattern of 10mM CaCI_2-treated native a-crystallin exhibited the same result of 0.8 mM CaCI_2-treated. 5. Ten inilimoles mercaptoethanol treated soluble fraction protein exhibited the same elution profile when compared with nontreated soluble fraction proteins. From the above results, it is suggested that the aggregation of a-crystallin of lens by calcium may be resulted to the interaction of (β,γ-crystallin, and not related the formation of disulfide bond.

胎盤組織 Guanine Aminohydrolase에 關한 硏究

유지헌,林圭,郭相太,黃炳斗 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1987 충남의대잡지 Vol.14 No.2

Guanine aminohydrolase(EC 3.5.4.3, GAH) has been purified from human term placenta approximately 1,280-fold with a 10% yield by combination of ultracentrifuge, ammonium sulfate precipitate, Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, calcium phosphate gel adsorption, DEAEcellulose chromatography and hydroxyapatite chromatography, and then its properties were investigated. 1. The purified enzyme appeared single protein band by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The enzyme showed a pH optimum around 5.6-8.6. It was heat labile, inactivated by heat-treatment for 10 minutes at 70℃, and irreversively denatured by freezing and was stable at 4℃ for at least 1 month. 3. Copper ion (Cu^2+) was a potent inhibitor, the activity being inhibited upto 75% at 2 mM concentraion and the inhibition was completely recovered its activity by additon of 4 mM EDTA, and zinc ion (Zn^2+ also inhibited upto 40% at 2 mM concentration. The other ions did not almost inhibit. 4. The apparent Km value for guanine was 4 X 10^-5M, and the enzyme activity was completely inhibited by 0. 5 mM of p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, but all of the activity was recovered in adding 10 mM mercaptoethanol. 5. The molecular weight of the enzyme showed 170,000 by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, and 55,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And the properties such as above results of guanine aminohydrolase of human term placenta are compared with those of guanine aminohydrolase of other tissues.

Design of Rescue Robot in Hazardous and Disastrous Environment

Kwak, Sung-Hun,Choi, Gi-Sang,Choi, Gi-Heung The Korean Society of Safety 2007 International Journal of Safety Vol.6 No.1

In many cases, rescue robots work under harsh conditions such as the presence of various obstacles, high temperature, and limited visibility, etc. These robots are required to have tough mechanical structure, good sensing and control capability, and reliable communication capability for receiving operator's command and sending information on the state of the robot and environment. In this study, a rescue robot that can investigate hazardous or disastrous sites with these capabilities is designed and implemented. The performance of the proposed rescue robot is tested under simulated disastrous environment.

햅틱 글러브를 이용한 역감 반영 시스템

곽상훈(Sang-Hun Kwak),박애진(Ae-Jin Park),이지훈(Ji-Hoon Lee),남윤주(Yun-Joo Nam),박명관(Myeong-Kwan Park) 대한기계학회 2006 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2006 No.11

In this paper, the haptic glove using the MR(magnetic-rheological) actuator is developed and its performance is evaluated through the application to the master-slave robot system. The minature MR actuator proposed for the haptic glove is intended for human user to feel the reflective force from the virtual environment. The flexible link mechanism is applied to improve the position-force transmissibility between the MR actuator and human fingers. Then, the master-slave robot system in 3-DOF is constructed to directly evaluate the mobility and the manipulability of the haptic glove and to indirectly investigate the application possibility of the proposed haptic glove to the practical human-machine interaction environment. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed haptic glove as well as the force reflective system.

Stereochemical Requirement at4-Position of 4-Phenyl-1-arylsulfonylimidazolidinones for their Cytotoxicities

Jung, Sang-Hun,Kwak, Suhk-Jun,Kim, Nam-Doo,Lee, Sang-Un,Lee, Chong-Ock The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2000 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.23 No.1

In order to investigate the stereochemical requirements of planar structure at 4-position of 4-phenyl-1-arylsulfonylimidazolidinones (1) for their cytoxicities against human cancer cell lines, the size, the distance from imidazolidinone ring, and the conformation of this moiety were variegated. Replacement of phenyl moiety with naphthyl in compounds 2 and 3 or benzyl moiety in compound 4 sharply reduced activity of 1. Conformational restriction on phenyl ring in compound 5 also resulted in the loss of activity of 1. Therefore, phenyl moiety without any substituents directly attached to imidazolidinone ring of 1 should be considered as an essential pharmacophore for this analog.

류마티스 관절염 환자에서 저용량 메토트렉세이트 투여 초기에 발생한 재생 불량성 빈혈

이성훈 ( Sung Hun Lee ),김태오 ( Tae Oh Kim ),송상헌 ( Sang Hun Song ),김성일 ( Sung Il Kim ),조군제 ( Goon Jae Cho ),곽임수 ( Ihm Soo Kwak ),나하연 ( Ha Yeon Rha ),이은엽 ( Eun Yup Lee ) 대한류마티스학회 2000 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Low dose methotrexate (MTX) is widely used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to prompt clinical response, relatively lack of serious side effects, tolerability and simplicity of medication. However, several serious adverse effects have been reported with the use of MTX. The prevalence of hematologic toxicity, including leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia, and pancytopenia, is estimated to be 3% in MTX-treated RA patients. Pancytopenia, which occurs unpredictably, is one of the most serious adverse effects and the prevalence is estimated to be 1.4% and fatal pancytopenia reported to occur in 17% of these patients. Old age, impaired renal function, concurrent infection, hypoalbuminemia, increased mean corpuscular volume of red blood cell, concomitant medication such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, are the risk factors of MTX induced pancytopenia. We experienced a case of fatal MTX induced early aplastic anemia in RA patients who medicated 3 times MTX (7.5㎎/weekly, 22.5㎎ of cumulative dose) refractory to treatment with steroid pulse, recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and immunoglobulin.

속경화용 탄소섬유/에폭시 프리프레그의 다단 압축 성형기술

곽성훈 ( Seong-hun Kwak ),문지훈 ( Ji-hun Mun ),홍상휘 ( Sang-hwui Hong ),권순덕 ( Soon-deok Kwon ),김병하 ( Byung-ha Kim ),김태용 ( Tae-yong Kim ) 한국복합재료학회 2021 Composites research Vol.34 No.5

프리프레그 압축성형(PCM, Prepreg Compression Molding) 공정은 고품질 CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) 제품을 제조할 수 있는 고속성형기술이다. 오토클레이브 공정에 비해 폐기물 발생이 적고 사이클타임을 크게 줄일 수 있어 항공우주 및 자동차 산업에서 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 PCM 공정의 품질을 높이기 위해 프리프레그의 경화거동을 따라 프레스의 압축압력을 단계별로 증가시키는 성형법에 대해 연구하였고, 이러한 다단 압축 성형법이 우수한 품질의 CFRP 제품을 생산하고 사이클타임을 단축할 수 있는 좋은 수단임을 확인하였다. 그리고 상온에서 적층한 프리프레그를 금형에 투입하여 예열과 성형을 동시에 함으로써 별도의 예열 공정 없이 제품을 성형할 수 있었다. 또한 평판 성형에 최적화된 공정조건을 3차원 형상물에 동일하게 적용한 결과 외관상 평판과 유사한 제품을 공정조건 수립 과정 없이 만들 수 있었다. PCM (Prepreg Compression Molding) process is a high-speed molding technology that can manufacture high-quality CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) parts. Compared to the autoclave process, it generates less waste and can significantly reduce cycle time, so various studies are being conducted in the aerospace and automobile industries. In this study, in order to improve the quality of the PCM process, a molding method was developed to increase the compression pressure of the press step by step according to the curing behavior of the prepreg. It was confirmed that this multi-stage compression molding technology is a good means to produce high-quality CFRP products and shorten cycle times. And, the laminated prepreg at room temperature was immediately put into the mold and preheated and molded at the same time, so that it could be molded without a separate preheating process. In addition, as a result of applying the same process conditions optimized for flat plate molding to three-dimensional shapes, a product similar to a flat plate in appearance could be made without the process of establishing process conditions.

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Appenzeller Cheese Supplemented with Powdered Microcapsule of Tomato Extract during Ripening

Kwak, Hae-Soo,Chimed, Chogsom,Yoo, Sang-Hun,Chang, Yoon Hyuk Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2016 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.36 No.2

The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical and sensory properties of Appenzeller cheese supplemented with different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%, w/w) of powdered microcapsules of tomato extracts (PMT) during ripening at 14℃ for 6 mon. The particle sizes of PMT ranged from 1 to 10 m diameter with an average particle size of approximately 2 m. Butyric acid (C₄) concentrations of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese were significantly higher than that of the control. Lactic acid bacteria counts in the cheese were not significantly influenced by ripening time from 0 to 6 mon or the concentrations (0-4%, w/w) of PMT. In terms of texture, the hardness of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese was significantly increased compared to the control. The gumminess and chewiness of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese were similar to those of the control. However, both cohesiveness and springiness of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese were slightly decreased. In sensory analysis, bitterness and sourness of Appenzeller cheese were not significantly changed after supplementation of PMT, but sweetness of the cheese was significantly increased after increasing the ripening time from 0 to 6 mon and increasing the concentration from 1 to 4% (w/w). Based on these results, the addition of the concentrations (1-4%, w/w) of PMT to Appenzeller cheese can be used to develop functional Appenzeller cheese.