진한 시기 도필리의 부정적 이미지 형성에 대한 연구

천쿤 ( Chen¸ Kun ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.131

刀筆吏는 진한시기 관료체계의 근간을 구성하지만, 전통적인 역사 서술에서 비판자들은 "用法刻深"(법을 각박하고 엄혹하게 적용), "不知大體"(대체, 즉 큰 뜻이나 방향을 알지 못함)라는 낙인을 붙이며 도필리들의 정무 능력과 문법 지식을 비난했다. 비판자들은 크게 황로 도가와 유가 두 파로 분류할 수 있다. 그러나 전해 내려온 문헌과 출토된 서간을 찾아보면 이러한 낙인은 전체 도필리 집단에 일괄 적용되는 것이 아니었다. 비판자와 도필리 사이의 정치적 주장, 직업윤리, 법 집행 이념 등에서의 차이는 비판자들이 주장한 것처럼 현격하지 않았고, 오히려 서로 유사하여 통하는 수준이었다. ‘편협하다’는 비판은 비판자들이 도필리를 비난한 이유의 일부일 뿐이었다. 관료 체계에서 도필리는 본래 그 규모가 방대하고, 요직을 차지하였으며, 또한 學吏제도가 도필리의 공로에 따른 승진과 경력에 대한 신뢰를 제도적으로 보장하였다. 여타 사회집단과 비교하여 도필리의 순탄한 승진 가도는 도필리 관료 체계의 배타성과 폐쇄성 특성을 나타내었다. 그 결과, 도필리는 비판의 대상이 되었고, 도필리에 대한 비판자들의 비방은 생존과 발전을 건 싸움이라 할 수 있겠다. The Daobi officers (petty level of drafting litigation documents) consist the core of the bureaucracy in Qin and Han dynasties (221 B.C. to 220 A.D.), however, in the traditional historical narrative, critics had regarded “harsh” and “without overall vision” as the professional labels of the Daobi officers, and blamed their political competence and grammatical knowledge on which their lives depended. The identity of the critics can be divided into two schools of thought: Huang-Lao Taoism and Confucianism. However, a research of handed-down documents and bamboo and wooden slips reveals that these labels shall not apply to the entire group of the Daobi officers. The differences in political advocacy, professional ethics and law enforcement philosophy between the critics and the Daobi offices are not as exaggerated as the former's propaganda, but rather there are similarities and commonalities. The so-called “parochial prejudice” is only part of the reason why critics blamed the Daobi officers. In the bureaucratic system, the Daobi officers already had a huge body and occupied important positions, meanwhile, the system for educating officials, transferred the position and advanced on the basis of contribution and many other promotion institutions guaranteed that their official career seem promising. Whereas, such a bureaucrat system is exclusive and closed for other social groups, as a result, the Daobi officers became target of public criticism. Therefore, the critic's defamation of the Daobi officers is essentially a struggle for survival and development.

CircFam190a: a critical positive regulator of osteoclast differentiation via enhancement of the AKT1/HSP90β complex

Chen Kun,Chen Xi,Lang Chuandong,Yuan Xingshi,Huang Junming,Li Zhi,Xu Mingyou,Wu Kerong,Zhou Chenhe,Li Qidong,Zhu Chen,Liu Lianxin,Shang Xifu 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

The identification of key regulatory factors that control osteoclastogenesis is important. Accumulating evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are discrete functional entities. However, the complexities of circRNA expression as well as the extent of their regulatory functions during osteoclastogenesis have yet to be revealed. Here, based on circular RNA sequencing data, we identified a circular RNA, circFam190a, as a critical regulator of osteoclast differentiation and function. During osteoclastogenesis, circFam190a is significantly upregulated. In vitro, circFam190a enhanced osteoclast formation and function. In vivo, overexpression of circFam190a induced significant bone loss, while knockdown of circFam190a prevented pathological bone loss in an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse osteoporosis model. Mechanistically, our data suggest that circFam90a enhances the binding of AKT1 and HSP90β, promoting AKT1 stability. Altogether, our findings highlight the critical role of circFam190a as a positive regulator of osteoclastogenesis, and targeting circFam190a might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating pathological bone loss.

Differential Hrd1 Expression and B-Cell Accumulation in Eosinophilic and Non-eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps

Kun Chen,Miaomiao Han,Mengyao Tang,Yadong Xie,Yuting Lai,Xianting Hu,Jia Zhang,Jun Yang,Huabin Li 대한천식알레르기학회 2018 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.10 No.6

Purpose: Hrd1 has recently emerged as a critical regulator of B-cells in autoimmune diseases. However, its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine Hrd1 expression and B-cell accumulation and their possible roles in CRSwNP. Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting were used to assess gene and protein expression in nasal tissue extracts. Cells isolated from nasal tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Local antibody production was measured in tissue extracts with a Bio-Plex assay. Additionally, changes in Hrd1 expression in response to specific inflammatory stimuli were measured in cultured dispersed polyp cells. Results: Nasal polyps (NPs) from patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRS) had increased levels of Hrd1, B-cells and plasma cells compared with NPs from patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (non-ECRS) or other control subjects (P < 0.05). The average Hrd1 levels in B-cells in NPs from ECRS patients were significantly higher than those from non-ECRS patients and control subjects (P < 0.05). NPs also contained significantly increased levels of several antibody isotypes compared with normal controls (P < 0.05). Interestingly, Hrd1 expression in cultured polyp cells from ECRS patients, but not non-ECRS patients, was significantly increased by interleukin-1β, lipopolysaccharide and Poly(I:C) stimulation, and inhibited by dexamethasone treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Differential Hrd1 expression and B-cell accumulation between the ECRS and non-ECRS subsets suggests that they can exhibit distinct pathogenic mechanisms and play important roles in NP.

Optimization of the Growth Rate of Probiotics in Fermented Milk Using Genetic Algorithms and Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

Prebiotics (peptides, N-acetyglucoamine, fructo-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides) were added to skim milk in order to improve the growth rate of contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. The purpose of this research was to study the potential synergy between probiotics and prebiotics when present in milk, and to apply modern optimization techniques to obtain optimal design and performance for the growth rate of the probiotics using a response surface-modeling technique. To carry out response surface modeling, the regression method was performed on experimental results to build mathematical models. The models were then formulated as an objective function in an optimization problem that was consequently optimized using a genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming approach to obtain the maximum growth rate of the probiotics. The results showed that the quadratic models appeared to have the most accurate response surface fit. Both SQP and GA were able to identify the optimal combination of prebiotics to stimulate the growth of probiotics in milk. Comparing both methods, SQP appeared to be more efficient than GA at such a task.

Development and Verification of an Optimum Composition Model for a Synbiotic Fermented Milk Using Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.10

The purpose of this research was to develop an optimum composition model for a new synbiotic fermented dairy product with high probiotic cell counts, and to experimentally verify this model. The optimum composition model indicated the growth promoter ratio that could provide the highest growth rate for probiotics in this fermented product. Different levels of growth promoters were first blended with milk to improve the growth rates of probiotics, and the optimum composition model was determined. The probiotic viabilities and chemical properties were analyzed for the samples made using the optimal formula. The optimal combination of the growth promoters for the synbiotic fermented milk product was 1.12% peptides, 3% fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and 1.87% isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO). A product manufactured according to the formula of the optimum model was analyzed, showing that the model was effective in improving the viability of both Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Cavity Oscillation in a Diffuser with Swirling Flow

Chen, Chang-Kun,Nicolet, Christophe,Yonezawa, Koichi,Farhat, Mohamed,Avellan, Francois,Miyazawa, Kazuyoshi,Tsujimoto, Yoshinobu Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2010 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.3 No.1

The cavity oscillation with swirling flow in hydraulic power generating systems was studied by a simple experiment and numerical simulation. Several types of fluctuation were observed in the experiment, including the cavitation surge caused by the diffuser effect and the vortex precession by the swirling flow. Both cavitation surge and vortex precession were simulated by CFD. Detailed flow structure was examined through flow visualization and CFD.

Research on the relation the characteristics of the faculty and the commitment to continuous improvement of motivations and student study processes

Kun-Dang Chen,Ping-Kuo Chen 서울대학교 교육연구소 2017 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.18 No.4

This study focused on China’s higher education system and explored if personality traits were a mediator of the relationship between motivational mechanisms and continuous improvement, and further explored if leadership change was a moderator of the relationship between personality traits and continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes. In this paper, partial least squares (PLS) was the primary methodology used to test mediation and moderation. This study analysed 350 samples even though a large sample may cause an evaluative error in the mediation effect when using PLS. For this reason, we further adopted the Sobel test to verify this effect. According to the test results, in addition to motivational mechanisms having a positive effect on continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes, personality traits are a mediator that influences the effect of motivational mechanisms on the continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes. Furthermore, we proved that leadership change is a moderator between personality traits and continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes. In addition, we discussed the relationship between mediation and moderation effects of different personality traits and leadership change.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Cavity Oscillation in a Conical Diffuser

Chen, Chang-Kun,Nicolet, Christophe,Yonezawa, Koichi,Farhat, Mohamed,Avellan, Francois,Miyazawa, Kazuyoshi,Tsujimoto, Yoshinobu Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2010 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.3 No.1

Based on the one-dimensional stability analysis, the self-excited oscillation in hydraulic power generating systems was studied by a simple experiment and numerical simulation. It was shown that a cavity in a conical diffuser can cause surge. With the diffuser, a high amplitude and low frequency oscillation occurs at low cavitation number. This oscillation was not observed with the straight pipe. It was confirmed that the diffuser effect of the draft tube can be the cause of the full load surge in hydraulic power system. Numerical results were also analyzed to check the validity of the one-dimensional stability analysis.

Development of Probiotic Candies with Optimal Viability by Using Response Surface Methodology and Sequential Quadratic Programming

Chen, Kun-Nan,Chen, Ming-Ju,Shiu, Jia-Shian Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.6

The objective of this research was to create a new probiotic candy with good flavor and healthy benefits by using the response surface method and a sequential quadratic programming technique. The endpoint was to increase the varieties of dairy products and enhance their market values. In this study, milk was mixed with yogurt cultures (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus) and probiotics (L. paracasei, Bifidobacterium longum) and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 20 h. The samples were blended with lyoprotectants (galactose, skim milk powder and sucrose), freeze dried and then mixed with sweeteners (lactose and xylitol) to improve the texture for forming tablets. The processing conditions were optimized in two steps: the first step constructed a surface model using response surface methodology; the second step optimized the model with a sequential quadratic programming procedure. Results indicated that skim milk inoculated with L. delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei and B. longum and blended with 6.9% of galactose, 7.0% of sucrose and 8.0% of skim milk powder would produce a new probiotic candy with the highest viability of probiotics and good flavor. A relatively higher survival of probiotics can be achieved by placing the probiotic candy product in a glass bottle with deoxidant and desiccant at $4^{\circ}C$. These probiotic counts remained at 106-108 CFU/g after being stored for two months.

Synthesis of a Block Silicone Softener by Alkali Method and Its Application on Cotton Fabric

Kun Chen,Xiangdong Zhou 한국고분자학회 2020 폴리머 Vol.44 No.2

A block silicone softener (ATSO-PDE) was synthesized by alkali method with amino-terminated polysiloxane (ATSO) and polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PDE) as raw materials. The chemical structure of amino-terminated siloxane (ATS) was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR. The main factors affecting ATSO conversion rate and properties of product were investigated. The optimal ring opening reaction condition of ATSO was 110℃ for 2 h. The application of ATSO-PDE on cotton fabrics indicated that fabrics treated by softener with high ammonia value (0.70 mmol/g) expressed good softness while softener with low ammonia value (0.40 mmol/g) expressed good smoothness. The adsorption mechanism and orientation distribution of silicone softener on the fibers were analyzed by the establishment of the orientation distribution model. It was indicated that the different properties and surface morphology of ATSO-PDE were related to the molecular structure and the orientation on the surface of the fiber.