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Kim, Jang Hoon,Thao, Nguyen Phuong,Han, Yoo Kyong,Lee, Young Suk,Luyen, Bui Thi Thuy,Oanh, Ha Van,Kim, Young Ho,Yang, Seo Young TaylorFrancis 2018 Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemist Vol.33 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Cholinesterases (ChEs) are enzymes that break down neurotransmitters associated with cognitive function and memory. We isolated cinnamic acids (<B>1</B> and <B>2</B>), indolinones (<B>3</B> and <B>4</B>), and cycloartane triterpenoid derivatives (<B>5</B>–<B>19</B>) from the roots of <I>Cimicifuga dahurica</I> (Turcz.) Maxim. by chromatography. These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity toward ChEs. Compound <B>1</B> was determined to have an IC<SUB>50</SUB> value of 16.7 ± 1.9 μM, and to act as a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Compounds <B>3</B>, <B>4</B> and <B>14</B> were found to be noncompetitive with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 13.8 ± 1.5 and 6.5 ± 2.5 μM, and competitive with an IC<SUB>50</SUB> value of 22.6 ± 0.4 μM, respectively, against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Our molecular simulation suggested each key amino acid, Tyr337 of AChE and Asn228 of BuChE, which were corresponded with potential inhibitors <B>1</B>, and <B>3</B> and <B>4</B>, respectively. Compounds <B>1</B> and <B>4</B> were revealed to be promising compounds for inhibition of AChEs and BuChEs, respectively.</P>
Kim Oanh, N.T.,Kongpran, J.,Hang, N.T.,Parkpian, P.,Hung, N.T.Q.,Lee, S.B.,Bae, G.N. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2013 Atmospheric environment Vol.77 No.-
Traffic is a major source of air pollution in urban areas of developing countries that leads to high exposure risk of urban dwellers. This study comparatively investigated levels of fine particles (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>), SO<SUB>2</SUB>, NO<SUB>2</SUB>, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) at fixed roadsides and on traveling routes in congested urban and less congested suburban areas of Bangkok in 2010. The roadside air quality monitoring was done at two opposite sites across the selected roads. The traffic counting was made simultaneously in these roads and hourly flows of 8 different vehicle types were determined. Roadside PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> levels during dry season were high in both the city center and suburban area, significantly above the wet season, with 65-75% measurements exceeded 24 h Thailand ambient air quality standard of 50 μg m<SUP>-3</SUP>. Oppositely, roadside BTEX levels measured in the city center during wet season were higher than dry season and well above those in suburban area. Diurnal variations and the results of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) analysis showed associations between roadside pollutants levels and hourly traffic flows. The differences in pollution levels between 2 monitoring sites across a road were explained by road configurations and prevalent wind directions. On-route pollution levels were measured simultaneously both inside and outside selected vehicles (van, pickup), and on motorcycle. The on-route PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> levels along the urban route were higher during the dry season than wet season. PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> levels inside the vehicles were lower than outside whereas the opposite was observed for BTEX. BTEX were higher on more congested urban sub-routes with lower vehicle speeds. Higher pollution levels suggest a high risk of exposure.