韓國的傳統飮食及其文化意義 : 以陰陽五行思想爲中心 concerning on Yin-Yand & Five elements

孫紅娟 韓國暻園大學校아시아文化硏究所 中國中央民族大學韓國文化硏究所 2002 亞細亞文化硏究 Vol.6 No.-

According to the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative, this thesis commits to discuss the traditional food and its dietetic culture of Korea which had deeply influenced the Korean mentality. The article demonstrates this point from the following two aspects: Firstly, the effect of the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative to the traditional theory of Korean foods. The core of the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative is to make people adept to the nature through the transform of the positive and negative and the five elements. And the central theory of the Korean traditional cuisine is to "temper", namely to make different mixtures of the staple foods and non-staple foods in accordance with different seasons and different physical status of the persons. Based on this first theory, the women's book gives a stipulation on the quality and taste of the corresponding staple food materials when people take beef, mutton, pork or dogs' meat. Based on the secondary theory, which stresses the importance of season factors of eating food, the dogs' meat soup in summer and cold noodle that is made of buckwheat flour in winter become a special characteristics of the Korean cuisine; another theory, which is the way of eating different foods according to a person's physical status, set the foundation of the development of the Korean traditional medical theories. In the mean time, this theory of "tempering" has played an important role in the areas of formal cuisine. Either the wine drunk from nuptial cups by the bridegroom and bride on their wedding day or the formulations of the quantity and the eating order of the foods, is following the rule of keeping dietetic balance on the base of the transformation of the positive and negative and five elements of the food, by which to express their blessing for the new couple or their pray for the dead one. Secondly, the effect of the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative to the color and quantity of the traditional food. According to the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative, there are only five kinds of color in the world--Qing (blue or green), red, yellow, white and black. In addition to symbolization of the sense of "magnificent and propitious", each of these five colors has its own sense respectively according to the five elements. This is the reason why Korean people stress the symbolic significance of the food. For example, people take black-colored vegetable soup to enrich their blood, and eat red-bean gruel on the 11th lunar month to get rid of the disturbance of evils. Beside this, Korean people strive for visual beauty of their foods by using of the five colors, and even in kimchi, which is eaten each meal. The symbolic sense of the food's quantity combinations is also based on the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative. According to theory of the positive and negative, odd numbers belong to positive numbers, and symbolize male and strength; according to the theory of the five natural elements, odd numbers which is centered by the number "five" divide the whole cosmos into spaces centered by the "core". This is consistent with the traditional idea of Korean Nation that males take a higher position in the farming society, and the idea of pursuing perfect harmony with the nature. So instead of using even numbers, Korean people rather like to use odd numbers more in their food quantity combinations. This custom is widely used in formal cuisine and special local cuisine, which may be named as "five spicy vegetables", "nine colorful dish", etc. Even nowadays, Koreanpeople are still habituated to increase the number of their dishes by the order of one, three, five, seven, nine and so on. All in all, the thesis is mean to prove that there is a deep relation between Korean people's dietetic culture and the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative. And we can prefer that the future of the development of Korean food will also be based on this theory. When people are paying more and more attention to dietetic cultures, it will be a royal way to know Korean people's cultural mentality through studying the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative.

The Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism Influences Risk of Esophageal Cancer in Chinese

Qu, Hong-Hong,Cui, Li-Hong,Wang, Ke,Wang, Peng,Song, Chun-Hua,Wang, Kai-Juan,Zhang, Jian-Ying,Dai, Li-Ping Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.5

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) plays a central role in folate metabolism. This study with 381 esophageal cancer patients and 432 healthy controls was conducted to examine the association of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms with susceptibility to esophageal cancer (EC) in a Chinese population. Compared with the CC genotype of MTHFR C677T, subjects carrying homozygote TT and variant genotypes (CT+TT) demonstrated reduced risk of EC with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 0.44 (0.28-0.71) and 0.57 (0.37-0.88), respectively. However, no association was found between the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and the risk of EC. Comparing to haplotype CA, haplotypes TA and TC could reduce the susceptibility to EC with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 0.61(0.47-0.79) and 0.06 (0.01-0.43), respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggested that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism can markedly influence the risk of EC in Chinese.

Chitooligosaccharide Prolongs Vase Life of Cut Roses by Decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species

Hong-juan Jing,Huan-qing Li 한국원예학회 2015 원예과학기술지 Vol.33 No.3

Chitooligosaccharide (COS), as antioxidant, extensively applied to food and juice preservation. In the present study, influences of COS on vase life and ornamental value of cut roses were investigated. Results showed that vase life of cut roses treated by COS was longer 6.4 days than one of control and ornamental character of cut roses was improved effectively by COS. The increase of vase life and ornamental value were chiefly governed by that COS improved water absorption capacity of cut roses. Besides that, COS decreased the contents of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide and lowered the levels of malondialdehyde in turn during the senescence process of cut roses. That was because that COS not only enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, but also improved reduced glutathione contents in petals of cut rose. Therefore, COS could be used in commercial preservatives to improve the longevity of cut roses.

Click Synthesis of Hydrogels by Metal-Free 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Between Maleimide and Azide Functionalized Polymers

Hong-Zheng Zhu,Gang Wang,Hong-Liang Wei,Hui-Juan Chu,Jing Zhu 한국고분자학회 2016 Macromolecular Research Vol.24 No.9

Herein, a metal-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition click reaction was used to prepare hydrogels. First, copolymer of N,N-dimethylacrylamide and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was synthesized via free radical copolymerization with an initiator of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile and a solution of 1,4-dioxane. Second, maleimide-functionalized polymer was obtained by a coupling reaction of the above synthesized copolymer and N-maleoyl alanine with a dehydrating agent of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Similarly, azido-modified polymer was prepared by the reaction between azidoacetic acid and the as-prepared copolymer. Third, the hydrogels were obtained by the reaction of the azidomodified polymer and maleimide-functionalized copolymer without any initiator or catalyst. Gelation times of different conditions were measured by a cuvette inversion method. The samples of different steps were analysized by means of FTIR, NMR, SEM, etc. The swelling behaviour of the gels was investigated via a general gravimetric method. Finally, release mechanism was explored with a model drug molecule of 5-fluorouracil. It was found temperature, concentration and solvent had an impact on the gelation time. And the swelling behavior and drug-controlled release profiles of the hydrogels were relevant to the concentration of polymers used for the hydrogels.

One-pot preparation of LiFePO4/C composites

Juan Wang,Ji-Yu Li,Zhong-Bao Shao,Hong-Tao Fan,Hong-Qiang Ru,Shu-Yan Zang 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.36 No.2

A convenient one-pot method, called high-temperature high-energy mechanical force (HTHEMF), was successfully developed for the preparation of LiFePO4/C composites. Upon the combination of high-temperature with high-energy mechanical force, the whole synthesis process of this method is very simple and only involves two steps, the precursor preparation and the calcination step. The results of XRD, SEM, BET and electrochemical performance tests indicated that after calcination at 600 oC for 9 h, the LiFePO4/C composites have the best properties. The discharge capacity of the composites was 150.3mA h g−1 at 0.1 C. After 30 cycles test, the reversible capacity was 147mA h g−1 and the retention ratio to the initial capacity was 97.8%. The results indicated that LiFePO4/C composites with good properties can be obtained by one-pot HTHEMF method.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Theanine with Escherichia coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from a Series of γ-glutamyl Anilide Substrate Analogues

Hong-juan Zhang,Wei-guo Zhang,Zhi-yuan Wang,Yue-ping Zhan,Li-sheng Xu,Jun-zhong Liu,Qian Liu,Qing-cai Jiao 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.2

In order to investigate the catalytic mechanism of Escherichia coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, ten para- and meta- substituted γ-glutamyl anilides were chemically prepared and employed as substrates to synthesize L-theanine to assay the activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. The reaction was optimized for γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide. Key factors such as substrate specificity, pH, temperature, and the substrate mole ratio were all investigated. Kinetic studies of the acyl transfer reaction were described and the Hammett plot was constructed. This study indicated that the ratelimiting acylation reaction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase can apparently be accelerated by either the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents of γ-glutamyl anilides. The reaction could be catalyzed by the general acid and carboxy of Asp-433 or phenolic hydroxyl Tyr-444 may be the acid by autodock simulation for all prepared γ-glutamyl anilides.

Chitooligosaccharide Prolongs Vase Life of Cut Roses by Decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species

Jing, Hong-juan,Li, Huan-qing Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2015 원예과학기술지 Vol.33 No.3

Chitooligosaccharide (COS), as antioxidant, extensively applied to food and juice preservation. In the present study, influences of COS on vase life and ornamental value of cut roses were investigated. Results showed that vase life of cut roses treated by COS was longer 6.4 days than one of control and ornamental character of cut roses was improved effectively by COS. The increase of vase life and ornamental value were chiefly governed by that COS improved water absorption capacity of cut roses. Besides that, COS decreased the contents of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide and lowered the levels of malondialdehyde in turn during the senescence process of cut roses. That was because that COS not only enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, but also improved reduced glutathione contents in petals of cut rose. Therefore, COS could be used in commercial preservatives to improve the longevity of cut roses.

Phytoremediation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by Arabidopsis plants expressing a NAD(P)H-flavin nitroreductase from Enterobacter cloacae

Shuang-Hong You,Bo Zhu,Hong-Juan Han,Bo Wang,Ri-He Peng,Quan-Hong Yao 한국식물생명공학회 2015 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.9 No.6

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is released into natural environment from demilitarization facilities, manufacturing, and explosive remnants of war; this compound is one of the most recalcitrant explosives. TNT contamination is associated with human health risks because TNT strongly causes mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Unfortunately, effective and affordable technologies to remediate TNT-contaminated environments are insufficient. As such, studies have been conducted to develop strategies using plants to extract and detoxify TNT from environment. In this study, a system was designed to overcome high phytotoxicity of TNT by expressing a NAD(P)H-flavin nitroreductase from Enterobacter cloacae to investigate the possibility of TNT phytoremediation. The resulting transgenic Arabidopsis showed a remarkable improvement in the ability to tolerate, absorb, and detoxify TNT as evidenced by their growth condition. This study can be used as reference to facilitate the effective cleanup of TNTcontaminated sites.

Development of Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Ovalbumin-induced Allergic Diarrhea under Sub-barrier System

Wang, Juan-Hong,Fan, Song-Wei,Zhu, Wei-Yun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.4

This study aimed to present a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic diarrhea under a sub-barrier system and investigate the development of gut microbiota in this model. Male BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized with OVA or sham-sensitized with saline, and followed by oral OVA intubation, leading to OVA-specific acute diarrhea. Compared with sham-sensitized mice, sera OVA-specific IgG1 and total IgE in OVA-sensitized mice were dramatically elevated, and the number of mast cells was greatly increased in the jejunum of the OVA-sensitized mice. Principle component analysis of the DGGE profile showed that samples from group of OVA-sensitized mice and group of sham-sensitized mice were scattered into two different regions. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the number of 16S rRNA gene copies of Lactobacillus in the colon of OVA-sensitized mice decreased significantly, while there was no significant difference in the number of Bifidobacterium and total bacteria. In conclusion, OVA-specific allergic diarrhea was successfully induced under a sub-barrier system, and changes of allergic reactions during induction was coupled with changes in gut microbiota, especially the number of colonic Lactobacillus, but the role of gut microbiota in the development of food allergic reactions needs to be further evaluated.

A Vitis vinifera xanthine dehydrogenase gene, VvXDH, enhances salinity tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Shuang-Hong You,Bo Zhu,Feibing Wang,Hong-Juan Han,Miao Sun,Hengweng Zhu,Ri-he Peng,Quan-Hong Yao 한국식물생명공학회 2017 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.11 No.3

Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.204; XDH) plays an important role in purine catabolism that catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid. Long attributed to its role in recycling and remobilization of nitrogen, recently, XDH is implicated in plant stress responses and acclimation, such research efforts, however, have thus far been restricted to Arabidopsis XDH-knockdown/knockout studies. This study, using an ectopic overexpression approach, is expected to provide novel findings. In this study, a XDH gene from Vitis vinifera, named VvXDH, was synthesized and overexpressed in Arabidopsis, the transgenic Arabidopsis showed enhanced salt tolerance. The VvXDH gene was investigated and the results demonstrated the explicit role of VvXDH in conferring salt stress by increasing allantoin accumulation and activating ABA signaling pathway, enhancing ROS scavenging in transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, the water loss and chlorophyll content loss were reduced in transgenic plants; the transgenic plants showed higher proline level and lower MDA content than that of wild-type Arabidopsis, respectively. In conclusion, the VvXDH gene has the potential to be applied in increasing allantoin accumulation and enhancing the tolerance to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis and other plants.