김춘수의 시적 정서와 기독교적 심상

김효중 ( Hyo Joong Kim ) 세계문학비교학회 ( 구 한국세계문학비교학회 ) 2007 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.19 No.-

This Article is a research on Choon Soo Kim`s poetic Emotion and Images based on the Christianity. To Jesus, the man in poverty should be first. Jesus as an arnachist on the basis of his anti-historical thought, because Jesus stands on the side of the poor and the weak against the rich and powerful. In Kim`s poems, Jesus appears as a character of solitary existence. Jesus is not portrayed as a historical being but as poetic reality that removes the thought of dichotomy and closes in upon our being. Kim finds the view of his poetry. the so-called Aesthetics Uselessness, in the spirit of Jesus. That the common notion which insists that labour is more worthy than play should be removed. We must recognize that the value of play is as the value of labour. Every means to that end or that ideology is always justified. Jesus endures the terrible pain of crucification to save mankind from evil. Choon-Soo Kim sees a high souled person in Jesus who opposed violence with his nonresistance. Kim thinks that the soul Jesus can overcome the untruth of history made by man. In short, Kim doesn`t trust history made by man. He writes in his poems of the dreams and realities made by the solitary existence of Jesus.

번역등가 설정의 문제점과 방법에 관한 연구

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1995 연구논문집 Vol.50 No.1

Der Ziel der Ubersetzungswissenschaft soll die theoretisch-methodologischen Grundlagen liefern, die erlauben den Ubersetzungsprozeβ adaguat zu beschrieben, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ubersetzbarkeit, festzustellen und dem Ubersetzer Arbeitshypothesen und Ubersetzungsstrategien an die Hand zu geben. Die Herstellung des Ubersetzungsprozeβes, der das Ubersetzen einerseits als Verstehens-und Auslegungsprozeβ, anderseits als schopferisch-kunstlerischen, rein subjektiven Umsetzungsprozeβbestimmt, soll der Kernpunkt in der Ubersetzungswissenschaft sein. Dabei muβman die Sprach-und auβersprachlichen Aspekte des Ubersetzens ins Zentrum stellen. Der Begriff der Aguivalenz spielt in der linguistisch und Kommunikationswissenschaftlich Orientierten Ubersetzungswissenschaft eine Zentrale Rolle. In der Ubersetzungswissenschaft werden sprachliche Einheiten verschiedener Art und Große einander zugeordnet werden mussen. Der Aguivalenzbegriff wird ganz unterschiedlich und Verschieden gefaijt. Die Ubersetzungswissenschaft untersucht die Bedingungen von Aguivalenz und beschreibt die Zuordnungen von Außerungen und Texten in zwei Sprachen, fur die das Kriterium der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz gilt. Der Hauptpunkt dieses Artikels ist es zunachst, das Verlangen nach besseren Ubersetzung angelegt zu werden. Folgendes Punkte sind wichtig in diesem Zusammenhang. 1) Vom Gesichtspunkt der Syntax, Lexikologie Und stilistik her den Ausgangstext zu analysieren. 2) Die bei der Herstellung der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz herausgebildeten schwierigkeiten herauszufinden. 3) Vom Gesichtspunkt der semantischen und stilistischen Ubersetzungsaguivalenz her das Ubersetzungsresultat zu kritisieren. 4) Das Ubersetzungsresulat beim Sprecher der Ausgangssprache Uberpruft werden zu lassen. Allerdings besteht die schwierigkeit des Ubersetzens darin, daß alle Ubersetzungsprobleme nicht kinguistischer Art sind. Viele sind es im Sinne der sprachphilosophischen Einsicht, daßjede Sprache die Wirklichkeit immer nur partiell erfaßt.

한국 현대시와 조각·건축물의 상호 조명

김효중 한국비교문학회 2003 比較文學 Vol.30 No.-

Many of the Korean contemporary poems treat architectural constructions and artistic sculptures as poetic object. A few examples of them would be Kwangwhamun, which is the cultural symbol of Chosun dynasty, Bulguksa, Seokgulam, and Dabotab of Silla dynasty. Both poets and the readers of this type of poems, which have those aforementioned objects as poetic theme, dhould have a mutualunderstanding on historical connotation of the objects. Park Chong-wha, Park Hee-jin, Han Ha-wun, Kim Sang-ok, Paek Seok are typical poets who take historical architectures and sculptures as poetic objects. Their poems investigate the desire of human beings for eternity, perfection and ideal humanism. Park Chong-wha's works are full of romantic sentimentalism by using symbols. They are generally based on traditions. His Seokgulamdaebul is also related to the Korean history and tradition. It is unique that he has chosen a sculpture in particular as object for the poem. Park Hee-jin pursues the world of pure feeling as well as that of Buddhism. At the same time he seeks after the buddhist truth in his works. This tendency is shown in his To Kwanseumsang, too. The reflections of his efforts to purify himself are scattered around in his works. Han Ha-wun's Kwanseumbosalsang has it in common with other poets' work in the point that it is based on the writer's own emotional reaction towards the object. However it goes further to express the poets personal agony due physical illness. Kim snag-ok's Dabotab lacks the explanation on the historical meaning of the object and the description its appearance. It probably is due to the form this poem takes, which is called 'si-jo'. Peak Seok's Jjeongjuseong is also based on the tradition but he dosen't seem to care about historical or geographical facts of the objects he is writing about. Generally speaking, the poems, which choose architectures and sculptures as poetic objects are looking at the readers lives from above and presenting the ideal society of solidarity. They are also seeking after the eternity and humanism with free expressions and styles. As revealed in the chosen objects, they have a root in the Korean tradition, reality and sensibility. Therefore they are surely one of the examples that are the essence of the Korean Literature. Besides, through these poems we learn anew our long tradition and reality, the sensibility of our poems we learn anew our long tradition and reality, the sensibility of our own people and competence of creativeness. Without doubt, those poems are unique heritage of Korean literary tradition.

萬海 詩 象徵 技法의 女性性

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1999 女性問題硏究 Vol.24 No.-

This article is dealing with essential characteristics of symbols in Man-hae's poems. The one of them is an abstract one which is related to the word 'way' and the other a natural one related to the words 'willow', 'flower' and 'gold'. The author developed her idea about those characteristics especially in reference to the several poems of his own. For intance, 「My way」, 「Stuck on the road」, 「Planted willow」, 「Dream without Slumber」, and 「ln the Shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」, which were not dicussed fully enough. And finally the author reaches the conclusion mentioned below. In his poem 「My way」, Man-hae's points of view about life and the universe is clearly manifested. According to his own view, there are only two ways for him to go. One is connected to his beloved one, so called 'nim(님)'. The another stretched to the resolute death. If he couldn't reach the place where his beloved one exists and be rested in peace by him, then he would have no other choices than to take the way of death resolutely, without any hesitation at all. The word 'beloved one' has various meanings according to the readers, but it generally means 'the absolute being', and Man-hae could sacrifice even his own life for it. This means that he tried to find a way to overcome the dreadful situations in those days and also resisted actively against the Japanese pressure while other Korean literary people were just decadent and hopeless. The poem, 「Dream without Slumber」 is based on the Buddhism. It says, "one who pursues worthlessness can realize the truth only after 'crashing' himself against the worthlessness itself". This poem is written in a very plain words, but the reader should appreciate it seriously to figure out the hidden meanings. 「Planted willow」 is rather short than the rest of his works. In this poem, however, Man-hae's active attitude is impressively revealed and his boundless imagination creates a consistent and transcendent realm. In the poem 「In the shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」, Man-hae uses the word 'flower' as a general and individual symbol. That 'flower' doesn't wither away but will last forever. 'Gold' is often used as one of the images along with other materials like pearl, diamond and jewel in his poems, for instance, 「Don't leave me」, 「A serene night」, 「life」 and 「In the shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」. The image of 'gold' is Man-hae's poectic device, which reveals how noble, immaculate and firm the existence of his beloved one is. And 'the process of self-command' is the unique feature of his poems. Moreover, the feminine persona in his poems performs the efforts towards the self-command in a very mild and gentle way. The literary-historical value of his poems can be defined in a various ways. But according to the author, the fundamental of his poems is the symbolic meaning of 'generality' in his poems which got its shape under the specific period of Korean history when people desperately experienced the absense of God. But accepting the very fact that we, human beings, are always lacking and wanting, Man-hae tried to seek for the truth which is often described as his beloved me. And that makes his poems to be pertinent even nowadays.

위 윤상근 세포의 Ca^(2+) - 작동성 K+ - 전류에 관한 연구

김이중,방효원,엄대용,이상돈 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1990 中央醫大誌 Vol.15 No.4

In order to study the presence and properties of K^++ currents, especially Ca^(2+)-dependent one which was known in other smooth muscle cells but scarcely in mammalian gastric circular muscle cells, the patch clamp experiments with whole cell mode were conducted using single smooth muscle cells after digestion of circular muscle strips of rabbit's pyloric antrum with collagenase. The followings were obtained: 1. Large outward oscillatory' currents were recorded when the internal solution was K-Aspartate. 2. These currents showed dependence on the intra-and extracellular calcium ion, extracellular verapamil and pH. 3. These currents could be blocked completely by intracellular cesium ion and TEA. 4. Recovery process of the current with time was very slow and the inactivation with conditioned potentials was incomplete. Therefore, this current would be the Ca^(2+)-dependent K^+ current in a circular smooth muscle cell of gastric pylorus which should be important in repolarization and excitability in general.

폐미니즘 비평론에서 본 姜恩橋의 詩 世界

金涍中 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1992 연구논문집 Vol.45 No.1

In her series of poems <ROTATION-Ⅰ-Ⅳ>, the poet gives us the message that we can to beyond the limitation of our ordinary life and live higher life only when we are always moving and awake as the earth does, which is the meaning of the title. In her <ROTATION I>, the poet sings the life journey, which is destined for death, and wants us to know that we human beings can do a great thing only when we throw away our selfishness and turn into one with each other ; just as the smaller grains sands break into, the more firmly they get together. In her <ROTATION Ⅱ>, the poet sees the human existence, recognizing the fact that the whole human history has been turning its wheel thanks to women's wombs. In her <ROTATION Ⅲ>, the poet, with description of the repetition of human ordinary life and his profound understanding of life, shows us her readiness to accept the inevitable death when it comes. In her <ROTATION Ⅳ>, finally the poet, who is fully ready to accept the death, is faced with the death and she, in the face of the transiency of life, attains great love, forgiveness and patience. Thus, through the transcendence of death, the poetical stage of complete self-realization. The poet uses various images to support the theme of death. Her poems are based upon the rationalism, which is one of the masculine principles, and can be said to be typical models of feminism literature which are out of the category of feminine principles.

문학작품 번역에서 문화 적용의 문제

김효중 한국어문학회 2005 語文學 Vol.0 No.87

After the 1970s, a transitional period from to pragmatism in linguistics, meant that text-linguistics was used for translation studies. It was only during the late 1980s that the concept of culture was introduced into translation studies. Since then, translation studies have seen a dynamic development which has its roots in holistic-gestalt principles from the prototypical theory. These developments have resulted in the transition to Skopostheorie. This theory puts more emphasis on the function of target language texts than on the original language. For the last twenty or more years, translation scholars have paid attention to culture in their studies and have recognised that it was crucial to begin inter-cultural studies for the optimal translation. As was shown by the Wortfeldtheorie, each language has different systems of concepts and values. To put it more simply, translation is a matter of culture, not a matter of transferring linguistic signs. This realization helped to make the Skopostheorie seem valid to the scholars' eyes. What counts most here is to set up a concrete concept of culture that helps to clarify the relation between a culture as social system and the features of it expressed in text. When Heinrich's defined culture recently as a specific constructional system that can be sub-categorized, he enabled systemization of cultural factors in the texts. This progress forms the core of Skopostheorie and is expected to be of great influence to the theory. The author's point of view is that culture, or the fundamentals of Skopostheorie, consists of diverse factors differences and coincidences. Therefore, it is very hard to define the concept of ‘function’itself. This leads to the conclusion that inter-disciplinary efforts are crucial for the further development of the theory. In addition, it will be of benefit to introduce the concept of ‘Funktionem’in order to organize a more systemized and objective cultural translation theory.

한천, Sodium Alginate 및 Carrageenan첨가가 유과(부수게)바탕의 품질에 미치는 영향

김중만,전예정,박효숙,송영애,백승화,김명곤 한국식생활문화학회 2005 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

This study was to evaluate effects of agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan on quality of Yugwa(Busuge) base. In the base preparation agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan were added 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%(w/w), respectively. Volume, shape, hardness. color(L, a and b value), crude lipid content and sensory evaluation(taste and crispness) of the Yugwa base was measured. Volume of the base was higher than control in case of 0.1~0.5%(w/w) agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan, of which sodium alginate was the highest. Shapes were similar to control. Hardness and crude lipid content was decreased proportional to amount of addition of the three seesweed polysaccharides. the whiteness(L-value) was increased but the yellowness(a-value) and the redness(bvalue) decreased. Taste and crispness were increased in the case of 0.1~1.0%(w/w) of sodium alginate, but agar and carrageenan decreased.

문학적 번역론

김효중 서울大學校 人文學硏究所 1999 人文論叢 Vol.42 No.-

Translation has much more complicated problems in itself than in general accepted. Translation is almost impossible and very difficult especially when it comes to translation of literary works. In 1984, the researchers who were involved for many years in the study of literary translation in Go¨ttingen university, Germany, declared with determination that linguistic theories of translation cannot contribute to the translation of literary works basically, We can assume that literary translation is something really subtle and specific. The reason why it is difficult to translate literary works is because literary translation is not a transposition of linguistic cords but is deeply related to cultural factors. For two thousand years traditional(prescientific) translation theory was concerned only with outstanding literary works. The most influential concept in the history of translation is the dichotomy of word and sense, whicch traditional translation theory never managed to overcome, and which still besets translation theory today. It was Cicero in the first century BC who departed from the dogma that translation necessarily consisted of word-for-word rendering and so formulated the alternative: "Non ut interpres … sed ut orator". For the next two thousand years translation theory was mainly limited to a heated discussion of this dichotomy. Well over a thousand years later, in 1530, M. Luther was to fight a similar battle with the Church authorities of his time over the translation of the Bible into Germany. He defended the same basic principles as St. Jerome's, but his words were a good deal more aggressive. The debate over the merits of the "faithful" and the "free" - the latter culminating in the "belles infideles" - continued to rage in Europe, and it found eloquent expression in Germany during the early years of the 19th century, when translation blossomed again with the romantic movement. After the announcement of Schleichermacher's well known treatise "Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des U¨bersetzens(1813)" the emphasis has shifted from the category "not … but" to the more tolerant alternative "either…or". Schleichermacher makes it clear in his treatise that favours the Method of Verfremdung, or translation that is faithful to the original. Apart from the polarized approach represented in the dichotomy, translation theory also presented the means of differenciating and categorizing translation types. This approach was the one adopted by Dryden(1680). Here he distinguishes between metaphrase and imitation; between these two extremes is paraphrase. The two dominated methods in translation studies recently are those focused on primarily literary works, rejecting theoretical presuppositions, normative rules and linguistic method and those focused on linguistic matters, claiming a scientific approach and rejecting alogical solutions and subjective speculation. Naturally literary translation dismissed any scientific linguistic analysis; linguists dismissed non-scientific literary analysis. The Prague Structuralists viewed texts as incorporated within semiotic networks and languages as codes of complex language elements that are confined according to certain rule. Levy´ also incorporated the interpretive aspect into his translation theory, basing such deduction upon W. Quine's hypothesis that translation meaning can be logically interpreted. With the establishment of the semiotic horizons which come into play in the course of translation, and with the posting of the interpretative component which enables the translator to grasp the meaning of the text in question, Levy´'s was in a position to present his translation theory. Of primary importance in Levy´'s model is that the literary quality of the works of art should not be lost. To ensure the transfer of "literariness", Levy´ foregrounds the particular communicative aspect of specific formal features of the original author's style that gives the works of art its specific character. Levy´ bases this aspect of his translation theory on another of the founding members of the Prague linguistic circle, V. Mathesius. The formalist's belief that poeticity was a formal quality, something that could be separated out of work, is crucial to understanding Levy´'s translation theory. In "La the´orie de l'expression et la traduction(1970)" Miko reports on his progress, defining what he calls the "expressive categories" of language which lend it its artistic quality. Popovic˘'s project begins where the work of Levy´ and Miko leaves off: he begins the comparative work of locating the conformities and the differences that occur when a literary work is translated and explain the relationship of the translated work to the original. Instead of prescribing a technique which eliminates, loses and smooths over changes, he accepts the fact that losses, gains, and changes are the necessary parts of the process because of inherent difference of intellectual and aesthetic values in the two cultures. He introduces a new term "shift of expression" to characterize this process. The scholars of the Manipulation School viewed translation studies as a branch of comparative literature. This school is centered round the Dutch-speaking area and is represented mainly by scholars such as Lefevere, Lambert, Hermans and some Israeli scholars such as Toury and Even-Zohar. According to Hermans all translations imply, from point of view of the target literature, a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose. Hence their starting-point is the exact opposite of that represented by the linguistically oriented school. The translation theory of this school is based on the concept of the literary polysystem going back to the Russian Formalists and the Prague Structuralists. Such a polysystem is not only characterized by constant shifts and changes, but so by internal oppositions, including between primary and secondary models and types. Such primary texts are the innovative ones, introducing into a literary polysystem new ideas, new methods, new ways of looking at literature and world. The secondary texts are the conservative ones which confirm and uphold the existing system. From this essentially target-oriented starting-point, the Manipulation scholars have developed their own tenets, methods and theoretical models. Their emphasis on the target text naturally leads to a primary descriptive approach. In this view, literary translation is seen as one of the elements participating in tile constant struggle for survival and domination.

빌트인 모터를 이용한 2축 제어 미세 가공기 개발

김건희,김효식,양순철,이상용,국명호,이선규,김윤중,홍권희 한국공작기계학회 2007 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

This paper describes development of low cost precision machine that has combined the Build-in Motor with a vacuum chuck. This study mainly aims to find out a cutting condition for maintaining optimum surface condition and to examine cutting characteristics of the precision machine that is equipped by diamond bites. The cutting materials is Al alloy. Several experiments were carried out to find out the main factors that affect the surface roughness such as principal axis RPM(rotation per minute), feeding speed, and cutting depth. As a result, we obtain The optimum cutting condition of the developed precision machine.