김춘수의 시적 정서와 기독교적 심상

김효중 ( Hyo Joong Kim ) 세계문학비교학회 2007 세계문학비교연구 Vol.19 No.-

This Article is a research on Choon Soo Kim`s poetic Emotion and Images based on the Christianity. To Jesus, the man in poverty should be first. Jesus as an arnachist on the basis of his anti-historical thought, because Jesus stands on the side of the poor and the weak against the rich and powerful. In Kim`s poems, Jesus appears as a character of solitary existence. Jesus is not portrayed as a historical being but as poetic reality that removes the thought of dichotomy and closes in upon our being. Kim finds the view of his poetry. the so-called Aesthetics Uselessness, in the spirit of Jesus. That the common notion which insists that labour is more worthy than play should be removed. We must recognize that the value of play is as the value of labour. Every means to that end or that ideology is always justified. Jesus endures the terrible pain of crucification to save mankind from evil. Choon-Soo Kim sees a high souled person in Jesus who opposed violence with his nonresistance. Kim thinks that the soul Jesus can overcome the untruth of history made by man. In short, Kim doesn`t trust history made by man. He writes in his poems of the dreams and realities made by the solitary existence of Jesus.

김소월의 초기시에 투영된 전통과 미의식 -특히 신발굴 유작시를 중심으로-

김효중 ( Hyo Joong Kim ) 한민족어문학회 2005 韓民族語文學 Vol.46 No.-

복강경하 대장절제술을 시행 받는 환자에서 라모세트론과 온단세트론외 술 후 오심 및 구토 예방 효과 비교

김효중;어전영;어근무;어정한;엄세훈;조광래;김명훈 인제대학교 2011 仁濟醫學 Vol.32 No.-

Objectives : We evaluated the efficacy of ramosetron and ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in laparoscopic colectomy. Methods and Materials : Eighty patients who received laparoscopic colectomy were randomly divided into two groups: R group (ramosetron 0.1mg PO) and O group (ondansetron 4mg twice IV). Injection or oral medication was administered before the induction of anesthesia in each group. Injection was administered at the end of surgery in O group. General anesthesia was induced using propofol and rocuronium, and maintained with sevoflurane, remifentanil and air (FiO2 0.5), We investigated the incidences of PONV in each group by the Rhodes index of nausea, vomiting and retching (RINVR) at postoperative 6 and 24 hours. Results : The incidence of PONV was not different between group at each time points after surgery (at postoperative 6 hours: 20% in group R, 17.5% in group 0, at postoperative 24 hours; 12.5% in group R, 7.5% in group 0). There was no difference in the severity of PONV, satisfaction, rescue drug usage. Conclusion : Prophylactic therapy with ramosetron is as effective as conventional prophylactic therapy with ondansetron for preventing PONV in general anesthesia for laparoscopic colectomy.

한천, Sodium Alginate 및 Carrageenan첨가가 유과(부수게)바탕의 품질에 미치는 영향

김중만,전예정,박효숙,송영애,백승화,김명곤 한국식생활문화학회 2005 한국식생활문화학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This study was to evaluate effects of agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan on quality of Yugwa(Busuge) base. In the base preparation agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan were added 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%(w/w), respectively. Volume, shape, hardness. color(L, a and b value), crude lipid content and sensory evaluation(taste and crispness) of the Yugwa base was measured. Volume of the base was higher than control in case of 0.1~0.5%(w/w) agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan, of which sodium alginate was the highest. Shapes were similar to control. Hardness and crude lipid content was decreased proportional to amount of addition of the three seesweed polysaccharides. the whiteness(L-value) was increased but the yellowness(a-value) and the redness(bvalue) decreased. Taste and crispness were increased in the case of 0.1~1.0%(w/w) of sodium alginate, but agar and carrageenan decreased.

한국 현대시와 가톨리시즘 : 정지용을 중심으로 With the special reference to Chung Ji Yong's poem

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 교육연구소 1998 가톨릭敎育硏究 Vol.8 No.-

By accepting Christianity, korean modern poetry enlarges its range of the experiences and its materials. It is also endowed with formalities as a modern poetry. Chung Ji Yong, korean poet, who was from christian family, had deep faith in christianity. So he wrote several poems like 「Saint Andrea Kim」 from the the point of view of christianity. Chung, originally, used linguistic consciousness or modern techniques of expression. Therefore he secured more advanced level of poetry than that of the nineteenth` poetry. That`s why he is estimated as prominent poet who founded the basis of modern poetry in the history of Korean poetry.

디바이스 전압제어를 통한 동적 소모 전력 관리

김형필,서효중 가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 2005 자연과학논문집 Vol.26 No.-

배터리의 용량이 한정된 이동기기에서는 배터리의 효율을 높이기 위한 전력 절감 기법에 관련한 기술이 중요시된다. 배터리의 용량을 증대시키기 위한 기존의 방법으로 시스템 전체의 평균 동작 전압을 감소시킴으로써 전력 소비량을 줄이는 방법이 제시되어 왔다. 이는 프로세서의 저전력 정책으로 시스템의 상태에 따라 프로세서의 주파수와 공급 전압을 조절함으로써 시스템 전체의 전력 소비를 감소시켜 결과적으로 배터리의 사용량을 증대시킨다. 본 연구에서는 현재 프로세서에만 사용되어 오던 주파수와 공급 전압의 조절을 배터리의 잔량에 따라 각 디바이스에 적용한 DPM(Dynamic Power Management)을 제시함으로써, 프로세서의 전력 관리보다 시스템 차원에서 배터리의 특성을 고려한 부가적 전력 절감 기법을 제시한다.

번역등가 설정의 문제점과 방법에 관한 연구

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1995 연구논문집 Vol.50 No.1

Der Ziel der Ubersetzungswissenschaft soll die theoretisch-methodologischen Grundlagen liefern, die erlauben den Ubersetzungsprozeβ adaguat zu beschrieben, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ubersetzbarkeit, festzustellen und dem Ubersetzer Arbeitshypothesen und Ubersetzungsstrategien an die Hand zu geben. Die Herstellung des Ubersetzungsprozeβes, der das Ubersetzen einerseits als Verstehens-und Auslegungsprozeβ, anderseits als schopferisch-kunstlerischen, rein subjektiven Umsetzungsprozeβbestimmt, soll der Kernpunkt in der Ubersetzungswissenschaft sein. Dabei muβman die Sprach-und auβersprachlichen Aspekte des Ubersetzens ins Zentrum stellen. Der Begriff der Aguivalenz spielt in der linguistisch und Kommunikationswissenschaftlich Orientierten Ubersetzungswissenschaft eine Zentrale Rolle. In der Ubersetzungswissenschaft werden sprachliche Einheiten verschiedener Art und Große einander zugeordnet werden mussen. Der Aguivalenzbegriff wird ganz unterschiedlich und Verschieden gefaijt. Die Ubersetzungswissenschaft untersucht die Bedingungen von Aguivalenz und beschreibt die Zuordnungen von Außerungen und Texten in zwei Sprachen, fur die das Kriterium der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz gilt. Der Hauptpunkt dieses Artikels ist es zunachst, das Verlangen nach besseren Ubersetzung angelegt zu werden. Folgendes Punkte sind wichtig in diesem Zusammenhang. 1) Vom Gesichtspunkt der Syntax, Lexikologie Und stilistik her den Ausgangstext zu analysieren. 2) Die bei der Herstellung der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz herausgebildeten schwierigkeiten herauszufinden. 3) Vom Gesichtspunkt der semantischen und stilistischen Ubersetzungsaguivalenz her das Ubersetzungsresultat zu kritisieren. 4) Das Ubersetzungsresulat beim Sprecher der Ausgangssprache Uberpruft werden zu lassen. Allerdings besteht die schwierigkeit des Ubersetzens darin, daß alle Ubersetzungsprobleme nicht kinguistischer Art sind. Viele sind es im Sinne der sprachphilosophischen Einsicht, daßjede Sprache die Wirklichkeit immer nur partiell erfaßt.

문학적 번역론

김효중 서울大學校 人文學硏究所 1999 인문논총 Vol.42 No.-

Translation has much more complicated problems in itself than in general accepted. Translation is almost impossible and very difficult especially when it comes to translation of literary works. In 1984, the researchers who were involved for many years in the study of literary translation in Go¨ttingen university, Germany, declared with determination that linguistic theories of translation cannot contribute to the translation of literary works basically, We can assume that literary translation is something really subtle and specific. The reason why it is difficult to translate literary works is because literary translation is not a transposition of linguistic cords but is deeply related to cultural factors. For two thousand years traditional(prescientific) translation theory was concerned only with outstanding literary works. The most influential concept in the history of translation is the dichotomy of word and sense, whicch traditional translation theory never managed to overcome, and which still besets translation theory today. It was Cicero in the first century BC who departed from the dogma that translation necessarily consisted of word-for-word rendering and so formulated the alternative: "Non ut interpres … sed ut orator". For the next two thousand years translation theory was mainly limited to a heated discussion of this dichotomy. Well over a thousand years later, in 1530, M. Luther was to fight a similar battle with the Church authorities of his time over the translation of the Bible into Germany. He defended the same basic principles as St. Jerome's, but his words were a good deal more aggressive. The debate over the merits of the "faithful" and the "free" - the latter culminating in the "belles infideles" - continued to rage in Europe, and it found eloquent expression in Germany during the early years of the 19th century, when translation blossomed again with the romantic movement. After the announcement of Schleichermacher's well known treatise "Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des U¨bersetzens(1813)" the emphasis has shifted from the category "not … but" to the more tolerant alternative "either…or". Schleichermacher makes it clear in his treatise that favours the Method of Verfremdung, or translation that is faithful to the original. Apart from the polarized approach represented in the dichotomy, translation theory also presented the means of differenciating and categorizing translation types. This approach was the one adopted by Dryden(1680). Here he distinguishes between metaphrase and imitation; between these two extremes is paraphrase. The two dominated methods in translation studies recently are those focused on primarily literary works, rejecting theoretical presuppositions, normative rules and linguistic method and those focused on linguistic matters, claiming a scientific approach and rejecting alogical solutions and subjective speculation. Naturally literary translation dismissed any scientific linguistic analysis; linguists dismissed non-scientific literary analysis. The Prague Structuralists viewed texts as incorporated within semiotic networks and languages as codes of complex language elements that are confined according to certain rule. Levy´ also incorporated the interpretive aspect into his translation theory, basing such deduction upon W. Quine's hypothesis that translation meaning can be logically interpreted. With the establishment of the semiotic horizons which come into play in the course of translation, and with the posting of the interpretative component which enables the translator to grasp the meaning of the text in question, Levy´'s was in a position to present his translation theory. Of primary importance in Levy´'s model is that the literary quality of the works of art should not be lost. To ensure the transfer of "literariness", Levy´ foregrounds the particular communicative aspect of specific formal features of the original author's style that gives the works of art its specific character. Levy´ bases this aspect of his translation theory on another of the founding members of the Prague linguistic circle, V. Mathesius. The formalist's belief that poeticity was a formal quality, something that could be separated out of work, is crucial to understanding Levy´'s translation theory. In "La the´orie de l'expression et la traduction(1970)" Miko reports on his progress, defining what he calls the "expressive categories" of language which lend it its artistic quality. Popovic˘'s project begins where the work of Levy´ and Miko leaves off: he begins the comparative work of locating the conformities and the differences that occur when a literary work is translated and explain the relationship of the translated work to the original. Instead of prescribing a technique which eliminates, loses and smooths over changes, he accepts the fact that losses, gains, and changes are the necessary parts of the process because of inherent difference of intellectual and aesthetic values in the two cultures. He introduces a new term "shift of expression" to characterize this process. The scholars of the Manipulation School viewed translation studies as a branch of comparative literature. This school is centered round the Dutch-speaking area and is represented mainly by scholars such as Lefevere, Lambert, Hermans and some Israeli scholars such as Toury and Even-Zohar. According to Hermans all translations imply, from point of view of the target literature, a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose. Hence their starting-point is the exact opposite of that represented by the linguistically oriented school. The translation theory of this school is based on the concept of the literary polysystem going back to the Russian Formalists and the Prague Structuralists. Such a polysystem is not only characterized by constant shifts and changes, but so by internal oppositions, including between primary and secondary models and types. Such primary texts are the innovative ones, introducing into a literary polysystem new ideas, new methods, new ways of looking at literature and world. The secondary texts are the conservative ones which confirm and uphold the existing system. From this essentially target-oriented starting-point, the Manipulation scholars have developed their own tenets, methods and theoretical models. Their emphasis on the target text naturally leads to a primary descriptive approach. In this view, literary translation is seen as one of the elements participating in tile constant struggle for survival and domination.

빌트인 모터를 이용한 2축 제어 미세 가공기 개발

김건희,김효식,양순철,이상용,국명호,이선규,김윤중,홍권희 한국공작기계학회 2007 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

This paper describes development of low cost precision machine that has combined the Build-in Motor with a vacuum chuck. This study mainly aims to find out a cutting condition for maintaining optimum surface condition and to examine cutting characteristics of the precision machine that is equipped by diamond bites. The cutting materials is Al alloy. Several experiments were carried out to find out the main factors that affect the surface roughness such as principal axis RPM(rotation per minute), feeding speed, and cutting depth. As a result, we obtain The optimum cutting condition of the developed precision machine.

위 윤상근 세포의 Ca^(2+) - 작동성 K+ - 전류에 관한 연구

김이중,방효원,엄대용,이상돈 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1990 中央醫大誌 Vol.15 No.4

In order to study the presence and properties of K^++ currents, especially Ca^(2+)-dependent one which was known in other smooth muscle cells but scarcely in mammalian gastric circular muscle cells, the patch clamp experiments with whole cell mode were conducted using single smooth muscle cells after digestion of circular muscle strips of rabbit's pyloric antrum with collagenase. The followings were obtained: 1. Large outward oscillatory' currents were recorded when the internal solution was K-Aspartate. 2. These currents showed dependence on the intra-and extracellular calcium ion, extracellular verapamil and pH. 3. These currents could be blocked completely by intracellular cesium ion and TEA. 4. Recovery process of the current with time was very slow and the inactivation with conditioned potentials was incomplete. Therefore, this current would be the Ca^(2+)-dependent K^+ current in a circular smooth muscle cell of gastric pylorus which should be important in repolarization and excitability in general.