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이한결 이화여자대학교 법학전문대학원 2012 Ewha Law Review Vol.2 No.1
‘키워드 검색광고(Keyword Search Advertisement)’라 함은 광고주가 인터넷 포털업체로부터 특정 키워드를 구매하거나 이러한 키워드와 관련된 인터넷 공간을 구매하여, 이용자가 해당 키워드를 검색한 경우 검색결과화면에 광고주의 사이트가 표시되거나 광고주를 홍보하는 내용의 배너광고가 게재되도록 하는 온라인 마케팅 기법이다. 최근 인터넷 검색엔진의 사용이 증가함에 따라 이러한 키워드 검색광고 서비스와 관련된 많은 분쟁이 발생하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 ① 상표권자의 상표를 경쟁업체에 검색용어로 판매하는 인터넷 포털업체의 키워드 검색광고 서비스가 상표법상 상표권 침해 등에 해당하는지 여부, ② 상표권자가 인터넷 포털업체에 대해 상표권 침해 기타 법적 책임을 물을 수 있는지 여부, ③ 상표권자가 경쟁업체(광고주)에 대해 상표권 침해 기타 법적 책임을 물을 수 있는지 여부가 문제된다. 키워드 검색광고의 상표권 침해여부는 상표법상 상표의 사용에 해당하는지와 상표권 침해를 구성하기 위한 요소로서 혼동가능성이 존재하는지, 그리고 부정경쟁방지법상 상표 희석화에 해당하는지 여부를 기준으로 판단한다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 키워드 검색광고의 상표법적 문제 및 관련된 법적 쟁점들에 관하여 검토하고, 상술한 문제점들에 관한 합리적인 해결방안을 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. Internet search engines have become one of the most important tools of the online advertisement. As the internet service is getting developed nowadays, there are many serious cases in which the famous trademark is misused by others without consent from real holders. They are purposing of free-riding on reputation of trademark. By this consequence, its right holder come to loose their customers because of this incorrect search result from their trademarks. This is causing issues on trademark law regarding online advertisement. To judge whether the trademark is infringed is mainly depend on if it is used as a trademark and if it has likelihood of confusion as a factor to constitute trademark infringement, and if infringing a principle of dilution on unfair competition law. Therefore, we will review the problems of each factor related to point at issues above mentioned and it will be focused on legal problem related to keyword search advertisement in trademark law. Then we will discuss the matter of protection schemes in trademark law for famous trademark terms used on keyword search advertisement along with the study over application and solution for infringement of trademark and unfair competition.
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Lee, Jae Hoon,Park, Jong-Hyung,Nam, Tae-Wook,Seo, Sun-Min,Kim, Jun-Young,Lee, Han-Kyul,Han, Jong Hyun,Park, Song Yi,Choi, Yang-Kyu,Lee, Han-Woong Chapman & Hall 2018 Transgenic research Vol.27 No.3
<P>Immunodeficient mice are widely used for pre-clinical studies to understand various human diseases. Here, we report the generation of four immunodeficient mouse models using CRISPR/Cas9 system without inserting any foreign gene sequences such as Neo<SUP>R</SUP> cassettes and their characterization. By eliminating any possible effects of adding a Neo<SUP>R</SUP> cassette, our mouse models may allow us to better elucidate the in vivo functions of each gene. Our FVB-<I>Rag2</I><SUP>−/−</SUP>, B6-<I>Rag2</I><SUP>−/−</SUP>, and BALB/c-<I>Prkdc</I><SUP>−/−</SUP> mice showed phenotypes similar to those of the earlier immunodeficient mouse models, including a lack of mature B cells and T cells and an increase in the number of CD45<SUP>+</SUP>DX-5<SUP>+</SUP> natural killer cells. However, B6-<I>Il2rg</I><SUP>−/−</SUP> mice had a unique phenotype, with a lack of mature B cells, increased number of T cells, and decreased number of natural killer cells. Additionally, serum immunoglobulin levels in all four immunodeficient mouse models were significantly reduced when compared to those in wild-type mice with the exception of IgM in B6-<I>Il2r</I>g<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice. These results indicate that our immunodeficient mouse models are a robust tool for in vivo studies of the immune system and will provide new insights into the variation in phenotypic outcomes resulting from different gene-targeting methodologies.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (10.1007/s11248-018-0069-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>
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Lee, Sae-Won,Jeong, Han-Kyul,Lee, Ji-Young,Yang, Jimin,Lee, Eun Ju,Kim, Su-Yeon,Youn, Seock-Won,Lee, Jaewon,Kim, Woo Jean,Kim, Kyu-Won,Lim, Jeong Mook,Park, Jong-Wan,Park, Young-Bae,Kim, Hyo-Soo WILEY-VCH Verlag 2012 EMBO molecular medicine Vol.4 No.9
<P>Hypoxic microenvironment plays an important role in determining stem cell fates. However, it is controversial to which direction between self-renewal and differentiation the hypoxia drives the stem cells. Here, we investigated whether a short exposure to hypoxia (termed ‘hypoxic-priming’) efficiently directed and promoted mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to differentiate into vascular-lineage. During spontaneous differentiation of embryoid bodies (EBs), hypoxic region was observed inside EB spheroids even under normoxic conditions. Indeed, hypoxia-primed EBs more efficiently differentiated into cells of vascular-lineage, than normoxic EBs did. We found that hypoxia suppressed Oct4 expression via direct binding of HIF-1 to reverse hypoxia-responsive elements (rHREs) in the Oct4 promoter. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was highly upregulated in hypoxia-primed EBs, which differentiated towards endothelial cells in the absence of exogenous VEGF. Interestingly, this differentiation was abolished by the HIF-1 or VEGF blocking. <I>In vivo</I> transplantation of hypoxia-primed EBs into mice ischemic limb elicited enhanced vessel differentiation. Collectively, our findings identify that hypoxia enhanced ESC differentiation by HIF-1-mediated inverse regulation of Oct4 and VEGF, which is a novel pathway to promote vascular-lineage differentiation.</P>
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MicroRNA-26a induced by hypoxia targets HDAC6 in myogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells
Lee, Sae-Won,Yang, Jimin,Kim, Su-Yeon,Jeong, Han-Kyul,Lee, Jaewon,Kim, Woo Jean,Lee, Eun Ju,Kim, Hyo-Soo Oxford University Press 2015 Nucleic acids research Vol.43 No.4
<P>The importance of epigenetic regulation for maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency or for initiation of differentiation is widely accepted. However, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We recently reported that a hypoxic microenvironment induces ESC differentiation. In the present study, we found that hypoxia-responsive histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) performs an essential signaling function for myogenic differentiation of ESCs. HDAC6 was downregulated in hypoxic ESCs or during differentiation. A knock-down of HDAC6 in ESCs resulted in induction of myogenic markers, including Pax7. Suppression of HDAC6 increased acetylation of core histones H3 and H4, leading to enhanced binding of RNA polymerase II to the <I>Pax7</I> promoter. Transplantation of HDAC6 knock-down cells facilitated muscle regeneration <I>in vivo</I>. Importantly, the downregulation of HDAC6 by hypoxia was not mediated by HIF1α or HIF2α, master transcription regulators under hypoxia, but by induction of microRNA-26a that directly targeted the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of HDAC6. A point mutation of the microRNA-26a-binding sequence in the HDAC6 3′-UTR diminished the luciferase reporter activity. Taken together, these results suggest that environmental cues of differentiation modulate the epigenetic machinery and guide stem cells to commit to a specific lineage.</P>
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이한결 ( Han Kyul Lee ) 대구가톨릭대학교 인문과학연구소 2014 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.22
The purpose of this paper is to investigate a unique property of literature world of Backwha Yang Geonsik through profound consideration of phase of despair shown in his novels. This can be achieved by paying attention to that there was the despair about the world in which the dogma of Buddhism continuously expressed in proses and reviews of Yang Geonsik cannot be perfectly realized. In the short novels of him published in 1910s-1920s, main characters who lead the narratives are captured by the despair, a tragic emotion. ‘Aeja’, ‘Kim Jaechang’ and ‘Kim il-o’ appearing in 「Sigh for a broken mirror」, 「Lion statue made from stone」 and 「Deceiving dream」are despaired due to absurdity of society. This despair is extended toward ‘themselves’ in the「Sad Contradiction」. These novels raised the question, ‘is it right for Korea to ‘evolve’ in that way in 1910s when praise, desire and illusion for progress of civilization and history were prevailed?’. They include some questions: ‘is the society progressed really?’, ‘if the law of the jungle or natural selection are the principles of ‘new’ society, then is the exclusion of justice, guidance and morality, occurred in the realization of them also justified?’. However, such a despair for ‘themselves’ is expanded into the despair in going beyond ‘themselves’ in the 「Start」. The despair of ‘I’ exhibited in the 「Start」is derived from indecision of ‘plan of life’ because of writing. The uniqueness of despair shown by ‘I’ in the 「Start」is established by reading the will of ‘self transcendence’ inherent in it. The despair of ‘I’ is originated from the suffering that one experiences because he/she wants to be his/her own being but is forced to be a being he/she does not want to be’. This despair can be placed in the same context of writings of Yang Geonsik who emphasized needs and desire for ‘true art’. If the ultimate reason for ‘I’ in the 「Start」to be authentic ‘I’ may be justified through the realization of ‘true literature’, the despair needed for it is able to be established a kind of ethics for ‘me’. This paper has an implication in that it performs the empirical arrangement for the list of short novels written by Yang Geonsik, which has not yet been seriously tried so far, while going beyond the limitations of previous researches which had been restrained in the analysis range of the novels of him until 1910s. It can be the study historic value of this paper that it attempts to perform the first analysis of the novels of Yang Geonsik, whose whole features are revealed only after such an empirical process.
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