키워드 검색광고의 상표법적 문제에 관한 연구

이한결 이화여자대학교 법학전문대학원 2012 Ewha Law Review Vol.2 No.1

‘키워드 검색광고(Keyword Search Advertisement)’라 함은 광고주가 인터넷 포털업체로부터 특정 키워드를 구매하거나 이러한 키워드와 관련된 인터넷 공간을 구매하여, 이용자가 해당 키워드를 검색한 경우 검색결과화면에 광고주의 사이트가 표시되거나 광고주를 홍보하는 내용의 배너광고가 게재되도록 하는 온라인 마케팅 기법이다. 최근 인터넷 검색엔진의 사용이 증가함에 따라 이러한 키워드 검색광고 서비스와 관련된 많은 분쟁이 발생하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 ① 상표권자의 상표를 경쟁업체에 검색용어로 판매하는 인터넷 포털업체의 키워드 검색광고 서비스가 상표법상 상표권 침해 등에 해당하는지 여부, ② 상표권자가 인터넷 포털업체에 대해 상표권 침해 기타 법적 책임을 물을 수 있는지 여부, ③ 상표권자가 경쟁업체(광고주)에 대해 상표권 침해 기타 법적 책임을 물을 수 있는지 여부가 문제된다. 키워드 검색광고의 상표권 침해여부는 상표법상 상표의 사용에 해당하는지와 상표권 침해를 구성하기 위한 요소로서 혼동가능성이 존재하는지, 그리고 부정경쟁방지법상 상표 희석화에 해당하는지 여부를 기준으로 판단한다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 키워드 검색광고의 상표법적 문제 및 관련된 법적 쟁점들에 관하여 검토하고, 상술한 문제점들에 관한 합리적인 해결방안을 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. Internet search engines have become one of the most important tools of the online advertisement. As the internet service is getting developed nowadays, there are many serious cases in which the famous trademark is misused by others without consent from real holders. They are purposing of free-riding on reputation of trademark. By this consequence, its right holder come to loose their customers because of this incorrect search result from their trademarks. This is causing issues on trademark law regarding online advertisement. To judge whether the trademark is infringed is mainly depend on if it is used as a trademark and if it has likelihood of confusion as a factor to constitute trademark infringement, and if infringing a principle of dilution on unfair competition law. Therefore, we will review the problems of each factor related to point at issues above mentioned and it will be focused on legal problem related to keyword search advertisement in trademark law. Then we will discuss the matter of protection schemes in trademark law for famous trademark terms used on keyword search advertisement along with the study over application and solution for infringement of trademark and unfair competition.

Systemic infection induced by mouse adenovirus type 1 in FVB-Rag2 knockout mice

Han-Kyul Lee,Sun-Min Seo,Jun-Young Kim,Han-Woong Kim,Yang-Kyu Choi,Eui-suk Jeong 한국실험동물학회 2019 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.1

Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM)-induced pneumonia in immunodeficient mice

Han-Kyul Lee,Sun-Min Seo,Jun-Young Kim,Han-Woong Kim,Eui-Suk Jeong,Yang-Kyu Choi 한국실험동물학회 2018 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.7

Differences between immunodeficient mice generated by classical gene targeting and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout

Lee, Jae Hoon,Park, Jong-Hyung,Nam, Tae-Wook,Seo, Sun-Min,Kim, Jun-Young,Lee, Han-Kyul,Han, Jong Hyun,Park, Song Yi,Choi, Yang-Kyu,Lee, Han-Woong Chapman & Hall 2018 Transgenic research Vol.27 No.3

<P>Immunodeficient mice are widely used for pre-clinical studies to understand various human diseases. Here, we report the generation of four immunodeficient mouse models using CRISPR/Cas9 system without inserting any foreign gene sequences such as Neo<SUP>R</SUP> cassettes and their characterization. By eliminating any possible effects of adding a Neo<SUP>R</SUP> cassette, our mouse models may allow us to better elucidate the in vivo functions of each gene. Our FVB-<I>Rag2</I><SUP>−/−</SUP>, B6-<I>Rag2</I><SUP>−/−</SUP>, and BALB/c-<I>Prkdc</I><SUP>−/−</SUP> mice showed phenotypes similar to those of the earlier immunodeficient mouse models, including a lack of mature B cells and T cells and an increase in the number of CD45<SUP>+</SUP>DX-5<SUP>+</SUP> natural killer cells. However, B6-<I>Il2rg</I><SUP>−/−</SUP> mice had a unique phenotype, with a lack of mature B cells, increased number of T cells, and decreased number of natural killer cells. Additionally, serum immunoglobulin levels in all four immunodeficient mouse models were significantly reduced when compared to those in wild-type mice with the exception of IgM in B6-<I>Il2r</I>g<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice. These results indicate that our immunodeficient mouse models are a robust tool for in vivo studies of the immune system and will provide new insights into the variation in phenotypic outcomes resulting from different gene-targeting methodologies.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (10.1007/s11248-018-0069-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>

Hypoxic priming of mESCs accelerates vascular-lineage differentiation through HIF1-mediated inverse regulation of Oct4 and VEGF

Lee, Sae-Won,Jeong, Han-Kyul,Lee, Ji-Young,Yang, Jimin,Lee, Eun Ju,Kim, Su-Yeon,Youn, Seock-Won,Lee, Jaewon,Kim, Woo Jean,Kim, Kyu-Won,Lim, Jeong Mook,Park, Jong-Wan,Park, Young-Bae,Kim, Hyo-Soo WILEY-VCH Verlag 2012 EMBO molecular medicine Vol.4 No.9

<P>Hypoxic microenvironment plays an important role in determining stem cell fates. However, it is controversial to which direction between self-renewal and differentiation the hypoxia drives the stem cells. Here, we investigated whether a short exposure to hypoxia (termed ‘hypoxic-priming’) efficiently directed and promoted mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to differentiate into vascular-lineage. During spontaneous differentiation of embryoid bodies (EBs), hypoxic region was observed inside EB spheroids even under normoxic conditions. Indeed, hypoxia-primed EBs more efficiently differentiated into cells of vascular-lineage, than normoxic EBs did. We found that hypoxia suppressed Oct4 expression via direct binding of HIF-1 to reverse hypoxia-responsive elements (rHREs) in the Oct4 promoter. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was highly upregulated in hypoxia-primed EBs, which differentiated towards endothelial cells in the absence of exogenous VEGF. Interestingly, this differentiation was abolished by the HIF-1 or VEGF blocking. <I>In vivo</I> transplantation of hypoxia-primed EBs into mice ischemic limb elicited enhanced vessel differentiation. Collectively, our findings identify that hypoxia enhanced ESC differentiation by HIF-1-mediated inverse regulation of Oct4 and VEGF, which is a novel pathway to promote vascular-lineage differentiation.</P>

MicroRNA-26a induced by hypoxia targets HDAC6 in myogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Lee, Sae-Won,Yang, Jimin,Kim, Su-Yeon,Jeong, Han-Kyul,Lee, Jaewon,Kim, Woo Jean,Lee, Eun Ju,Kim, Hyo-Soo Oxford University Press 2015 Nucleic acids research Vol.43 No.4

<P>The importance of epigenetic regulation for maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency or for initiation of differentiation is widely accepted. However, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We recently reported that a hypoxic microenvironment induces ESC differentiation. In the present study, we found that hypoxia-responsive histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) performs an essential signaling function for myogenic differentiation of ESCs. HDAC6 was downregulated in hypoxic ESCs or during differentiation. A knock-down of HDAC6 in ESCs resulted in induction of myogenic markers, including Pax7. Suppression of HDAC6 increased acetylation of core histones H3 and H4, leading to enhanced binding of RNA polymerase II to the <I>Pax7</I> promoter. Transplantation of HDAC6 knock-down cells facilitated muscle regeneration <I>in vivo</I>. Importantly, the downregulation of HDAC6 by hypoxia was not mediated by HIF1α or HIF2α, master transcription regulators under hypoxia, but by induction of microRNA-26a that directly targeted the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of HDAC6. A point mutation of the microRNA-26a-binding sequence in the HDAC6 3′-UTR diminished the luciferase reporter activity. Taken together, these results suggest that environmental cues of differentiation modulate the epigenetic machinery and guide stem cells to commit to a specific lineage.</P>

석회석 미분말 함유율에 따른 철근부착강도 특성 평가

이한결(Lee, Han Kyul),조영재(Jo, Young Jae),권기성(Kwon, Ki Sung),현정환(Hyun, Jung Hwan),방진욱(Bang, Jin Wook),김윤용(Kim, Yun Young) 한국콘크리트학회 2015 한국콘크리트학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

스마트 인솔을 활용한 불안전 보행 패턴 감지 VR 게임 시스템

이한결(Han-Kyul Lee),이석규(Seok-Kyu Lee),박태환(Tae-Hwan Park),임승욱(Seung Uook Lim) 한국정보기술학회 2018 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2018 No.11

어문학 : 염상섭의 초기 3부작 재독(再讀) - 예술론과의 연관성을 중심으로 -

이한결 ( Han Kyul Lee ) 조선대학교 인문학연구소 2015 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.49

이 글은 염상섭의 ‘초기 3부작’ 소설이라 명명되는 「표본실의 청개구리」(1921), 「암야(闇夜)」(1922), 「제야(除夜)」(1922)에 묘사된 인물의 형상화가 동시기에 발표된 그의 예술론이 구현된 결과물이라는 점을 구체적으로 논증하고자 했다. ‘미(美)’와 ‘예술’, ‘자아’의 ‘개성’이 절대적인 것으로 표방되었던 ‘동인지 세대’의 예술론과 달리, 염상섭의 예술론은 ‘개성’에 내재된 상대성을 인정하고 그럼으로써 ‘자아’의 시선을 객관화할 수 있는 미적 주체, ‘반성적 지성’을 소유한 미적 주체의 역할을 강조하는 것이다. 염상섭의 초기 3부작 소설에 등장하는 인물들인 ‘김창억’, ‘X’, ‘최정인’은 ‘자아의 해방’을 통해 그 자신들의 삶을 사유하고 기획하는 주체가 되고자 하나, 이는 난경에 부딪힌다. 「표본실의 청개구리」에 등장하는 ‘김창억’은 ‘토착민’의 형상을 표방함으로써 그 자신의 개성을 구현하지만, 그것은 광증(狂症)에 기대어 있다는 점에서 온전하지 않다. 「암야」의 ‘X’를 지배하는 것은 ‘적라(赤裸)의 개인’으로서의 삶을 살아가는 방법에 대한 것이다. ‘X’는 그 자신이 궁극적으로 욕망하는 삶의 형태가 자신을 둘러싼 환경과 상응하지 않는다고 느낀다. 그 중에서도 ‘구식 결혼’은 ‘X’가 그 자신으로서의 삶을 기획함에 있어 방해물로 작용하는 것이다. 이는 「제야」의 ‘최정인’에게도 해당된다. ‘최정인’은 ‘인습적 혼인’과 그것을 강제하는 주변인들에 의해 그녀의 삶이 궁극적인 파국으로 치달았음을 고발한다. <제야>에서 ‘최정인’이 인습적 혼인에 대항해 그녀 자신으로서의 삶을 살 수 있는 유일한 길은 죽음으로 그려진다. 그러나 염상섭이 초기 3부작을 통해 궁극적으로 강조하고 싶었던 것은, ‘자아해방’을 통해 각자의 개성을 실현하는 일의 어려움만을 뜻하지 않는다. 자신의 존재에 대한 자각과 해방, 그를 토대로 한 개성의 창조라는 예술적 사유의 실천을 통해 근대의 사회를 살아가며 마주치는 고난에 대응할 수 있음이 염상섭이 주창한 예술론의 골자였음을 전제할 때, ‘김창억’과 ‘X’, ‘최정인’은 새롭게 ‘재생’된다. ‘자기’를 넘어선 ‘우리’로, 어떻게 살아야 할 것인가에 대한 질문을 던지는 주체로서의 ‘김창억’, 인형의 집 의 ‘노라’와 같이 ‘일체의 구(舊)’에 대해 반기를 올림으로써 ‘지상선(地上善)’을 성취하고, 그 영혼을 구원받는 ‘최정인’, ‘미지수의 희망을 갖고 걸어 나가려는 노력’을 보여주는 ‘X’는 염상섭이 강조했던 예술의 역할인 ‘생의 의지’를 구현한다. 다시 말해, 이들은 예술이란 궁극적으로 현실적인 ‘삶’에 대한 의지를 끊임없이 생성시키는 것이라고 보았던 염상섭의 예술론과 상응한다. This study attempted to demonstrate that the embodiments of characters described in Yeom Sang Seop’s ‘Early Trilogy’ 「Green Frog in the Specimen Room」(1921), 「Sightless Night (闇夜)」(1922) and 「New Year’s Eve (除夜)」 (1922) are the result of representation of his art theory presented during the same period. Unlike the art theory in the ‘Literary Coterie Magazines’ period where the ‘personality’ of the ‘beauty’, ‘art’, and ‘ego’ was represented as something absolute, Yeom Sang Seop’s art theory acknowledged the inherent relativity of the ‘personality’ to emphasize the role of artistic main agent with ‘reflective intelligence’ which can objectify the view of ‘ego’. ‘Kim Chang Eok’, ‘X’, and ‘Choi Jeong In’ are the characters appearing in Yeom Sang Seop’s Early Trilogy. These characters desire to become the main agent to own and plan their lives through ‘liberalization of ego’. But such attempts met with difficulty. The ‘Kim Chang Eok’ who appears in the 「Green Frog in the Specimen Room」advocates the shape of ‘native people’ to realize his own personality but that is not intact for the personality is depending on the insanity. The ‘X’ in the 「Sightless Night」 is controlled by the method of living as ‘naked individual’. ‘X’ feels that his ultimate form of desired life is not appropriate for the surrounding environment. Among all, the ‘old style marriage’ acts as obstacle for ‘X’ to plan his life as himself. This is also the case of ‘Choi Jeong In’ in the 「New Year’s Eve」. ‘Choi Jeong In’ charges that her life got into ultimate collapse due to the ‘conventional marriage’ and acquaintance who forced it. The death was portrayed as the only way for ‘Choi Jeong In’ to defy conventional marriage and live as herself. However, what Yeom Sang Seop ultimately wanted to emphasize in his Early Trilogy was not limited to the difficulty of practicing one’s personality through ‘liberalization of ego’. ‘Kim Chang Eok’, ‘X’, and ‘Choi Jeong In’ were newly regenerated with a premise that essence of Yeom Sang Seop’s art theory was that the difficulties faced as people live in the modern society can be responded through practice of artistic possession namely creation of one personality based on the awareness and liberalization of oneself. ‘Kim Chang Eok’ as a main agent of providing a question of how to live not just as ‘I’ but as ‘we’, ‘X’ who shows ‘an effort to live with unknown hope’, and ‘Choi Jeong In’ whose soul was delivered and who accomplished ‘supreme good’ through defying the conventions like ‘Nora’ in the Doll’s House realized the ‘will of life’ which was the role of art emphasized by Yeom Sang Seop. In other words, these characters correspond to the Yeom Sang Seop’s art theory which viewed art as ultimately generating continuous will for realistic ‘life’.

식품부산물 적용 화학혼화제의 블리딩 저감 특성

이한결 ( Lee Han Kyul ),이부길 ( Lee Boo Gill ),정동수 ( Jung Dong Soo ),이윤 ( Lee Yun ),이병재 ( Lee Byung Jae ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2023 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.27 No.1

콘크리트 혼화재인 플라이애시, 고로슬래그미분말 등의 광물질 혼합재료 사용이 증가되고 있어 이에 따른 블리딩 및 레이턴스 증가가 콘크리트의 품질저하로 문제가 되고 있으며 특히 동절기에 그 영향이 증가되고 있는 실정이다. 한편, 국내 식품 가공공정에서 연간 500만톤 이상의 부산물이 발생되고 있어 고부가가치의 순환자원으로 활용처가 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 블리딩 및 레이턴스 저감목적으로 화학혼화제에 적용되고 있는 당밀의 대체재로서 식품부산물의 활용성을 검증하고자 기조연구를 수행하였다.