Impacts and Countermeasures of Climate Change on Food Supply

Kim Chang-gil,Jeong Hak-kyun,Han Suk-ho,Kim Jeong-seung,Moon Dong-hyun 한국농촌경제연구원 2013 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

Climate change has become a megatrend that will lead to significant changes in future society. Korean and overseas agencies specializing in climate forecasts predict that average global temperatures will continue to rise. While climate change may potentially have certain positive impacts for crop yields, the overall impact is predicted to be negative for environment and food security. In this context, our study aims to suggest a plan for systematically establishing a stable food supply system in Korea in respose to climate change. Various analytical models were employed, including: a response analysis based on questionnaire for farmers, panel-based analysis of the causes of pests and diseases in rice production, a random-effects model for panel data of extreme weather impact, and an analysis of food supply effects using the Simulation Model for Climate-Agriculture Relations (SIMCAR) integrated model in conjunction with the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis (CERES) model of the Korea Agricultural Simulation Model (KASMO). An analysis was made of major grain yields by means of the KREI-KASMO. This revealed reduced yields and area in comparison with the baseline in 2050, resulting in a reduction of rice production by 17.8%p in the RCP8.5 scenario, and reduction of soybean by 21.2%p and reduction of barley by 13.7%p in the A2 scenario. Self-sufficiency ratio of major grains in 2050 drawn from the SIMCAR revealed that the climate change scenario for rice showed 55.0% to be reduced by 18.3% in comparison with the baseline. It is predicted that selfsufficiency ratio in rice will drop to 50% which means a half of consumed rice should be imported. Key tasks for building a stable food supply system to cope with climate change were developed based on the domestic production capacity, the buffering capacity to climate change, import capacity from other countries, and policy performance capacity with reference to the empirical analysis. First, the suggested key tasks for improving the domestic production capacity include developing and disseminating adaptation technology, conserving farmland and expanding arable land, practicing climate-smart agriculture by using fusion technology, and modernizing infrastructure for agriculture. Second, key tasks for improving buffering capacity to climate change are improving resilience and biodiversity, building a risk management system, and further improving storage of food in Korea and other countries. Third, major tasks for improving the import capacity from other countries are constructing overseas food bases, effectively using the international grain market, and enhancing international cooperation with relevant countries. Finally, key tasks for improving policy performance capacity are refining and applying the climate change impact analysis model with respect to policies, expanding investments in research and development, building a vulnerability assessment system, enhancing education and training, and installing Climate Change Response Center for Agriculture (tentative). In this study, several key challenges were presented in the four different areas related to building a stable food supply system which can help overcome the challenges of climate change. It is expected that the nature of the policies that need to be prioritized and promoted, given the constraints of budget, organization and information will be addressed in future research. Also, in order for the solutions for key challenges to work properly in the field such that policy outcomes will be maximized, a consortium of research bodies in the related fields of agriculture, agricultural meteorology and agricultural economics should be created. As preparation for specific action programs. Furthermore, follow-up studies should be conducted to verify the expenses required for developing reliable climate change impact assessment models and the effectiveness of the enforced policies. Such fie

Brain SPECT 영상의 Attenuation Correction 방법들에 대한 비교

조진우,김창호,나수경,이귀원,Jo, Jin U,Kim, Chang Ho,Na, Soo Kyung,Lee, Gui Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2012 핵의학 기술 Vol.16 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 Brain SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)의 Non-attenuation correction (AC-non) 영상에 대한 attenuation correction(AC) 방법 중 Chang's method와 CT based attenuation correction(AC-CT) 사이의 count를 비교하기 위함이다. phantom study는 증류수로 채워진 hoffman 3D phantom에 $^{99m}Tc$ 37Mbq을 투여하였고, patient study는 normal volunteer에 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 750Mbq를 정맥주입하고 Siemens사의 Symbia T6로 Brain SPECT 영상을 획득하였고 뇌 정량 분석을 하였다. 각각의 방법들을 적용한 transverse image는 같은 위치에서 재구성 되었으며 각각 10, 20, 30번째 slice에서 6개의 region of interest(ROI)를 그려 AC-non 과 AC-CT 그리고 Chang's method의 count를 비교하였다. phantom study에서 AC-non, AC-CT, Chang's method의 각각 평균 count는 $4606.8{\pm}511.3$, $16794.6{\pm}2429.4$, $8752.6{\pm}896.5$이었으며 patient study에서 $5460.8{\pm}519.6$, $15320{\pm}1171.6$, $12795{\pm}1422.1$이었다. phantom study에서 AC-CT와 AC-non 사이의 비는 3.70이고 Chang's method와 AC-non 사이의 비는 1.92였으며 patient study에서는 각각 2.85, 2.38이었다. 우리는 이 연구를 통하여 AC-CT가 Chang's method보다 더 높은 AC을 해준다는 걸 알 수 있었다. 그리고 Chang's method는 patient study에서의 AC 값이 phantom study에서의 AC값보다 더 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. brain SPECT/CT를 시행하는 경우 scatter correction을 같이 시행하고 bone에 의한 감쇠 정보를 반영할 수 있는 AC-CT가 chang's method보다 정확하다 할 수 있겠다. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare count between Chang's method and CT-based attenuation correction (AC-CT) among the attenuation correction (AC) methods for non-attenuation correction (AC-non) images of Brain SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Materials and Methods : We injected $^{99m}Tc$ 37Mbq in a Hoffman 3D phantom filled with distilled water in the phantom study, and injected intravenously $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 740Mbq in a normal volunteer in the patient study, and then obtained Brain SPECT images with Symbia T6 of Siemens and conducted quantitative brain analysis. Transverse images to which each method was applied were rebuilt at the same position, and 6 regions of interest (ROI) were drawn on each of Slice No. 10, 20 and 30 and then the counts of AC-non, AC-CT and Chang's method were compared. Results : The mean counts of AC-non, AC-CT and Chang's method were $4606.8{\pm}511.3$, $16794.6{\pm}2429.4$, and $8752.6{\pm}896.5$, respectively, in the phantom study and $5460.8{\pm}519.6$, $15320{\pm}1171.6$ and $12795{\pm}1422.1$, respectively, in the patient study. In the phantom study, the ratio of AC-CT to AC-non was 3.70 and the ratio of Chang's method to AC-non was 1.92, and in the patient study, they were 2.85 and 2.38, respectively. Conclusion : From this study, we found that AC-CT makes higher AC than Chang's method. In addition, when Chang's method was used, AC in the patient study was higher than that in the phantom study. These results need to be considered also in other examinations.

논문 : 배당의 미래이익 예측력과 외국인투자자

강태구 ( Tae Goo Kang ),이창우 ( Chang Woo Lee ),남혜정 ( Hye Jeong Nam ) 명지대학교 금융지식연구소 2013 금융지식연구 Vol.11 No.3

본 연구는 배당의 미래이익 예측력이 외국인 투자자들의 지분율에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 검증하였다. 일반적으로 배당지급은 기업의 미래이익을 예측하는 데 유용한 정보로 여겨지고 있으나, 이에 대한 실증연구결과들은 혼재되어 있다. 또한 배당의사결정과 관련된 연구들은 투자자들의 배당선호현상에 따라 기업의 배당의사결정이 영향을 받고 있음을 제시하고 있으며, 특히 우리나라의 경우, 배당의사결정에 외국인투자자가 미치는 영향이 매우 높게 나타나고 있다. 이는 특정투자자집단의 배당요구가 높은 경우, 기업의 배당의사결정이 미래이익에 대한 사적정보의 전달수단이기 보다는 단기적으로 배당에 대한 투자자들의 요구를 반영한 결과로 나타날 수 있음을 보여준다. 나아가 이러한 배당의사결정은 배당의 미래이익 예측력을 낮게 만들 것으로 예측된다. 본 연구는 배당의 미래이익 예측력을 재검증하고, 나아가 외국인지분율에 따라 배당의 미래이익예측력이 달라지는지 검증하였다. 먼저, 배당의 미래이익 예측연구들은 자기자본이익률(ROE)의 평균회귀(mean reverting)현상과 배당증가 또는 배당감소가 이익변화에 미치는 비대칭적 영향을 고려하고 있으나, 이익변화에 영향을 미치는 여러 가지 변수들을 통제하지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 선행연구에서 제시되고 있는 기업규모(SIZE), 성장성(SGR), 부채비율(LEV), 그리고 연도더미를 추가하여, 이를 통제하고 난 후에도 배당의 미래이익예측력이 여전히 존재하는지 검증하였다. 둘째, 배당의 미래이익 예측력이 기업의 배당의사결정에 영향을 미치는 특정집단에 의하여 달라지는지 검증하였다. 2000년부터 2007년까지 배당지급을 한 6,720 기업-년 표본을 대상으로 분석한 결과, 기본 모형뿐만 아니라 여러 통제변수를 포함한 모형에서도 우리나라 기업들의 배당변화는 미래 1년 뒤의 이익변화와 유의한 양의 관계를 나타냈으나, 미래 2년 뒤의 이익변화와는 유의하지 않았다. 또한 이익변화에 영향을 미치는 변수들을 추가한 모형의 설명력(R2=0.46)이 기본모형의 설명력(R2=0.28)보다 급격히 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 이러한 관계는 외국인지분율을 통제할 경우, 유의하지 않게 나타났다. 이는 기업의 배당의사결정이 미래전망에 근거하여 이루어지기보다는 특정투자자집단의 배당요구를 반영하는 수단으로 사용되고 있음을 보여준다. 즉 우리나라의 경우, 배당의사결정이 외국인투자자들의 배당요구를 반영하여 이루어짐을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 대부분의 선행연구들이 외국인투자자와 배당성향간의 동시적인 관계에 대한 결과들을 제시한 반면에, 외국인투자자가 우리나라 기업들의 배당의사결정에 미치는 영향과 함께 배당의 미래이익예측력의 관점에서 살펴보았다는 점에 의의가 있다. This paper investigates whether the dividend payout predicts future earnings and the predictability varies depending on the proportion of investors. Specifically, this paper examines the effect of foreign investors on the relationship between dividend change and the predictability of future earnings in Korean firms. Reasoning from the hypothesis that dividend changes convey new information about a firm`s future profitability, a dividend increase is seen as a positive signal about the firm`s future earnings and profitability. However, the results from prior studies are controversial. Some papers have suggested that dividend changes would mean different things depending on a firm`s dividend policy and the motives behind its managers` decision to pay dividends. In addition, a firm`s governance is considered as one of important factors that affects dividend policy. In the Korean security market, foreign investors owned about 38% of the stock in 2007. As the percentage of foreign ownership had grown, many researchers have analyzed the effect of this ownership on dividend policy. However, prior studies found mixed results and have focused on the association between foreign investors and the level of the dividend or dividend change. They also suggest that predictability of dividend on future earnings is influenced by applied assumption on earnings and other factors like governance as well. We revisit the dividend signaling issue in the light of the catering theory of dividends suggested by Baker and Wurgler (2004). Lintner (1956) argued that managers unwilling to change payout ratio without any important change on the firm`s future performance. Won and Kim (1992) report that managers are more likely to be concerned about the internal factors such as net income, divisible surplus, predicted future performance, and the shareholders` preference for dividend policy. More importantly, several studies suggest that the foreign investors have a significant effect on the Korean market. Park (2004) reports that foreign investors` participation in firms generally pushes up the dividend payments while pulling down investments made in facilities no matter which industry a company is in. Sul and Kim (2006) show that those companies whose majority shareholders are foreign investors tend to pay higher dividends than others whose majority shareholders are domestic investors. In contrast to negative effect of foreign investor, there are empirical studies claiming positive impact of foreign investor in Korean market. Ahn, Shin, and Chang (2005) suggest that foreign investors prefer firms with lower information asymmetry. The study also shows that foreign investors can effectively monitor the management of firm in lessening information asymmetry. Similarly, Park and Lee (2006) suggest that foreign investors` participation in investment of domestic firms can help them make more efficient management decision by improving their corporate governance. Thus, Park and Lee claim that it is problematic to generalize the negative role of foreign investors in the Korean market. Based on this argument, we predict that if foreign investors play an effective monitoring role in a dividend policy, dividend change for firms with higher level of foreign investors is a good indicator in predicting future earnings than for firms with lower level of foreign investors. However, if foreign investors play a negative role in dividend decision process, predictability of dividend decreases. We test this prediction by using the modified model with several control variables that can affect earnings changes. Using 6,720 observations from 1993 to 2007, we find that the dividend change predicts future earnings for next one year relative to the dividend change year. Specifically, the coefficient on RDIV is 0.045 (t=6.85) and this indicates the dividend increases is a good indicator in predicting future earnings. When it comes to model specification, adjusted R2 of modified model is greater than that of the basic model, which means that the modified model is well specified in explaining earnings changes. The result of the effect of foreign investors on predictability of dividend is not significant. This finding implies that managers, on average, decide to pay dividend as a response to demand from foreign investors.

SIMPLE LIFE (CHANG UCCHIN MUSEUM OF ART)

Yujin Chang 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Chang Ucchin Museum of Art (CMA) is established by the financial support of the National Government in tribute to the memory of work and spirit of Ucchin Chang who is one of the most distinguished artists in the period of the modern Korean art history. CMA aims at exhibit, research his work and data that contributes to the following young generations for advancement of Korean modern art. Chang Ucchin Musem of Art admires the spirit of Ucchin Chang that pursuits an ideal inner world. CMA studies Korean Contemporary Art through the special exhibition by the next generation artist whose work is related to the spirit of Ucchin Chang. In addtion, CMA sets the goal for becoming a civic art museum to breathe with public and the community closely through various exhibitions, educational programs and art studio that nurtures the next generation artist. The architecture of Chang Ucchin Museum of Art is regarded as another art work that starts from the fundamental concept of house rooms where the spirit is born and grown, the space where the rooms gathers altogether like in a Korean traditional house – Hanok and – that embraces the surroundings around it. In Chang’s paintings, in general, the most appearing and very familiar objects on can-vas, such as child, bird, animal, tree and sun&moon are indeed, always with us and all harmonizes together like a natural and rural landscape living in our mind without any disturb. The art works, people, nature around the Art Museum are also the ‘neighbor’ and they create in terms of a new ‘space-relationship’ in Chang Ucchin Art Museum. The architecture designed by Chae-Pereira (Songhee Chae, Laurent Pereira) after he got inspired from imagination of Chang’s painting and won KimSwooGeun Architect Prize of 2014 (most renowned Architect Price in Korea)with it recently.

한국 물류산업의 효율성과 생산성: 비모수적 기법과 모수적 기법의 적용

김창범 ( Chang Beom Kim ) 한국해운물류학회(구 한국해운학회) 2015 해운물류연구 Vol.31 No.3

본고는 우리나라 물류산업에 대해 DEA기법을 적용하여 효율성과 생산성을 분석하고, 패널 SFA기법과 패널 Tobit모형을 적용하여 규모의 수익 패턴과 효율성의 결정요인을 분석하였다. 첫째, CCR기준 초효율성과 SBM기준 초효율성 분석 결과 육상운송업이 가장 비효율적이며, 수상운송업이 가장 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 업종별로는 외항화물운송업이 가장 효율적이며, 도시철도운송업이 가장 비효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 SFA기법을 적용한 결과 생산의 노동탄력성과 자본탄력성이 1에 근접하여 규모의 수익불변 특징을 보여주었다. 둘째, 패널 Tobit분석 결과 1인당 생산성 향상은 효율성에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 1인당 자본량과 평균비용 증가는 효율성에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, DEA/Window 기법으로 효율성의 동태적 안정성 여부를 살펴본 결과, 도선업이 가장 불안정적이며 도시철도운송업이 가장 안정적이었다. 넷째, Malmquist 생산성 분석을 통해 생산성 증가와 감소의 가장 큰 요인은 각각 기술진보와 기술퇴보로 분석되었다. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficiency and productivity of 40 logistics industries in Korea using a variety of method: super CCR, super SBM, DEA window analysis, and the Malmquist productivity index. The super efficiency model is a method for selecting the most efficient of all efficient decision making units (DMUs). The super SBM (slack-based measure of super-efficiency) model was introduced as an alternative method to calculating the super efficiency score without considering the slacks of input variables and output variables. Using these models, the most efficient DMU has a value greater than one. The Malmquist productivity index has many attractive features. For one thing, it decomposes the result into a technical efficiency change index and frontier change index, allowing the productivity change to be attributed to either changes in technical efficiency or changes in technology(i.e., technological progress in the industry), or both. The total factor productivity change is the product of technical efficiency change and technological change. Technical efficiency change can be decomposed into pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency change. Window analysis is one of methods used to verify productivity change over time and works on the principle of moving averages. DEA window analysis is used to measure efficiency in cross-sectional and time variant data. Thus, it is useful for detecting performance trends for a DMU over time. Each DMU is treated as a different industry in a different period, which allows for increasing the number of data points. In other words, each DMU in a different period is treated as if it were an independent DMU but remains comparable in the same window. The advantage of DEA window analysis is that the performance of an industry in a given period can be compared to itself and to other industries over time. The empirical results are as follows: First, by both the super CCR efficiency and super SBM efficiency methods, inefficiency of land transport and water transport was indicated as 67-74% and 30-44% respectively. These results indicate that land is the most inefficient form of transport, whereas water transport is the most efficient. The annual efficiency values revealed that the degree of inefficiency has increased since 2011. Also, detailed results for sectors show that ocean shipping is the most efficient way to transport cargo, whereas urban rail transport is the most inefficient. Second, tobit panel analysis showed that labor productivity has positive impact on efficiency, whereas average cost has negative impact on efficiency. Third, the DEA window analysis results calculated using LDP values and standard deviations show that ferry transport is the most stable, whereas urban railway transport is the most unstable. Fourth, Malmquist productivity index results show that productivity improved 1.6% on average, with technological progress being the major factor decreasing productivity. These results indicate that it is necessary to expand the logistics market to increase the efficiency of the industry. To do so, many efforts must be made to global leadership in logistics enterprises, invest on global logistics infrastructure, increase research and development, and expand the future use of new technologies.

Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

조직문화 변화 상황에서 구성원 태도와 행동 변화의 영향요인

현창혁(Hyun, Chang Hyuk),이호선(Lee, Hosun) 한국인사관리학회 2013 조직과 인사관리연구 Vol.37 No.2

본 연구에서는 조직문화 변화 상황에서 구성원의 태도와 행동 변화에 초점을 두었다. 즉 기업이 새로운 조직문화를 구축하기 위해 행동지침으로서의 공유가치를 조직 내에 정착시키는 데 있어서 구성원이 변화에 참여하고 지원하는 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인이 무엇인지를 구명하려 하였다. 구체적으로는 Herscovitch & Meyer(2002)의 변화몰입과 변화지지행동의 개념을 적용하여 구성원의 공유가치 실천 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 그리고 변화몰입에 영향을 미치는 요인을 상사의 변혁적 리더십 요인과 구성원 자신이 지각하는 변화관련 인지적 요인으로 구분하고, 인지적 요인은 다시 변화관련 자기효능감, 변화결과 호의도, 조직의 변화준비성 등으로 세분화하여 영향의 정도를 파악하고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 변혁적 리더십과 지각된 변화관련 인지적 요인(변화관련 자기효능감, 변화결과 호의도, 조직의 변화준비성)이 모두 정서적 변화몰입과 공유가치실천 행동에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 드러났다. 아울러 정서적 변화몰입이 변혁적 리더십과 공유가치실천 행동 간의 관계를 매개하며, 변화관련 인지적 요인과 공유가치실천 행동 간의 관계에서도 매개효과가 있음이 밝혀졌다. This study is focused on attitudinal and behavioral changes of organizational members under context of organization cultural changes. That is, it tries to identify the factors that affect organizational members' behavior for participating and supporting in relation to organization changes when companies plan to settle down shared values as the code of conduct into the organizations so as to establish new organization culture. Data were collected from 748 full-time employees during Sep. and Oct. 2011, but 702 questionnaires were used to for analysis. Results indicate both transformational leadership and cognitive factors related to changes(change-related self-efficacy, positive expectancies to change outcome, and readiness for organizational change) have positive influence on organizational members' emotional commitment to organization change and behaviors of practicing shared values. Furthermore, organizational members' emotional commitment to organization change has mediating effect on the relationships between transformational leadership and their behaviors of practicing shared values. It also has mediating effect on the relationships between cognitive factors related to changes and organizational members' behaviors of practicing shared values. Finally, some implications of these findings are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.

Development of a multimedia model (IIAQ-CC) to assess climate change influences on volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor environments

Chang, Lia,Lee, Yunah,Kim, Chan-Kook,Lee, Dong Soo Elsevier 2018 Building and Environment Vol.143 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An indoor air quality model (IIAQ-CC) was developed to assess climate change (CC) influences on indoor level of volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds. With IIAQ-CC, the CC influences is predicted in integrated manners by factors including fate/transport properties of pollutants, building characteristics, occupant behaviors, indoor emission sources, and outdoor air quality. IIAQ-CC was evaluated for the temperature sensitivity of indoor formaldehyde (FA) concentration at outdoor temperature below 20 °C. No significant difference (<I>t</I>-test, <I>p</I> < 0.05) was found between the predicted (3.9 ± 1.0%/<SUP>o</SUP>C) and the measured (5.0%/<SUP>o</SUP>C with a 95% confidence interval (3.7%/<SUP>o</SUP>C to 6.4%/<SUP>o</SUP>C)), demonstrating that IIAQ-CC can successfully predict CC influences driven by temperature change on VOCs of indoor environmental concern. IIAQ-CC predicts that the long-term FA concentration may slowly rise due to increase in the outdoor concentration or may decrease in the presence of strong indoor sources in RCP8.5 conditions of South Korea. In either case, the long-term change does not exceed 12% of the average FA concentration of the base period. Over a shorter period (e.g., a month), the FA level may noticeably rise (by about 4 times) when windows are closed due to exceedingly hot or cold weather. The FA concentration change is primarily governed by duration of windows kept open, which depends on outdoor temperature. That is, temperature manifests its effects on the indoor air quality essentially by change in window opening behavior rather than by changes in kinetics or equilibrium processes such as photo-degradation and sorption/desorption onto/from walls and floor.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> IIAQ-CC was developed to assess climate change impacts on indoor pollution level. </LI> <LI> IIAQ-CC predicts well temperature dependence of formaldehyde concentration change. </LI> <LI> Long-term formaldehyde levels digress within 12% of that in base period. </LI> <LI> Monthly mean formaldehyde levels increase up to 4 times under RCP8.5 conditions. </LI> <LI> Window opening behavior in response to temperature governs the indoor air quality. </LI> </UL> </P>

What are the Characteristics and Qualities of Secondary Physical Education Teachers that Contribute to the Positive Changes in Students` Character?

( Eui Chang Choi ),( Soon Jung Choi ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine what characteristics and qualities of a teacher bring out positive changes in students. In order to this, researcher investigated positive changes of students and PE teacher`s characteristics and qualities that promote students` changes. Method: This study used qualitative complex case study. Participants were 5 PE teachers who participate in community focusing on students` character development, and their 10 students. Non-participant observation and in-depth interview were used. In addition, open questionnaire was administered with 200 students. Collected data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Triangulation, member checks, and peer debriefing were conducted to enhance the trustworthiness of this study. Result: First, character of students have changed in various way. Students internalized 4 virtues of In, Eui, Ye, Gi categorized as most comprehensive range. They made an effort to become those who are filled with love(In), justice(Eui), courtesy(Ye), wisdom(Gi). Second, positive change effects are not based on single dimension but it depends on overall dimensions such as health, wisdom, emotion, morality, and spirituality. Health as qualities of PE teacher is concerned with achieving excellence in sport performance and keeping in good shape. Wisdom is concerned with having knowledge about the methods of PE class and preparing, being well-informed of character education and applying it to PE class, and noticing and managing students` changes in character. Emotion is associated with believing relationship with student important and being contented with students` enjoyment. Morality is concerned with trying to become a whole person a good model. Spirituality is associated with cherishing PE, students, themselves, and god, and pursuing students` development to become a whole person. These characteristics and qualities of PE teachers influenced to students on the whole process such as preparation, execution, and reflection of PE classes. It showed a stronger influence on the students` character changes when PE teachers exert to reflect and compliment themselves. Conclusion: Character development in students is not based on teacher`s content knowledge and instructional techniques. Character of students can be positive only when PE teachers` wholeness involved on the whole. It should reflect to in-service education for PE teachers about students` character. Furthermore we must research more in depth about what types of qualities of teachers give students` change in some types of pathways.

喩昌의 生涯와 醫學思想

金秀烈,尹暢烈 대한한의학원전학회 1990 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.4 No.-

At early Cheong (淸) dynasty, in medical aspect by dependent on practical studying attitude that must found a theory only by an evidence, there had been a tendancy that hoped direct research of sages' mind-eye by escaping the theory of individual classes since Geum-Won (金-元)dynasty. Yoo Chang(喩昌), born in Man-Ryeok(萬曆) 12th year of Myung(明) dynasty (A.D.1583) and dead in Gang-Hee(康熙) 3rd year of Cheong(淸) dynasty (A.D.1664). The results were as follows after studying his practical idea of medicine. 1. Yoo Chang, by recognizing the 《Sang-Han-Ron》 has lost its true meaning after commented by Wang hee(王熙), Lim Eog(林億), Seong Moo-I(成無己), etc. according to Bang Yoo-Jip's(方有執) Chak-Gan-Jung-Jeong(錯簡重訂) theory, he diversified the protocal of 《Sang-Han-Ron》 397 method and arranged under Six Meridian part.(六經) 2. The theory of Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip(三網鼎立) can be summerized Gye-Ji(桂枝) syndrome which is the case of WInd(風) has injured Wi(衛) stage, Ma-hwang(麻黃) syndrome which is the case of Cold(寒) ahs injured Yeong(榮) stage, Dae-Cheong-Ryong(大靑龍) syndrome which is the case both of Wind-Cold(風寒) ahs injured Yeong-Wi(榮衛) stage, and there has been Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip theory by anterior medical practitioners already but the person who formally used its Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip term is Yoo-Chang. 3. Yoo Chang seized the On Byeng(溫病) by dividing three category and in Byon-Jeung-Si-Chi(辨證施治) he influenced to many aspect of establishment of later Byon-Jeung system On-Byong(溫病의 辨證體系) pertaining to Triple-Warmer by O-Dang(오당) introducing Triple-Warmer Theory.(三焦理論) 4. At Chu-Jo-Ron(秋燥論) of 《Eui-Moon-Beop-Ryol》, while 《Nae-Gyeong》 describing if humidity injury Lung, then occur a disorder in it, Yoo Chang recognized that of autuam when dryness injure Lung there occure a disorder is it so he insisted that at this case, must use Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye method (淸燥救肺法) with herbs, pertaing to Gam-Yoo-Ja-Yoon(甘柔滋潤性) property and he invented Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye-Tang.(淸燥救肺湯) 5. You Chang', so called, Dae-Gi(大氣) indicates Yang-Gi(陽氣) of chest, he insisted that man's creation and every physiological activity depends on maintainence of Dae-Gi, and it integrate Yeong-Gi(榮氣), Wea-Gi(衛氣), Jong-Gi(宗氣), Jang-Boo-Ji-Gi(臟腑之氣), Gyeong-Rak-Ji-Gi.(經絡之氣) 6. Yoo Chang's expression about partical function and character of stomach, not only bolster its theory of historical physician's expression, that is stomach is foundatness of postnatal period, but also it has correponding aspect with modern medicine and clinic. 7. Yoo Chang emphasized "if one cure a disease, be must understood the character of disease first and use drugs later"(先議病 後用藥) phrase about of drug usage, and his theory of Geup-Rew-Man-Joo method(急流挽舟) and three therapy of Simple Ascite(單腹脹) are all unique opinion based upon this phrase mentioned above. 8. Yoo Chang's practical idea of medicine greatly influenced to Jang Ro(張??), Hwang Won-A(黃元御), Oh Eui-Rak(吳儀洛) ,Joo Yang-Joon(周??俊), etc. and theory of Sam-Gang-Jeng-Rip(三網鼎立), Thriple Warmer Theory of On Byong (溫疫의 三焦論治), Chu-Jo-Ron(秋燥論), Dae-Gi-Ron(大氣論) etc. became important object to student of Sang-Han(傷寒) and On-Byeng.(溫病) 9. Yoo Chang's Writings has more practical meaning than other physician's, especially, later the idea of Sang-Han(傷寒) and On-Byong(溫病) greatly contributed to development of Sang-Han theory and formation of On-Byong theory.