Life Satisfaction as Mediator between Social Capital and Happiness in South Korea

Brown, Alan(브라운앨런),Na, Jumong(나주몽),Park, Soojin(박수진) 한국도시행정학회 2017 도시 행정 학보 Vol.30 No.2

최근 연구는 개인의 삶의 만족과 행복에 대해 사회적 자본이 미치는 긍정적 효과에 관한 결과를 제시한다. 본 연구의 주요 목표는 두 가지이다. 먼저 사회적 자본은 삶의 만족과 행복 사이의 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 가정함으로써 세 가지 구성 요소 사이의 관계를 명확히 하고자 한다. 둘째, 사회적 자본의 구성 요소가 한국인의 행복과 삶의 만족이 어떻게 관련되어 있는지 조사하고 함의를 도출하는 것이다. 연구 자료는 세계가치조사기관의 제6기(2010~2014년)의 대한민국 부분의 데이터를 분석하였다. Baron과Kenny (1986)가 제안한4단계 접근법에 따른 매개 효과를 검증하기 위해 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 삶의 만족도가 부분적으로 사회적 자본과 행복 사이의 관계를 중재하는 것으로 나타났다. 변수들 사이에 단순상관관계가 성립되었다. 회귀분석 결과에 매개체를 포함시킴으로써 β 계수를 total β = .357에서totalβ = .142로 낮추었으며, 2개의 사회적 자본 변수(공동체 구성원, 타인의 규범)와 매개변수의 유의미한 결과로 부분매개 역할를 지지한다. 결과적으로 행복과 삶의 만족도가 이질적 요소라는 주장을 뒷받침하며, 사회적 자본을 구축하는 지역 사회 차원의 프로젝트가 한국인의 행복 증가를 위한 잠재적 수단이라는 것이다. 또한, 지역 사회 수준의 프로젝트는 일반적으로 시민들이 서로 긴밀한 관계를 갖게 하고, 지역의 비영리 단체와 자치단체장들에게 적극적 참여 할 것을 요구한다. 이를 통해 시민들은 네트워크를 구축하고 지역 사회 내에서 신뢰와 책임감을 높임으로써 삶의 만족도를 높일 수 있다. Recent literature provides evidence on the positive effect of social capital on both individual life satisfaction and happiness. The major goals of our study are twofold. Our study first seeks to clarify the relationship between the three constructs by hypothesizing life satisfaction as playing a mediating role in the relationship between social capital and happiness. The second goal is to investigate how the different components of social capital relate to happiness and life satisfaction in South Korea, and to derive appropriate implications. We analyzed data from the South Korean portion of the 6<SUP>th</SUP> wave of the World Values Survey. We used regression analysis to test for mediation effects following the four-stage approach suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986). Our results indicated that life satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between social capital and happiness. A zero order relationship was established among the variables. The inclusion of the mediator lowered the β-coefficient from totalβ=.357 to totalβ =.142, with 2 social capital variables (association membership, others’ norms) as well as the mediator still being significant, supporting a finding of partial mediation. The results of our analysis support the assertion that happiness and life satisfaction are separate constructs and should not be treated as being homogeneous. Our study fills a gap in social capital research by providing new insights into the mechanism through which social capital impacts happiness in South Korea. An important implication that can be derived from our study is that community-level projects that build social capital are a potential means of increasing happiness in South Korea. Community-level projects often entail high levels of stakeholder participation, bringing citizens into close contact with one another, local non-profit organizations, and local government representatives. This allows them to build networks and fosters trust and a sense of responsibility in their own community, thus increasing their life satisfaction.

The effect of Social Capital and Well Being of Older Adults in South Korea and Japan

Alan Brown(브라운앨런),Jumong Na(나주몽) 한국지역개발학회 2018 한국지역개발학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.6

A large body of research provides evidence of the positive association between social capital and beneficial socioeconomic outcomes, making it an attractive vehicle for delivering such outcomes. In particular, social capital has been shown to positively influence the subjective well being of individuals. An important challenge for aged societies is how to ensure seniors enjoy successful later lives, with well being a necessary condition for this. For aging and aged societies, which face the prospect of increased strain on their social welfare systems coupled with a decreasing portion of economically active adults to support them, social capital is of particular policy interest. An additional factor driving increases in well being is financial satisfaction. For older adults, it is a stronger predictor of well being than other financial indicators. Our paper has two main objectives. First, we seek to clarify the relationship between social capital, financial satisfaction, and subjective well being. We hypothesize financial satisfaction as mediating the relationship between social capital and subjective well being for older adults. Second, we derive implications by comparing the analysis results for two countries, Japan and South Korea. As neighboring countries which are both aged societies, Japan and South Korea were chosen due to their demographic and cultural similarities, with both being relatively ethnically homogenous, Confucian societies, as well as their differences in welfare systems and the financial means of individual residents. Our results confirmed the direct relationship between social capital and well being, as well as the mediating effect of financial satisfaction. Implications of the study are as follows: First, policies which build trust and norms, and support the strengthening of bridging social capital are likely to raise levels of well being for older adults in South Korea, whereas for older Japanese, smaller gains are likely to be realized from only policies which build trust and strengthen bridging social capital. Second, the indirect effect of social capital on well being would be increased for both Japanese and South Korean older adults by policies which strengthen financial satisfaction. Possible measures include conducting financial education programs (Xiao et al, 2014), as well as measures which improve the adequacy and stability of income (Vera-Toscano et al, 2006), with Kristoffersen (2015) finding that around fifty percent of the u-shape of life satisfaction over the life cycle is the result of financial concerns. These measures could include direct financial assistance, social employment, and community businesses.

A Study on the Effect of Social Capital on the Subjective Well-being of Older Adults

Alan Brown(브라운앨런),Jumong Na(나주몽) 한국아시아학회 2018 아시아연구 Vol.21 No.3

사회적 자본과 사회적 경제 사이에 결과적으로 유의미한 연관성이 있음은 많은 연구를 통하여 나타났다. 사회적 자본이 매력적인 수단이 되고 있다. 특히, 고령사회가 당면한 중요한 과제는 노년층의 삶을 성공적으로 누릴 수 있는 방법을 제공하는 것이다. 그리고 주관적 안녕감의 증가를 주도하는 또 다른 요인은 재정 만족도로. 노년층의 재정지표는 주관적 안녕감에 대한 강력한 예측 요소이다. 본 연구의 주요 목표는 사회적 자본이 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미치고 노년층을 위한 사회적 자본과 주관적 안녕감 사이에 매개하는 것으로써 재정 만족도를 가정하는 것이다. 제 6차 세계 가치 조사(2010년~ 2014년)의 한국에 대한 데이터를 분석하고 분석방법은 회귀분석으로 매개 검정은 Baron and Kenny(1986)의 방법에 따라 분석한다. 본 연구의 결과, 사회적 자본과 주관적 안녕감의 직접적인 관계를 확인했고 재정 만족도의 매개 효과를 확인했다. 본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신뢰와 규범을 구축한 정책과 결속형 사회적 자본은 한국에서 노년층의 주관적 안녕감의 수준을 강화할 가능성이 높다. 둘째, 재정 만족도를 강화시키는 정책에 의해 사회적 자본이 노년층의 주관적 안녕감 미치는 간접적 영향은 개선될 것이다. 따라서 금융 교육 프로그램뿐만 아니라 적절성과 소득의 안정성을 개선하는 정책을 제시할 수 있다. 이러한 정책방안에는 직접적인 재정 지원, 사회적 고용 및 지역사회 사업이 포함될 수 있다. An increasing number of studies show a positive link between social capital and beneficial socio-economic outcomes, and suggest social capital as an attractive means of delivering such outcomes. In particular, social capital has a positive impact on individual subjective well-being, an important challenge facing older adults. A second factor linked to subjective well-being is financial satisfaction. The goals of this study are thus to investigate whether social capital affects the subjective well-being of older adults, and to establish if financial satisfaction mediates this relationship. South Korean data from the 6th World Values Survey (2010 - 2014) are used, and regression analysis is carried out to test for mediation following the approach of Baron and Kenny (1986). The results of this study confirm the direct relationship between social capital and subjective well-being, as well as the mediating effect of financial satisfaction. The implications of this study are as follows. First, policies that build trust and norms of reciprocity are likely to enhance the subjective well-being of older adults in South Korea. Second, the indirect effect of social capital on the subjective well-being of older adults will be improved by policies which enhance financial satisfaction. Such policies may include financial education programs as well as improving the adequacy and stability of older adults" income through direct financial assistance, social employment, and community building projects.

Social Capital and Happiness of South Korean and Japanese Older Adults: Focused on the mediating effect of financial satisfaction

Alan Brown(브라운 앨런),Jumong Na(나주몽) 한국지역개발학회 2019 한국지역개발학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.5

The happiness of older adults in South Korea is of particular concern, as the nation has become an aged society, and in contrast with expectations, the happiness of older South Koreans is lower than that of other age groups. Furthermore, a major theoretical challenge which needs to be addressed in research is to reinforce the knowledge base by investigating the pathways between happiness and its determinants. Social capital has been shown to positively affect happiness. Therefore, this study investigates the mediating effect of an economic variable, financial satisfaction, on the relationship between social capital and happiness focusing on South Korean and Japanese older adults. Japan was the first country to become an aged society, and as such is a case from which to derive policy recommendations for South Korea. To test the mediating effect of financial satisfaction on the relationship between social capital and happiness, this study uses data from the World Values Survey and develops a mediation model based on theory and previous research. It then uses structural equation modeling to analyze the model and the Bootstrapping feature to test the significance of the indirect effect. The results of this study show that for South Korean older adults, the relationship between social capital and happiness is mediated by financial satisfaction through three pathways, but no mediating effect is confirmed for Japan. Based on the results, implications are derived to increase the happiness of older South Koreans, using examples of successful Japanese policies.

토픽모델링과 사회네트워크분석을 활용한 사회적기업의 미션 연구

이새미,변장섭,최지혜,브라운 앨런,Lee, Sae-Mi,Byeon, Jang-Seop,Choi, Ji-Hye,Brown, Alan Dixon 한국디지털정책학회 2022 디지털융복합연구 Vol.20 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 사회적기업의 미션 분석을 통해 사회적기업이 추구하는 사회적 목적을 탐색하여 사회적 문제에 대한 사회적기업의 인식을 파악하고, 이를 바탕으로 한국 사회적경제의 시대적 사명에 대해 재고하는 것이다. 이를 위해 사회적기업 자율공시자료를 수집하여 LDA 토픽모델링과 사회네트워크분석 방법을 사용하여 미션 토픽 7개를 추출하고 핵심 키워드를 중심으로 네트워크를 도출하였다. 분석결과, 사회적기업의 사회적 목적은 크게 세 가지로 '사회적 기업이 달성하고자 하는 사회적 목적', '목적을 달성하기 위한 활동 내용', '목적을 달성하기 위한 운영 방법'으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 사회적기업의 미션 분석을 통해 사회적기업의 경제적 가치 실현뿐만 아니라 사회적경제 관점에서 사회적 목적 수립 및 실천의 중요성을 강조하였다는 것에 의의가 있다. The study explores social enterprises' social goals by analysing their mission so as to better understand their perceptions of social problems. Based on the analysis, the study reconsiders the mission of the current era of the Korean social economy. Accordingly, self-disclosed social enterprise data were collected and analyzed using LDA topic modeling and social network analysis methods. Seven mission topics were extracted, and the network centering on key keywords was derived. The analysis results largely divided the social purposes of social enterprises into three categories: 'social purpose that social enterprises want to achieve', 'activities to achieve the purpose', and 'operation method to achieve the purpose'. The study is meaningful in that it emphasizes the importance of establishing and implementing social goals from the point of view of the social economy as well as realizing the economic value of social enterprises by analyzing their mission.

Social economy ecosystem and double bottom line in a government-led system -The South Korean social economy

Alan Brown, Shin, Woo-Jin, Kim, Ju-Jin 충북대학교 사회과학연구소 2022 사회적경제와 정책연구 Vol.12 No.2

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