북한의 자연재해취약지 추정 및 남북협력 방안 연구

명수정,홍현정,최현일,정주철 한국환경연구원 2008 기본연구보고서 Vol.2008 No.-

Lately, damages from natural hazards such as typhoons, flooding, intense rain, and drought have dramatically increased throughout the world. The Korean peninsula is no different, and with regard to North Korea, the reported damage caused by natural hazards occurs almost every year. In North Korea, large forested areas have been converted into agricultural land in order to overcome food shortages. However, North Korea has failed to overcome food shortages and serious damage caused by flooding has occurred because deforestation weakens nature`s buffering function and increases vulnerabilities to severe weather. The North Korean government made reforestation efforts, but trees had a hard time growing because of topsoil loss on the cleared land. In addition, economic difficulties such as energy shortages hinder the success of reforestation in North Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research regarding the natural hazard vulnerability of North Korea and figure out what types of cooperation should be made to prevent and mitigate damage from natural hazards in North Korea. This study aimed to estimate the natural hazard vulnerable areas of North Korea and elicit solutions regarding cooperation between South Korea and North Korea. This study focused on flooding among various hazard types since damage such as inundation occurred most frequently in North Korea. Generally, a natural hazard refers to damage caused by natural phenomenon such as typhoons, flooding, intense rain, and drought. Prevention and management should be carried out when society is harmed by such natural hazards. Thus, factors for the estimation of hazard vulnerable areas should include all natural, social, administrative, and historical aspects. However, due to the situation in North Korea, access and data acquisition for the research areas are limited. Therefore, developing methods for the estimation of hazard vulnerability was conducted based on data availability. The factors used in this study are topography, meteorology, hydrology, land use, soil, hazard history, and society as higher level factors. Each higher factor has sub-factors; elevation and aspect; precpitation of 100 year return period and rain intensity; flood amount and stream order; land use type and distance from river; soil permeability and soli loss potential property damage from flooding and return period; and population. Since the effect of each factor is different, differentiated weight was given for each factor based on the survey results of professionals in the field of hazard. Throughout this process, the AHP decision method was applied. In order to evaluate the methodology, Yangyang, in South Korea, was chosen as a test site since it has recently experienced deforestation due to forest fires and development. After an evaluation, the same methodology was applied to North Korea and the Sariwon watershed for detailed analysis. The results showed that the southern part of North Korea was the most vulnerable to natural hazards. The areas are low lying, relatively densely populated, and have experienced serious deforestation. In addition, since flooding is strongly related to elevation, low lying areas turned out to be vulnerable areas. These results appear to be reasonable according to hazard records in the past. The results of this study should be useful when developing deforestation management and environmental cooperation strategies in North Korea. Suggested collaboration between South Korea and North Korea for the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards are as follows; Collaboration that can be directly useful for flood mitigation or prevention: 1. Considering that deforestation is the biggest cause of damage from natural hazards in North Korea, reforestation/afforestation should be carried out for the restoration of damaged areas. It would be an important mission to restore the damaged ecosystems of North Korea and in addition, ecological restoration can prevent the high cost of reunification in the future. When restoring damaged areas, supporting topsoil with organic fertilizers and introducing grasslands should be conducted to overcome the soil loss problems. When drawing up restoration efforts, it would be good to consider factors like hazard vulnerability, amount of deforested area, and accessibility to the areas. Therefore, restoring economic special areas and densely populated cities first would be a good plan since economic special areas and big cities have social infrastructure such as roads. When examining which areas should have the highest priority for restoration, it was found that Whanghae-buk-do, Whanghae-nam-do, Pyungang, and Nampo were ideal. When evaluating economic special areas, Haejoo, Hamhueng, and Gaesung were deemed high priority areas for restoration. Also agroforestry should be seriously considered since the main reasons for deforestation in North Korea is the shortage of food. 2. Since the most frequent hazard faced in South and North Korea is flooding, meteorological cooperation should be carried out, including the installation of more weather monitoring stations and the sharing of weather information. Hazard warning system should be established applying IT of South Korea. Collaboration program for both Koreas should be started for rivers that flow between the two. 3. As natural hazards intensify due to climate change, it is necessary to prepare for the long-term climate change effects on the Korean peninsula. Therefore, it is recommended that systems of collaboration between South and North Korea for climate change be developed in order to mitigate the damage caused by natural hazards. The following collaborations are indirectly useful for flood mitigation or prevention in the long run: 1. The deforestation of North Korea was carried out to develop agricultural areas to counter food shortages. Therefore, improving agricultural infrastructure could lead to forest restoration and hazard mitigation. Providing organic fertilizers generated in South Korea could be a good strategy for cooperation between North and South Korea in terms of nutrient cycle. 2. One reason reforestation efforts in North Korea have failed is because newly planted trees are collected for fuel, especially in winter. Therefore, cooperation on renewable sources of energy is important. Land provided by North Korea and capital and technology provided by South Korea for renewable energy development can be a good example of energy cooperation. Furthermore, relating renewable energy with CDM would be a good way for South Korea to acquire carbon credit while providing clean energy to North Korea. 3. To mitigate the damage caused by hazards approaches such as the construction of embankments and improved land use management could be conducted. However, it is still impossible for South Korean hazard professionals to participate in land use planning and environmental planning in North Korea. Therefore, it is recommended that South Korean hazard professionals participate when international institutions such as UNEP and UNDP work on environmental improvement projects in North Korea. Other than above collaboration ideas, there can be many more strategies. When developing environmental infrastructure in North Korea, having South Korean companies conduct the work could be beneficial for both parties. In addition, in order to raise awareness of environmental conservation and the risks posed by hazards, environmental education is crucial. Nevertheless, no matter how good the strategies are, if relations between South and North Korea do not warm, they will never be implemented. Therefore, efforts to warm both parties` relationship should be made through the activities of NGOs and international organizations in the beginning. This study has limitations due to the inability to acquire data regarding North Korea and inaccessibility to North Korea.. The results do not mean absolute vulnerability since this study was conducted to figure out the relative vulnerability to flooding in North Korea and to find priority areas for ecosystem restoration and other environmental plans. Also, because this study focused on flooding, results could be different if other types of natural hazards are analyzed. Further studies are set aside for future analysis; which includes other types of natural hazards such as drought, economic analysis of ecosystem restoration of North Korea, the ecosystem service of the forest ecosystem, and the effect of climate change on the water cycle of the Korean Peninsula.

녹색생활 지표 개발 및 활용방안

명수정,강민수 한국환경연구원 2010 수시연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.-

The present research developed indicators of green life and made suggestions on how to use these indicators, in order to monitor the trend of people's green life practice. The principles that governed the development of green life indicators were the validity, reliability, representativenss, economy, relevance to the policy applicability and usefulness. The indicators developed consist of two large indicator categories of individual and societal aspects, each of which has two medium categories, that is, the individual category is composed of subcategories for the literacy, or knowledge and readiness, of green life and the practice of green life, and the societal category has subcategories for the infra-structure of green life and the outcomes of green life. The literacy of green life consists of the awareness of green life and the attitudes towards green life. The other three categories, that is, those for the practice of green life, the infra-structure of green life, and the outcomes all addressed the issue in terms of household life, purchasing, and transportation. In order to develop green life indicators, a questionnaire survey and interviews with general public were conducted to understand the status quo of green life. Then, for the selection of indicators for each category, specialists' delphi analysis was conducted, experts' opinions were converged and related researchers' discussion meetings were held, based on the principles of representativeness, validity, reliability, economy, and connection with relevance to the policy. The following is the framework of green life indicators developed by the present study. The literacy of green life at the individual level consists of the awareness of green life and the attitudes toward the practice of green life. The individuals' practice of green life selected the indicators of 'reducing the leftover of food', 'wearing cool clothes in summer and warm clothes in winter', 'using a water-glass when brushing teeth', 'maintaining appropriate room temperatures', and 'unplugging electric home appliances when not in use' in the subcategory of household life, based on the principles of representativeness and importance. For the subcategory of purchase, 'purchasing environment-friendly goods' was selected as the representative indicator because of the importance of the environment-friendly spending; and for the subcategory of transportation, 'using the public transportation system, bicycle riding or walking' and 'participating in the 5th-day-no-driving movement' were selected because they can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases. The societal level indicators, which consist of the societal infra-structure category and the outcome category, were addressed in terms of household living, purchase, and transportation. The indicators in the category of societal infra-structure were selected based on the principles of positive impacts on individual people's green life practice and the connection with other subcategories. The household living subcategory selected 'the percentage of using usage-based pricing bags for food waste disposal' and 'the number of houses certified for green life'. The purchase subcategory selected 'the number of environment-friendly goods provided'; and the transportation subcategory selected 'the percentage of railroad transportation in the overall transportation system' and 'the number of areas designated for green transportation measures'. In the category of the outcome of green life, the household living subcategory selected 'the amount of waste production per-capita', 'the amount of water consumption per-capita', and 'the amount of electricity consumption per-capita'. The purchase subcategory selected 'the amount of sale of environment-friendly goods'; and the transportation subcategory selected 'the amount of energy consumed by privately owned motor vehicles. The application of these indicators to the available data showed that the amounts of food waste and electricity consumption were in the increasing trend. On the other hand, tap water consumption were decreasing, and the purchase of environment-friendly goods by public organizations was increasing. There were some areas where data were not available for the developed indicators. For example, 'the number of houses certified for green life', and 'the number of areas designated for green transportation measures' were not applicable. The results show that it is necessary for the government and civilian institutions to actively stage campaigns and educate people. The current study suggested that data bases be built for these indicators. It also attempted to enhance the usefulness of the indicators by showing the trends of individual indicators and providing domestic and overseas data for the users. The most important use of the indicators developed by the present study is monitoring the trends of green life. Periodical monitoring of green life can assess the spread and stable settlement of green life, thereby confirming the importance of green life. In other words, green life monitoring can set the direction for the publicity, education, and campaign for green life practice. In particular, monitoring the status quo of the green life infra-structure at the local and national level can provide information about what kind of infra-structure the government should strengthen. The use of these indicators is expected to lead to a more effective settlement of green life.

기후변화 적응 강화를 위한 사회기반시설의 취약성 분석 및 대응방안 연구 Ⅱ

명수정,김지영,신상희,안병옥 한국환경연구원 2010 녹색성장연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.-

기후변화의 영향과 심각성은 여러 분야에 다양한 형태로 나타나는데, 근래 들어 집중호우나태풍, 폭설 등과 같은 자연재해로 인한 피해가 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 특히 자연재해로 인한 기반시설의 피해는 시설물을 손상시키고 수명을 감소시키며 사회·경제적 손실과 함께 국민의 안전을 위협할 수 있다. 사회기반시설을 기후변화에 적절히 대응 가능 할 수 있게 하는 것은 장기적으로 기후변화로 인한 피해와 복구비용을 줄일 수 있다. 따라서 사회기반시설의 기후변화취약성을 파악하고, 기반시설의 기후변화에 대한 강화방안을 마련할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 기후변화로 인한 사회기반시설의 피해이력과 지자체의 기후변화 인식현황을 살펴보고, 전국을 대상으로 사회기반시설의 기후변화 취약성 지도를 구축하였으며, 지역단위의 기반시설 위험도진단을 하였다. 마지막으로 기반시설의 취약성 평가와 위험도 진단 결과 및 문헌고찰 등을 바탕으로 기후변화 대응방안을 제시하였다. 사회기반시설의 기후변화 취약성은 홍수 및 태풍을 중심으로 평가하였다. 취약성 평가의 입력인자는 민감도와 노출 그리고 적응역량으로 구분하여, 문헌조사와 수차례의 전문가 의견수렴과정을 거쳐 선정하였다. 각 입력 자료는 서로 다른 단위와 범위를 가지므로 1-10단계로 자료를 표준화하여 평가에 사용하였다. 먼저 부문별로 각 하위단위의 항목을 합산한 후 다시 1-10단계로 재분류하여 상위단계에 입력하였다. 최종적으로 전국 사회기반시설의 기후변화 취약성을 지도로 구축하였다. 취약도가 높은 지역의 주요 취약 항목은 노후화 주택비율, 시가화면적, 주택수, 도로면적, 태풍빈도, 취학 전 아동수, 100년 빈도 홍수량, 재해피해건수 등이다. 연안지역이 내륙지역보다 높은 취약성을 보였는데 이는 연안지역의 기후인자에 대한 노출이 높은 것과 관련이 있다. 지역단위의 사회기반시설의 기후변화 위험도 진단은 본 연구에서 개발한 사회기반시설 위험도 진단 가이드라인과 진단표를 활용하였다. 취약성 평가와 마찬가지로 진단표는 홍수 및 태풍에 대해 6개의 대분류와 28가지로 구분한 기반시설에 미치는 기후변화 영향의 ``발생 가능성``과 ``발생결과의 위험수준``, 그리고 위험상황을 예방하기 위한 ``필요한 적응조치``로 구성하였다. 위험도진단은 지역 특성을 고려하기 위해 내륙 및 연안지역으로 구분하여 각각 6개와 8개의 시범대상지를 선정하였고, 관련 전문가 현장조사를 통해 진단표가 작성되었다. 최종 위험도 진단결과는 기후변화 영향의 발생가능성과 발생결과의 위험수준, 예상 적응조치의 곱으로 나타내었다. 그 결과 대부분의 시범지역에서 하천시설, 교량 및 해안방조제, 주거시설, 도로가 위험도가 높은 시설이었다. 지역 유형별로 살펴보면, 내륙지역의 경우 주거시설이 위험도가 높은 반면, 연안지역은 해안방조제의 위험도가 높았고, 하천시설과 주거시설은 두 지역 유형 모두에서 위험도가 높았다. 본 연구 결과는 기후변화 대응방안 구축 시 지역적 특성을 고려해야 할 필요성을 보여준다. 또, 여러 전문가에 의한 위험도 진단 결과는 특정 기반시설이 위험하다는 비교적 일치되는 결과를 나타내어, 본 연구에서 개발한 위험도 진단 방법론이 지역단위의 위험도 진단과 적응전략 도출에 활용될 수 있음도 보여주었다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 기후변화 적응역량 강화를 위한 방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기후변화 취약성 분석을 통한 적응전략 수립이다. 이를 위해서는 먼저 주기적으로 사회기반시설의 기후변화 취약성 평가를 통해 취약한 지역을 파악하여야 하며, 지역 특성을 고려한 구체적인 적응 전략을 수립하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 기반시설의 운영체계개선 및 관련 기술의 개발이다. 사회기반시설의 기후변화 대응능력을 강화시키기 위해서는 무엇보다 기후변화의 영향을 전망하여 기반시설 설계기준을 재정비하여야 하며, 기반시설의 자재 및 소재 선택의 변경과 관련 기술의 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 환경친화적 적응방안 추진을 위한 도시계획의 변경과 도시계획의 재설계 및 지역사회의 적응역량강화 등과 같은 기후변화 적응을 위한 관련 법·제도의 정비가 필요하다. 넷째, 적절한 위기관리 및 대응체계의 확립이 필요하다. 긴급구조·구호체계 강화와 자연재해보험의 활성화, 재해경감을 위한 정보 공유시스템의 확립 및 지역공동체 기반의 위기대응 방안이 구축되어야 할 것이다. 본 연구 결과의 해석에는 약간의 주의가 필요하다. 본 연구의 결과는 입력 자료에 기반을 둔 사회기반시설에 대한 전체적인 취약성에 대한 결과이므로 취약하다고 평가된 지역이 절대적으로 취약하다고 단순히 판단해서는 곤란하다. 위험도 진단 또한 사례지역을 대상으로 한 결과이므로 본 연구에서 취약하다고 나타난 시설물이 절대적인 위험도를 의미하는 것은 아님을 밝혀둔다. 앞으로 본 연구에서 개발된 진단 방법론을 더 개선시켜 나가야 할 것이며, 더 나아가 세부기반시설에 대해 기후사상별 평가와 진단이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구 결과는 우리나라의 기후변화 적응정책 수립의 기초 자료가 될 것이며 조사방법론으로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

도시지역의 기후변화 적응을 위한 열섬현상 완화방안 연구

명수정 한국환경연구원 2009 한국환경정책평가연구원 기초연구보고서 Vol.2009 No.-

도시지역의 토지이용 특성은 불투수층이 절대적으로 많다는 것이다. 아스팔트나 콘크리트, 지붕과 같은 불투수층은 태양에너지를 흡수할 뿐 아니라 물을 저장하는 기능을 제대로 수행하지 못하여 도시지역의 온도를 상승시키고 있다. 온도상승은 기후변화에 있어서 가장 중요한 우려 사항 중의 하나이며 대도시 지역의 이러한 도시열섬현상은 특히 중요한 이슈이다. 따라서 도시지역에 녹지와 물길을 확충하고 물순환을 개선시키는 것은 식물과 수체의 기능을 최대한 살려 도시의 온도를 낮춤으로써 기후변화에 효과적으로 적응하는 방안이 된다. 이것은 더 나아가 냉방시설 가동률도 낮추어 온실가스 배출도 감축시켜 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 서울을 대상으로 온도 분포 지도를 구축하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 도시의 녹지와 물길이 주변온도를 낮추는 범위를 진단하고 기후변화 적응에 대한 시사점을 제시 하였다. 본 연구 결과, 녹지와 물길은 제한된 거리에서 온도를 낮추는 기능을 발휘하였는데, 물길의 경우는 약 100m 정도, 도시 녹지의 경우는 약 300m 정도가 온도를 낮추는 효과 거리로 나타났다. 한편, 도시 녹지의 크기는 온도를 낮추는 데 큰 차이를 나타내지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 더 많은 녹지와 물길을 대상으로 분석이 진행되어야 하지만, 본 결과에 비추어 볼 때 여러 개의 작은 녹지나 물길을 조성하는 것이 도시지역의 온도를 낮추는 효과적인 방안이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 무더운 한여름에 한 번 사용한 물을 길가에 뿌리는 것도 국지적으로 도시의 온도를 낮추는 데 효과적인 방법이라고 할 수 있다. 전 지구적으로 온실가스를 감축하려는 노력에도 불구하고 기후변화는 당분간 더 진행될 것으로 전망되어 기후변화 적응은 불가피하다. 도시지역은 열섬현상으로 인하여 기후 변화에 더 취약하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 도시지역을 대상으로 기후변화에 대응한 환경 친화적인 토지이용 계획을 수립하는 것이 필요하다.

녹색생활양식 확산을 통한 온실가스 감축방안 연구

명수정 한국환경연구원 2010 기본연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.-

Though fossil fuels have contributed greatly to the welfare of human beings since the Industrial Revolution, they have also caused and propelled climate change, a universal environmental problem for the human kind, with the green house gases emitted from the consumption serving as the main culprit of the climate change. Since a major portion of greenhouse gases is emitted from everyday life of people at home and public and commercial sectors, living green lifestyles in everyday life can reduce a substantial amount of greenhouse gases. In order to promote green lifestyles, then, it is necessary to know the emission pattern of greenhouse gases on the national level, the people`s perceptions and implementation of green lifestyles, and obstacles to the green lifestyles. Therefore, by means of literature review, analysis of available statistics, and a questionnaire survey, the present study investigated the people`s perceptions and implementation of green lifestyles, estimated the amount of greenhouse gas emission, analyzed its characteristics, and identified the obstacles to the implementation of green lifestyles. Based on the results of the investigation, the researchers explored the measures for promoting green lifestyles. The researchers surveyed 1,000 people throughout the nation on their perceptions and implementation of green life. As for the green life, 65.5 percent of the surveyed people responded that had heard of it, about 75 percent indicated a deep interest in it, and 80 percent responded that they would live green lifestyles in the future. As for the implementation of green lifestyles, people showed generally high levels of positive responses except on certain items in the categories of transportation, cooking and dietary life, and energy saving. In particular, the car pool system and the 5th-day-no-driving campaign showed very low rates of response in the transportation category. In the category of cooking and eating, ``cooking somewhat insufficiently`` and ``vegetarian dieting`` received relatively low participation rates. ``Purchasing environment-friendly goods`` also marked low participation in the purchasing category. In the category of energy, five items received relatively low participation rates: ``Using pressure cookers rather than electric cookers``, ``reducing the time for taking showers``, ``reducing the time for watching TV``, ``using stairs in buildings lower than five stories``, and ``reducing the cooking time``. Monthly emission of greenhouse gases per person was estimated from their use of fuels, electricity, water, and personal and public transportation means, in addition to their generation of garbage. In the case of personal car drivers, greenhouse gas emission was the greatest from their cars, followed by the emission from electricity, fuels, and public transportation. Emission from water consumption and garbage generation was relatively low. The pattern and amount of emission differed depending on the types of emission sources. Fuel consumption showed differences across the number of household members, their housing types, and the size of their living spaces. Water consumption varied by the number of household members, while electricity consumption depended on the size of the cities or towns, income, the number of household members, and the size of their living spaces. The use of personal transportation means varied across the gender and occupation, whereas the use of public transportation means had two more variables such as the number of household members and age. Results showed that single-person households emitted the largest amount of per-capita greenhouse gas while greenhouse gas emission from electricity appeared to be inversely proportional to the number of persons in a given household. There were several reasons for failure to adopt green life styles. The most frequent response was that they do not know how to live a green life. It was followed by It is troublesome and inconvenient, There is no direct benefit from its implementation, My implementation would not make a big difference, and Never thought about the green life, the last three showing similar frequencies of responses. Then came the responses, Do not agree with the importance or significance of green life and Too busy, indicated by some people. Based on the results of the study, the following measures are suggested to promote the green lifestyles. First, help people to overcome the obstacles to the implementation of green lifestyles, and encourage them through continuous monitoring. Second, build up the infrastructures to promote the green lifestyles. These include establishing the green life information dissemination system, introducing facilities to help the green lifestyles, incorporating the green lifestyles into urban planning, and improving the residential environment through increasing environment-friendly architectures. Third, improve the related laws and systems. In order to ensure the continuous implementation of green lifestyles, incentives need to be offered continuously. For example, sports facilities using self-generated electricity could be rewarded with some types of incentives. Regulations need to be made to impose a limit to the consumption of energy by the size of the architectures and to require the sellers to provide the buyers with information about the consumption of energy when buildings are sold. Fourth, intensify the education and campaign for green lifestyles. The education and campaign program should be based on the results of the monitoring of the people`s perceptions and implementation of green lifestyles and the patterns of greenhouse gas emission. Homes, schools, and work places should be the sites for experiencing and implementing green lifestyles. Fifth, strengthen the governance and networking for the promotion of green lifestyles. In addition, it is necessary to develop measures which will effectively curtail the increase in the number of households with high greenhouse gas emission such as single-person households. The current study identified the people`s perceptions and implementation of green lifestyles through a questionnaire survey, estimated the amount of greenhouse gas emission by different categories, and analyzed the characteristics of the emission according to the variables such as housing types and household members. Since the results were obtained from the questionnaire survey with a limited number of people, there may be a generalizability problem. In spite of the limitation, it is expected that the present study will contribute to the government`s education and campaign to promote green lifestyles, to raise people`s awareness regarding the climate change and environmental problems, to improve people`s attitude, and to actually implement green lifestyles. These changes will lead to the nation`s reduction of greenhouse gases and, eventually, to the mitigation of climate change.

물 관리를 위한 자연기반해법(NbS)

명수정 한국수자원학회 2023 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.56 No.4

북한의 환경 현황과 물관리 분야의 협력과제

명수정,Myeong, Su-Jeong 한국수자원학회 2015 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.48 No.7

공간분석을 활용한 기후변화 취약성 평가

명수정,Myeong, Su-Jeong 한국수자원학회 2011 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.44 No.2

재조선 일본인 2세의 전후기억의 형성 ―1970년대 이후 ‘방어진회’의 결성과 집단기억―

명수정 동서대학교 일본연구센터 2019 次世代 人文社會硏究 Vol.15 No.-

This paper explores the collective memory which was formed by the second generation of Japanese settlers in colonial Korea after the defeat of the Japanese Empire in 1945. First, this paper examines how Japanese second generation was born and raised in colonial Korea. second, the collective memory of the second generation of Japanese settler formed as an extension of the colonialism was created and changed in a “homogeneous ethnic” and “peace state” discourse in Post-war Japan. third, in Japanese society since the 1970s, there has been a critical view of the colonial period by the progressive forces. The change in Japanese society also gives some members of the breakaway society a critical view of the colonial experience. Fourth, in the 1970s, second-generation students formed the Bangnyeo Society, Alumni association ‘Bangeujin-hoe’- was a place to share the everyday life and longing of Joseon and to share various memories that were excluded from the nation's discourse. lastly, the second generation faces their hometown directly through their official visits to Korea. In the process, the second generation of colonial settler face their hometown and receive a new identity as a medium for international exchange not just as a colonial ruler. Through this, it is confirmed that collective memory is socially organized and change. 본 논문에서는 식민지기 울산 방어진에서 태어난 재조선 일본인 2세들이 패전 후 형성한 집단기억과 정체성의 변화에 대해 고찰한다. 먼저 2세가 어떻게 식민지 조선에서 태어나 자랐는지에 대한 역사를 추적한다. 패전 후 일본 정부는 국가 재건을 위해 국민통합을 도모하며 단일민족, 평화주의 담론을 만들어냈다. 둘째, 패전 후 일본으로 귀환한 2세의 식민지 경험과 기억은 일본이 만든 담론의 경계 밖에 있어 결국 배제된다. 이렇게 극복되지 못한 식민주의 안에서 방어진은 그리운 고향으로만 존재할 수 있었다. 셋째, 1970년대 이후 일본사회에서는 혁신세력에 의해 식민지기에 대한 비판적인 관점이 제기된다. 일본 사회의 변화는 2세들에게 방어진을 그리운 고향으로만 기억하던 것을 초월하여 식민지 경험에 대한 비판적인 시각을 제공했다. 넷째, 1970년대 2세들은 방어진공립 심상소학교 동창회인 방어진회를 결성한다. 방어진회는 조선에서의 기억과 그리움을 공유하는 곳이자, 국가의 담론에서 배제된 다양한 사적경험을 공유할 수 있는 곳이었다. 마지막으로 2세들은 방어진회를 주축으로 하여 한국방문을 시작한다. 이들은 국제교류, 모교 100주년 기념식에 참석하며 직접적으로 고향과 마주하게 된다. 이 과정에서 2세는 식민자라는 정체성에서 국제교류의 매개자라는 새로운 정체성을 부여 받으며 고향과 새롭게 마주하게 된다. 마지막으로 2세가 가진 집단기억은 사회적으로 형성되며 정체성에 영향을 끼치며, 변화를 계속한다는 것을 확인한다.

환경 분야 SDGs 이행을 위한 남북협력 연구 : 협력 주체를 중심으로

명수정,황교욱,남근우,안승연 한국환경연구원 2023 사업보고서 Vol.2023 No.0