R.W. Emerson의 散文에 나타난 Self-Reliance의 硏究

韓圭萬 울산대학교 1982 연구논문집 Vol.13 No.1

R. W. Emerson은 19세기 美國作家들 가운데 가장 유명하고 영향력이 至大한 作家중의 한사람이다. 그는 New England Transcendentalism의 代辯人이었으며 그의 사랑의 핵심은 Self-Reliance이다. 그는 當代의 물질주의와 점증하는 産業主義를 못마땅하게 생각하였다. 그는 人間은 神의 形象대로 창조되었음을 주장하였고 自身의 영혼속에 있는 神의 音聲을 들어야 한다고 주장하였다. 따라서 진실한 인간이란 특히 學者는 Self-Reliance를 가져야 한다는 것이다. Self-Reliance의 사상은 Emerson의 全思想의 기초개념이다. 各 個人은 直觀을 통하여 神과 交通할 수 있으므로 결국 人間은 자신의 心性을 통하여 神性과 完全性을 획득할 수 있다는 것이다. 그러나 個人은 社會와 단절되어 살아갈수는 없다. 個人의 社會의식이 높아감에 따라, 人間은 社會에서의 자신의 위치를 찾게 되다. Emerson은 자신의 職分을 詩人으로 확신하였다. 詩人에게는 말한다는 사실이 하나의 行動이었다. 많은 비평가들은 Emerson의 활동시기를 前後期로 나누어 前期에는 社會와 國家, 그리고 敎會를 부인하였고 後期에 와서는 거기에 順應하게 되었다고 주장한다. 그러나 그것은 피상적인 관찰이다. 그가 거부한 것은 社會 그 自體나 社會의 效用이 아니라, 社會의 규율적이고 형식적인 制度와 惡習이었다. 따라서 그가 後期에 와서 社會와 和解를 했다거나 運命에 順應했다는 表現은 걸맞지 않다. 그는 眞理에 充實한 사람이었고 後期에는 새로운 人間像 즉 Man Thinking을 實踐해 본 것이다. 바로 그러한 人間만이 새로운 社會를 건설할 수 있다는 것이다. 그는 항상 個個人은 활동의 主體이오. 社會는 그 活動무대임을 잘 알고 있었다. 個人과 社會의 두 요소는 동시에 兩立해야 하는 상호보완적인 요소인 것이다. Ralph Waldo Emerson has been widely regarded as the most famous and most influential of the nineteenth century American writers. He was the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. And the core of his thoughts is Self-Reliance. He condemned the materialism and the growing industrialism of his age. But he found it possible to compromise between ideal and reality. He suggested that a man was created in image of God and should hear the voice of God in the should. Consequently a true man, especially a Scholar, should have Self-Reliance, which is the main idea of Emerson's whole thoughts. Each individual can communicate with God through his own intuition, so it is possible to achieve divinity or perfection through his own mind. But every individual cannot live alone without being concerned with society. As the social consciousness increases, each individual seeks to find his role in society. Emerson considered his vocation as Sayer, the poet, Saying words was a kind of action to him. Most critics view that, in his earlier period of Emerson's writings, he rejected the society, the nation and the church. However, it is a superficial observation. It is the formal institutions in society or evil traditions of society that he rejected. Not the uses or good effects of society. And in his later period of writing he has been said to have reconciled himself with society or to yield to the fate. But in my opinion he never submitted to the fate, only faithful to the truth. He spent his later lifetime on showing how to be a new man. Man Thinking, who is able to establish a new society. He was never opposed to the society itself and never reconciled with it. He was always recognizing that they needed each other. Every individual is an actor and society is the stage on which the actor plays. The two factors are compatible at the same time.

근거중심 한국형 우울증 약물학적 치료지침, 개정판(III) : 항우울제의 증량, 교체, 병합 및 강화요법

한규만,박선철,원은수,성승환,이희영,구재우,이경민,이화영,백종우,전홍진,이문수,심세훈,고영훈,이강준,한창수,함병주,최준호,황태연,오강섭,한상우,박용천,이민수 대한신경정신의학회 2013 신경정신의학 Vol.52 No.5

Objectives The aim of this study was to demonstrate the recommendations for antidepressant treatment strategy of dose increment, switching, combination, and augmentation therapy derived from Evidence-Based Korean Pharmacological Treatment Guideline for Depression, Revised Edition. Methods The guideline was developed through adaptation of 12 domestic and foreign clinical guidelines for depression, with key questions concerning pharmacotherapy of depression, and drawing of recommendations. Results The guideline strongly recommended dose increment, switching, and combination and augmentation therapy of antidepressant when patients with depression showed inadequate treatment outcomes from initial antidepressant treatment. The dose increment was strongly recommended when the patients had insufficient response from treatment with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Switching from SSRI to non-SSRI was also strongly recommended. The combination of initial medication and other classes of antidepressants could benefit from treatment with TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants. Combination with norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake inhibitors was weakly recommended. The guideline strongly recommended use of the augmentation strategy of adding lithium or benzodiazepine to initial antidepressants. Augmentation of lamotrigine, T3, methylphenidate, and modafinil was weakly recommended. Conclusion If the initial outcomes of antidepressant therapy are unsatisfactory to the patients the next-step strategies of dose increment, switching, combination and augmentation of antidepressants should be considered after rechecking the patients’ drug compliance, dose, and diagnosis.

한국 건강심리학 연구주제의 흐름: 2002-2021

한규만,최지명,이민규 한국건강심리학회 2022 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.27 No.6

본 연구는 의미 네트워크 분석을 통하여 한국 건강심리학의 연구주제의 흐름을 확인하여, 건강심리학의 변화를 예측하고 발전 방향을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 실시되었다. 이를 위하여, 2002년부터 2021년까지 20년간 『한국심리학회지: 건강』에 게재된 논문 994편의 논문 제목에서 추출된 1207개의 주제어를 대상으로 빈도수가 높은 주제어를 추출하고, 주제어 간의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 의미 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 『한국심리학회지: 건강』의 주요 연구는 프로그램의 효과, 변인 간의 관계 및 확인을 하는 것에 초점을 두고 있었으며, 주요 주제어는 정서 및 스트레스와 관련된 연구들이 많았음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 『한국심리학회지: 건강』의 연구들은 주요 주제어인 정서를 중심으로 광범위한 연구를 실시하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이후 본 연구의 결과를 기반으로 향후 발전 방향에 대한 논의 및 제한점을 제시하였다.

G. M. 홉킨스 시의 운율 연구 : 국내연구 평가와 방향

한규만 현대영미어문학회 2007 현대영미어문학회 추계학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

우울증의 신경회로 모형과 인지행동치료의 치료 효과: 기능적 뇌 자기공명영상 연구를 중심으로

한규만,최영희 한국인지행동치료학회 2021 인지행동치료 Vol.21 No.4

Neuroimaging studies have suggested that dysfunction of neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, cognitive control, and reward processing were associated with the development of depression. We aimed to review functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and its influence on functional changes in neural circuits in patients with depression. fMRI studies reported that CBT was associated with functional changes of neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, cognitive control, and reward processing in depression. They found that CBT was associated with normalization of hyperactivation in the amygdala (in response to negative emotional stimuli) and increased activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex, which exerts cognitive control over negative emotions in patients with depression. They also observed that CBT was related to deactivation of the anterior cingulate cortex and increased activity of the striatum in response to reward stimuli. CBT also changed functional connectivity of the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum in depressive patients. Investigation of the neural effect of CBT using fMRI may provide clinically useful information and deep insights about the neurobiological mechanism of CBT in depression. 우울증의 뇌영상 연구들은 정서 조절, 보상 처리, 인지적 조절에 관여하는 뇌 신경회로의 기능적 이상으로 인해 우울증이 발생한다는 근거들을 제시해 왔다. 이에 따라 본 종설은 우울증 환자들을 대상으로 인지행동치료를 시행한 기능적 뇌 자기공명영상 연구들을 고찰함으로써, 뇌 신경회로의 어떠한 기능적 변화가 인지행동치료의 치료적 효과를 매개하는지 살펴보고자 하였으며, 또한 이런 연구들이 우울증의 신경회로 모형에 부합할지에 관하여도 고찰하였다. 우울증의 기능적 뇌 자기공명영상 연구들은 인지행동치료 이후에 정서 처리, 인지적 조절, 보상 처리에 관여하는 신경회로의 기능적 변화가 발생한다고 보고하였다. 인지행동치료는 부정적 정서 자극에 대한 편도의 과잉활성화를 감소시키는 방향으로 변화시키며, 부정적 정서에 대한 인지적 조절을 담당하는 외측 전전두피질의 활성을 증가시켰다. 또한, 인지행동치료를 받은 우울증 환자들에서 부정적 정서를 인식하고 자동적/내재적으로 조절하는 전대상피질의 활성은 감소한 반면에 보상 자극을 인식하는 선조체의 활성은 증가하였다. 한편, 인지행동치료는 앞서 언급한 뇌 영역의 기능적 연결성에도 변화를 일으키는 것으로 보인다. 우울증 환자에게 인지행동치료를 했을 때, 기능적 뇌 자기공명영상을 통한 신경회로의 기능적 변화를 연구하는 작업은 어떠한 신경생물학적 변화가 우울증의 치료 효과를 매개하는지에 대한 깊은 통찰을 제공하며, 인지행동치료의 효과를 뇌영상학적으로 검증한다는 측면에서 임상적으로 유익한 정보를 제공한다.

감정표현불능증 특성을 보이는 건강한 여성의 화소 기반 형태분석 방법을 통한 회백질 용적 감소의 정량적 분석

한규만,최인광,한명일,이민수,함병주 대한우울조울병학회 2012 우울조울병 Vol.10 No.3

Objectives : Alexithymia is a condition characterized by impaired ability to identify and describe subjective feelings. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether an alexithymic trait is associated with structural abnormalities in cerebral cortex in healthy adults with voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Method : 71 healthy women were enrolled in this study and the Korean version of 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was carried out to determine their alexithymic traits. Gray matter (GM) volume was assessed with a VBM protocol from magnetic resonance images acquired on a 1.5 T scanner. We compared GM volumes between subjects with alexithymic traits and non-alexithymic subjects. Results : In the reigion-of-interest (ROI) analysis of both frontal lobes and hippocampal regions, the subjects with alexithymic traits showed a trend of smaller GM volume in the superior frontal gyrus (Talairach coordinate=-12, 23, 53 ; cluster size=47 ; Z-score=3.26), parahippocampalgyrus (24, -34, -9 ; 38 ; 2.95) and middle frontal gyrus (42, 50, 17 ; 22 ; 2.87). Conclusion : Our results suggest that the subjects with alexithymic traits would have a trend of smaller GM volumes in the superior frontal gyrus, parahippocampalgyrus and middle frontal gyrus.

CYP2D6 P34S Polymorphism and Outcomes of Escitalopram Treatment in Koreans with Major Depression

한규만,장헌수,최인광,함병주,이민수 대한신경정신의학회 2013 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.10 No.3

Objective Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymatic activity, which is influenced by CYP genetic polymorphism, is known to affect the inter-individual variation in the efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD). Escitalopram is metabolized by CYP2D6, and recent studies have reported a correlation between clinical outcomes and CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the CYP2D6 P34S polymorphism (C188T, rs1065852) and the efficacy of escitalopram treatment in Korean patients with MDD. Methods A total of 94 patients diagnosed with MDD were recruited for the study and their symptoms were evaluated using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD-21). The association between the CYP2D6 P34S polymorphism and the clinical outcomes (remission and response) was investigated after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment using multiple logistic regression analysis and χ2 test. Results The proportion of P allele carriers (PP, PS) in remission status was greater than that of S allele homozygotes (SS) after 8 and 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment. Similarly, P allele carriers exhibited a greater treatment response after 8 and 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment than S allele homozygotes. Conclusion Our results suggest that the P allele of the CYP2D6 P34S polymorphism is a favorable factor in escitalopram treatment for MDD, and that the CYP2D6 P34S polymorphism may be a good genetic marker for predicting escitalopram treatment outcomes.

결혼, 그럼에도 불구하고

한규만 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2015 활천 Vol.738 No.5

G. M. 홉킨스의 스프렁 리듬 연구: 브리지스의 비평을 중심으로

한규만 현대영미어문학회 2011 현대영미어문학 Vol.29 No.1

G. M. Hopkins is often hailed as a brilliant innovator of modern poetic technique, while his poems are sometimes criticized for oddity and obscurity. The central subject of his prosody is concerned with the importance of sound in his ideas of poetry. ‘Sprung Rhythm’ is G. M. Hopkins' coinage for a complex and very technical system of rhythm, which he applied to The Wreck of the Deutschland. Specifically opposed to 'common' syllabic rhythm, the sprung rhythm provides a variety of stress patterns with either ‘rising’ or ‘falling’ rhythm. Though misunderstandings on sprung rhythm are widespread, more detailed analysis of R. Bridges's and Hopkins' comments on the poet's prosody illuminate that sprung rhythm is used to carry the rhythm of people's daily speech, and that the speech rhythm of accentual verse and alliteration originate from Old English prosody. Consequently sprung rhythm is the poetic medium by which Hopkins expresses the powerful energy or inscape, and is supported by the techniques of Old English prosody such as accentual rhythm and alliteration. And the sprung rhythm was not invented but rediscovered by Hopkins.

Walt Whitman과 Folk Style

한규만 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1985 현대영미어문학 Vol.3 No.-

Walt Whitman's style is a very controversial one. His theory of style, however, is proved to be based on folk tradition. He made his poems out of folk people's materials and expressed the glorification of folk people. In this connection, his style may be said to be, in one way or another, connected with his materials and subject. Though he insisted on new poetry, his style was not so new. Rather it is a return to Anglo-Saxon tradition from his contemporary European influence. And Whitman rediscovered folk style as new American style. It means that he tried to express his subject, not by the style of a polished few artists but by that of folk people. Naturally he asserted that the best virtues of art were simplicity and clearness, and that two characteristics of folk poetry, repetition and exaggeration, must be introduced into modern literature. And he recognized slang of folk people as the vital powerful force of all languages and literature. Such views of folk style resulted in his own American style, based on traditional folk style. However, he did not imitate the folk style but he created his original folk style, which is suitable for his land and age.