예비력 입찰을 고려한 비제약급전계획

정정원 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2003 공학기술연구지 Vol.S2 No.2

The purpose of unconstrained dispatch scheduling is to determine market clearing price of an electricity market. Some electricity markets work with local marginal price and the others with uniform market price. Korea is to introduce two-way bidding pool, of which price will be on the base of uniform price. The criterion of market clearing price will be maximization of trade value while minimizing uplift caused by ancillary services. In this paper, unconstrained scheduling algorithm considering reserve bidding is proposed. Two different objectives, one for maximing trade value the other for minimizing uplift due to reserve, are solved by cooptimization with linear programming.

프랙탈 차원과 퓨리에 파워스펙트럼을 이용한 간조직 분류 ( The Texture Classification of Liver Parenchyma Using the Fractal Dimension and the Fourier Power Spectrum )

정정원,김동윤 대한전자공학회 1995 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1995 No.5

러시아어 원칭지시대명사 тот 의 대용과 직시 - 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어 대응어와의 비교를 중심으로

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2015 슬라브어연구 Vol.20 No.2

This paper investigates the anaphoric use of Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot and its relation with intrinsic deictic function, comparing Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian texts of "Crime and punishment". Slavic demonstratives, such as Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot, Polish proximal demonstrative pronoun ten, Czech proximal demonstrative pronoun ten and Bulgarian distal demonstrative pronoun onzi, can refer to a non-preferred center of the antecedent utterance and indicate the digression or the change of narrative structure. Not only in the situation that the gender and the number of backward centers are identical and coreferential ambiguity must be removed in the forward utterance, but also in the situation that any specific disambiguation of co-reference is not needed because of different genders or numbers of backward centers, Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot is predominantly used to indicate a nonpreferred center of the antecedent utterance. Meanwhile in Polish, Czech and Bulgarian, a nonpreferred center of the backward utterence is co-referred to by demonstrative pronouns mostly when a co-referential disambiguation is required. Especially Bulgarian seems to prefer a personal pronoun than a distal demonstrative pronoun to co-refer to an antecedent non-preferred center even when coreferential disambiguation is required. Unlike Russian that doesn't have other means to disambiguate co-reference, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian unmarked zero-subjects referring to a continuous topic are distinguished from marked explicit pronoun subjects that can indicate the antecedent non-preferred center. In addition Russian distal demonstrative itself is more widely used than Polish, Czech and Bulgarian equivalents. Polish, Czech and Bulgarian distal demonstrative pronouns usually have a deictic function, while Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot plays a role of an anaphoric pronoun as well as a deictic pronoun. As a distal demonstrative, Russian tot necessarily implies the remoteness of an object, even when it plays a role of an anaphoric pronoun. This deictic meaning is not imcompatible with the coreferential function of "non-preferred" backward center, which was not a speaker's main concern in the antecedent utterance. Hence the function of co-referring to the non-preferred antecedent center extends its sphere and Russian distal tot of this function is more frequently used than Polish and Czech proximal ten of the same function. Some of Russian distal tots with an anaphoric function in the analyzed texts are translated into Polish and Czech distal tamtens, when their intrinsic deictic function seems to be more prominent than co-referential disambiguation. Thus Russian distal demonstrative tot's anaphoric function to refer to a non-preferred center of the antecedent utterance is not irrelevant to its intrinsic deictic meaning and it has been grammaticalized to a significant extent in Russian co-referential system.

「게임산업진흥에 관한 법률」상 “사행성게임물”에 대한 이해

정정원 가천대학교 법학연구소 2018 가천법학 Vol.11 No.4

게임산업법은 “사행성게임물”을 정의하며, 이는 “게임물”의 개념에서 제외됨을 명확하게 규정하고 있다. 판례 역시 “사행성게임물”에 있어 ① 제한적인 내용 또는 방법에 의한 게임의 진행, ② 재산상 이익 제공 또는 손실의 ‘직접성’을 명백하게 요구한다. 그런데 현행 게임산업법상 “사행성게임물”은 사행행위규제법상 “사행성 유기기구”의 개념에 전면적으로 포섭 가능한 개념으로 파악할 수 있다. 규범적 체계에 있어 동일한 사항을 불완전한 형태로 더군다나 불필요하게 중복적으로 규정하는 것은 규범의 수범자에게 혼란만을 가져올 뿐이다. 따라서 현행 게임산업법상 “사행성게임물”은 사행행위규제법상 “사행성 유기기구”의 개념으로 포섭하여 명확하게 규정함으로써 규범의 체계적 정합성을 제고할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다. 「Game Industry Promotion Act」 defines "speculative game products". It clearly states that "speculative game products" is excluded from the concept of "game products". The judicial precedent also explicitly requires, ① the game is carried out by limited contents or methods, ② 'directness' of property profit or loss. However, "speculative game products" of 「Game Industry Promotion Act」 can be seen as an all-out concept by using "speculative gaming machines" of "Act on Special Cases concerning Regulation and Punishment of Speculative Acts, etc.". Unnecessary duplication of the same points in the form of imperfections will only cause confusion to the public of the norm. Therefore, "speculative game products" under the current 「Game Industry Promotion Act」 need to be clearly defined as "speculative gaming machines" of "Act on Special Cases concerning Regulation and Punishment of Speculative Acts, etc.". Through this, there is a need to enhance the systematic coherence of the norm.

러시아어와 폴란드어의 수동구문 비교

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2010 슬라브어연구 Vol.15 No.2

이와 같이 지리적, 언어학적으로 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있는 폴란드어와 러시아어는 수동구문에서 여러 가지 차이를 드러낸다. 첫째, 러시아어의 수동태는 수동 형동사 구문과 재귀구문을 통해서 실현되지만, 폴란드어 수동태문은 수동 형동사 구문을 통해서만 실현된다. 이때 폴란드어 수동태문의 행위주는 전치사와 결합된 ‘przez + 대격’의 형태를 취하며, 러시아어 수동태문의 행위주는 조격 형태를 취하여 도구역과 형태적으로 일치된다. 한편 폴란드어 수동태문에서는 조동사와의 결합을 통해 반드시 인칭, 시제를 표시해야 한다. 둘째, 폴란드어에서는 자동사에서 파생된 수동태문이 자주 발견되는데 반해, 러시아어에서는 자동사에서 파생된 수동태문이 지극히 예외적인 경우로 간주된다. 자동사에서 파생된 수동태문이 다른 슬라브어에서도 자주 발견되는 현상임을 고려하면 이것은 슬라브어족 내에서 러시아어 수동태문이 갖는 독특한 특징이다. 셋째, 재귀동사 구문과 형동사 구문에서의 상적 분배가 비교적 뚜렷하게 드러나는 러시아어와 달리 폴란드어 수동구문은 동사의 상에 따라 분화되지 않는다. 폴란드어뿐 아니라 체코어, 세르보-크로아티아어를 비롯한 여러 슬라브어에서 불완료상 동사가 수동 형동 구문에서 사용되는 것을 보면 완료상 동사만 수동 형동 구문에 사용되는 것은 러시아어 수동구문의 변별적 특징으로 보아야 한다. 넷째, 러시아어에서는 수동태의 행위 의미와 상태 의미 구분이 주로 문맥을 통해서 가능한데 반해, 폴란드어 수동태문에서는 조동사를 통해 행위 의미 또는 상태 의미 발현 여부가 결정된다. 이 때 폴란드어 조동사 zostać는 완료상 파생 형동사와 결합하여 행위 의미만을 지시하고, 조동사 być 는 완료상 파생 형동사와 결합 시에는 상태 의미를, 불완료상 파생 형동사와 결합 시에는 행위 의미를 지시한다. 다섯째, 러시아어 재귀구문이 불완료상 동사의 수동태로 사용되는 데 반해, 폴란드어 재귀구문은 수동태로 사용되지 않으며, 대신 피의체역이 주어가 되는 반사역구문이 된다. 이에 폴란드어에서 재귀구문은 수동태의 하위 유형이 아니라 수동태와 동등한 지위를 지니는 재귀태로 불린다. 다른 슬라브어와 비교했을 때 재귀구문이 수동태로 사용되지 않은 것은 폴란드어에서 발견되는 특수한 현상이다. 여섯째, 피의자역이 항상 주격을 갖는 현대 표준 러시아어의 수동구문과 달리 폴란드어 수동 구문에서는 피의자역이 주격이 되지 않고, 능동구문에서처럼 사격의 형태를 띠는 경우가 발견된다. 이러한 폴란드어 무주어 재귀 구문과 –no/to 구문에서는 술어가 어떠한 논항과도 문법적으로 일치되지 않는 3인칭 혹은 무인칭 주어를 가지게 되며, 이것은 불특정 다수의 행위주의 존재를 암시하는데, 이는 동일한 의미를 지시하는 러시아어 부정인칭문의 술어가 3인칭 복수형으로 일치되는 것과 유사하다. 이와 같이 동일하게 슬라브어에 뿌리를 둔 폴란드어와 러시아어의 수동태형은 술어의 형태적인 측면에서 보았을 때는 많은 유사점을 공유하지만, 논항과 조동사의 결합, 상의 분배, 술어의 타동성, 행위 및 상태 의미의 발현, 재귀구문 및 무인칭 구문과의 관계 등 여러 가지 측면에서 상이점을 드러낸다. The Russian and Polish passive constructions have many different characteristics, although two languages are very close linguistically as well as geographically. First, Russian passive voice is based on both the passive past participle and the reflexive passive, whereas Polish passive voice is exclusively related to the past passive participle. The Polish passive construction has ‘przez + acc’ as an Agent marker and the Russian passive construction has an Agent marker of the instrumental case that also serves as a marker of a different semantic role as Instrument. In addition, the Polish passive sentence must have an auxiliary verb być or zostać indicating grammatical categories such as Person and Tense. Second, the passive constructions with the predicates derived from intransitive verbs are often found in Polish as well as in many other Slavic languages. Such constructions are exceptional in the Russian language. Third, the imperfective past passive participles are used in Polish, whereas they are not allowed in Russian, where the reflexive serves as an imperfective counterpart to the perfective passive of past participle. The imperfective verbs in the passive past participle are also found in the other Slavic languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Czech. Fourth, the distinction between actional and state readings in the passive construction is made by means of the auxiliary verbs in Polish. Namely, the auxiliary verb zostać leads to an actional reading, while być can get either actional or state readings depending on the aspect of the main predicate. However, the actional or state reading of the Russian passive predicates can be done just by the contexts or the use of temporal or spatial adjuncts. Fifth, the reflexive can be used in the Russian passive sentences, but the Polish reflexive passive is not possible. Instead the Polish reflexive has an anticausative reading. The reflexive is a subcategory of passive voice in Russian, but it is considered as one of voices in Polish. Sixth, the Patient can have the accusative case in Polish impersonal reflexives and –no/to constructions. In the Russian language –no/to constructions are found just in the Northern dialects and the impersonal reflexives are not found.

루소포니야: 루소포비아와 루소필리아 사이 러시아어의 공간

정정원 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2024 중소연구 Vol.48 No.1

소련 붕괴 전후 구소련에서 독립한 신생 국가들은 주-민족어 진흥을 위해 소련의 링구아 프랑카였던 러시아어의 입지를 위협하는 암시적, 명시적 루소포비아 언어정책을 시행했다. 이에 러시아 국경 밖 러시아어 사용자의 언어 선택권 보장과 해외에서 러시아어 위상 강화에 대한 요구가 커지면서, 러시아 안팎의 러시아어 사용 공간을 의미하는 루소포니야의 중요성이 커졌다. 이후 루소포니야는 보다 확장된 개념의 ‘러시아 세계’라는 용어로 치환되어, ‘러시아 세계’라는 의미의 ‘루스키 미르’ 재단과 러시아 정부의 지원을 받게 되었다. 하지만 러시아의 크림 합병과 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁으로 확장된 러시아 영토가 된 ‘러시아 세계’는 루소포비아의 새로운 이유가 되었다. 이러한 루소포비아를 극복하고 해외에서 루소필리아적 정서를 촉진하기 위해 현재 ‘러시아 세계’는 변화가 필요하다. 첫째, 러시아 중심의 일원적 지원에서 다른 루소폰 국가가 참여하는 다원적 지원으로 전환하고, 둘째, 하향적 의사결정에 따른 프로그램을 지양하며 상향적 요구와 아이디어를 촉진하고, 셋째, 구심적 방향으로 응집되는 보수적 공간에서 원심적 방향으로 확장하는 보다 포용적인 열린 공간으로 전환하고, 넷째, 분쟁과 전쟁을 통해 정치화되고 구체화된 영토적 공간 ‘러시아 세계’에서 추상적 문화 공간 ‘루소포니야’로 회귀해야 할 것이다. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent post-Soviet countries have taken implicitly or explicitly russophobic language policies to threaten the status of Russian as a lingua franca, while popularizing their own titular languages. In this regard, Russians raised voices for protecting the oversees Russian speaker’s rights to use their native language and for strengthening the Russian language’s presence abroad. At the same time, Russophonia, a new concept capturing the space where Russian is spoken, gained significance. Russophonia was soon replaced with a more general concept, i.e. the Russian World, which has been supported by the Russian government and the fund Russkii Mir meaning the Russian world. The Russian World, however, became another cause of Russophobia, after it had started to mean the expanded Russian territory due to Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the Russo-Ukrainian war. Now the Russian World needs to change in order to overcome Russophobia and create Russophilic sentiments oversees. First, its monocentric support system led solely by Russia should transform into a multicentric one to which other russophone countries and groups also make a contribution. Second, the programs provided through top-down initiatives require to meet demands and adopt ideas from bottom-up. Third, the Russian World should be a tolerant open space with centrifugal force, not a shrinking conservative space with centripetal force. Fourth, the Russian World, which now became a political concept and a concrete territory after territorial disputes and military conflicts, should go back to Russophonia, an abstract cultural space of the Russian language.

Metabolic profiling and antioxidant properties of hybrid soybeans with different seed coat colors, obtained by crossing β-carotene-enhanced (Glycine max) and wild (Glycine soja) soybeans

정정원,Oh Sung-Dug,Park Soo-Yun,Jang Ye-Jin,Lee Seong-Kon,Yun Doh-Won,장안철,박상언,하선화,Kim Jae Kwang 한국식물생명공학회 2022 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.16 No.4

We obtained new hybrid soybeans (Hybrid) with different seed coat colors such as green (Hybrid-GR), brown (Hybrid- BR), yellow (Hybrid-YE), and black (Hybrid-BL), by hybridizing β-carotene-enhanced soybeans (BCE; Glycine max L.) containing the phytoene synthase-2A-carotene desaturase gene and wild soybeans (Wild; Glycine soja). This study aimed to analyze metabolic changes between Hybrids using comprehensive metabolite profiling of BCE, Wild, and four Hybrids. The composition and content of metabolites varied based on the type of soybeans. Multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses showed distinct differences among the six soybeans. Hybrid-GR showed accumulation of isoflavones and tocophe- rols, whereas Hybrid-BL had higher contents of anthocyanins and carotenoids than other Hybrids. The projection to latent structure analysis showed that the most important contributors in enhanced free radical scavenging activity were phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids and isoprenoids such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols, assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, respectively. Based on these results, Hybrid-GR and Hybrid-BL comprising significant quantities of functional compounds such as isoflavones, carotenoids, and anthocyanins are proposed as new breeding candidates.

슬라브어 보어의 생략과 한정성/비한정성- 러시아어, 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어를 중심으로

정정원 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2015 외국학연구 Vol.- No.31

The aim of the article is to show how definiteness/indefiniteness influences the presence/absence of non-coreferential complements in Slavic languages, such as Russian, Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian. If there is no coreferential antecedent in the context or in the situation, the indefiniteness of the complement itself or the indefiniteness of the verbal aspect can lead to the absence of complements in Slavic sentences. Here, indefinite complements refer to non-referential, heterogeneous, potential, or generalized objects. Iterative, durative, and other meanings of imperfective aspects in Slavic verbs are also indefinite. The definiteness, on the contrary, of the complement and the verbal aspect blocks the ellipsis of non-coreferential complements in Slavic languages. Slavic languages, such as Russian, Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian, have in common that definiteness/indefiniteness plays a significant role in the ellipsis of non-coreferential complements. However, Bulgarian, whose posterior definite articles as a grammatical category reveal the definiteness/indefiniteness of nouns, explicitly allows for the ellipsis of non-coreferential complements less frequently than Russian, Polish, or Czech.

외과계 중환자실 약사의 처방중재효과 평가

정정원,손유민,박효정,인용원,이영미 한국병원약사회 2014 病院藥師會誌 Vol.31 No.4

Patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk for prescribingerrors. The presence of a pharmacist in the ICU has been shown to reduce the incidence of prescribingerrors, the length of stay and to prevent adverse drug events (ADEs). Since 25 March2013, pharmacists have started to participate in monitoring of medication and in rounding in thesurgical ICU (SICU) at the Samsung Medical Center. The purpose of this study was to evaluatethe effects of a pharmacist’s role in the SICU. A historical case control study was conducted by a retrospective electronic medical record chartreview. Therefore, patients were assigned to either the control group (patients who were admittedto the SICU from 25 March to 30 June 2012) or the intervention group (patients who wereadmitted to the SICU from 25 March to 30 June 2013). Demographic features, frequency andtypes of inappropriate prescribing, ADEs and length of stay in SICU were reviewed in both groups. A total of 8,523 medications for 151 patients in the intervention group and a total of 9,642 medicationprofiles for 160 patients in the control group were reviewed in each group. There were57(83%) drug-related interventions in the intervention group and 12(17%) information serviceswith pharmacist intervention. Thirty eight (67%) of drug-related interventions were found for anadjustment of the dosage regimen according to organ dysfunctions. The incidence of inappropriateprescribing per 1,000 monitored patient-days in was much lower in the intervention groupthan in the control group: 1.48 vs. 104.22 p<0.001. In the control group, the majority of inappropriateprescribing counted for an overdose of antibiotics. One preventable ADE occurred in thecontrol group. However, there were none in the intervention group. The length of stay in the ICUtended to be shorter and the number of hospital days to be smaller in the intervention group thanin the control group (3 days vs. 4 days. p=0.089, 16 days vs. 17 days, p=0.059). The intervention of a pharmacist in the SICU was associated with significant reductions ininappropriate prescribing and the number of ADEs.

슬라브어 삼원적 지시사 체계의 직시와 대용: 체코어와 세르비아-크로아티아-보스니아- 몬테네그로어 비교

정정원 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 러시아연구소 2023 슬라브연구 Vol.39 No.4

This article deals with similarities and differences in the Czech and BCSM three-way demonstrative systems, examining their various functions to mark deixis proper, anaphora, discourse deixis, an antecedent of a relative pronoun, a speaker’s emotional attitude, and definiteness. Among Slavic l anguages with a three-way demonstrative system, BCSM has kept its tripartite demonstratives for a long history, while the Czech tripartite demonstrative system appeared relatively recently after one of the old proximal demonstratives, which is unmarked in its form and frequent in use, lost its deictic function and changed into a new distance-neutral demonstrative. These two old and new Slavic three-way demonstrative systems have some common characteristics. In both Slavic languages, most of all, the less clearly a demonstrative indicates the speaker’s distance from an object, the easier it is to serve as a marker for other functions. The BCSM medial demonstrative taj and the Czech neutral demonstrative ten are the examples. On the o ther hand, the BCSM and Czech three-way demonstratives d iffer in many aspects. The most prominent difference is that each BCSM demonstrative in its centuries-long tripartite system has its own non-deictic functions, while in the new Czech tripartite demonstrative system, the new distance-neutral demonstrative is prominent in every function, other than the deixis proper, actively undergoing grammaticalizaton, and the other demonstratives, esp. the distal ones, play a peripheral role in non-deictic and less deictic functions. 본 논문은 슬라브어의 신-구 삼원적 지시사 체계가 본질적 직시, 대용, 담화직시, 관계사의 선행사, 감정적 지시, 한정사 기능에서 어떠한 유사점과 차이점을 보이는지 고찰한다. 삼원적 지시사 체계를 가진 슬라브어 중 세르비아-크로아티아-보스니아-몬테네그로어(이하, 세-크-보-몬어) 지시사는그 삼원성의 역사가 오래된 반면, 체코어 지시사는 형태적, 빈도적으로 무표적인 근칭 지시사가 중립지시사가 되면서 비교적 최근에 새롭게 삼원성을 획득했다. 두 슬라브어 신-구 삼원적 지시사 체계는 여러 공통점을 가지고 있는데, 무엇보다도 그 삼원 구조형성 과정이 상이한 두 슬라브어 모두에서 무엇보다도 청화자와 대상의 원근을 지시하는 개별 지시사의 본질적 직시 기능이 강할수록 다른 기능이 덜 발전하고, 본질적 직시 기능이 약할수록 다른기능의 발전 가능성이 높아진다. 한편 두 슬라브어 지시사 체계가 가진 차이점도 많은데, 가장 두드러지는 것은 지시사의 삼원체계가 오래된 세-크-보-몬어에서는 세 종류의 개별 지시사가 다양한 기능을 비교적 골고루 나눠 수행한다면, 새로운 지시사 삼원체계를 형성한 체코어에서는 근칭, 원칭 지시사보다 중립 지시사가 압도적으로 많은 기능을 수행하며, 그 문법화의 정도도 매우 높다는 것이다.