슬라브어 영형태(null-form)에 대한 소고: 무주어문, 탈락 그리고 화용론적 생략에 대하여

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2012 슬라브어연구 Vol.17 No.2

The Slavic languages allow semantic, structural, contextual and situational null-forms in the sentences. All the Slavic languages have impersonal constructions without a nominative subject which denote weather, atmosphere, natural force and human emotional or physiological states and in which the subject does not have a referent. In addition the Slavic languages have impersonal constructions where the subject has a referent, but the referent is unimportant, general or hidden. In these Slavic impersonal sentences the predicate cannot agree with the subject and it takes neutral third-person singular form. Russian and Polish also have impersonal sentences in which the verb takes third person plural form. Most of Slavic languages, except Russian and Ukrainian, allow null referential subject, i.e. prodrop. In the Slavic languages having a developed system of inflections the verbal forms contain grammatical information about person, gender and number of the subject. Therefore the grammatical information about person, gender and number of the pronominal subject becomes redundant and this redundant pronominal subject drops frequently according to Grice’s Maxim of quantity. The Slavic languages allow not only null subject, but also null object, null oblique and null predicate. These null forms came to existence for pragmatic reasons, but the frequent use made them grammatical in discourse-oriented Slavic languages. Pragmatic ellipsis is found in many different languages at a colloquial level. In the Slavic languages a sentential component can be more frequently omitted, when it is theme, given and grammatical subject. It is noteworthy that syntactic role of a component plays an important role in pragmatic ellipsis. Thus many different kinds of null-forms in the Slavic languages have both syntactic and pragmatic aspects. Therefore it is important to find out where these two levels meet and how they are related to each other in Slavic ellipsis.

슬라브어의 생략과 화제, 테마, 주어: 러시아어, 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어 문어텍스트 분석

정정원 한국러시아문학회 2013 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.42 No.-

The paper deals with topicality, themehood and subjecthood of elliptical co-referent in Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian literary texts. Grammatical subjects are ellipted more than any other components in all the analyzed Slavic texts. The subjecthood of the ellipted co-referent and the antecedent plays a crucial role especially in the ellipsis of Russian literary texts. As for topic and theme, they corelate with ellipsis on different levels. Topicality is a criterion for ellipsis on a sentence level, whereas themehood is a criterion for ellipsis on a text level. A theme is likely to be ellipted in Polish and Czech literary texts, where coreference reaches to an extrasentential antecedent. Polish and Czech pronouns of nominative case are rarely used to denote co-referentiality and null subject is unmarked. On the other hand, the use of explicit subjects are marked and it indicates the contrast or disambiguates intervening and main themes in Polish and Czech texts. Topicality is involved with ellipsis in Russian literary texts, where ellipted co-referent should have an intrasentential antecedent. Here co-referentiality outside the sentences can be indicated by pronouns. Coordinate construction, subjecthood of both the antecedent and the ellipted co-referent and short distance between co-referents are very important conditions for ellipsis of Russian literary texts. Bulgarian ellipsis in literary texts shares characteristics with both groups. Like Polish and Czech, the theme, even as a subject in the very beginning of a sentence can be ellipted and like Russian, pronouns are used relatively frequently.

시각적 인지: 러시아어 시각적 지각 동사의 인지 의미

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2007 슬라브어연구 Vol.12 No.-

Cognition through vision: Russian verbs of visual perception with a cognitive reading It is said that seeing is knowing. The belief that the perception and the cognition are closely related is reflected in the use and the interpretation of the language units, and the perceptive verbs, especially verbs of visual perception, can denote the subject's cognition as well as perception. Therefore the Russian verb of visual perception videt' can be read not only as 'to see' but also as 'to know'. However not all the Russian verbal forms of visual perception act like a cognitive verb. To have a cognitive reading, the object of the perceptive verbs should not represent a concrete entity. It must be an abstract concept or a proposition from syntactic and semantic points of view. In other words, the object of the perceptive verbs must be a subordinate clause with chto or kak, or have a hidden proposition (for example My mozhem videt' vosstanovlenie normal'nogo processa). The Russian perceptive verb videt' and a subordinate clause are connected to each other by a conjunction chto or kak. While the conjunction kak focuses on the dynamic process of the situation, chto –on the static mental image of the situation. Therefore the perceptive verb construction with kak has a purely perceptual reading, but the one with chto has a cognitive reading. That also explains why the verb smotret' can have a subordinate clause with a conjuction kak, but not one with chto. The use of the perceptive verbs with a cognitive reading and the pure epistemic (or cognitive) verbs reflects the speaker's different interpretation of the subject's mental state. If the cognitive verb represents only a mental state, the perceptive verb with a cognitive reading represents the mental state acquired by visual observation, namely, the visual cognition.

선형계획법을 이용한 제약급전 알고리즘 수립

정정원 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2003 공학기술연구지 Vol.S1 No.1

In a competitive electricity market, ISO should determine dispatch schedule based on the bids submitted by GENCOs for the purpose of maximizing social benifit. KPX, the ISO of Korea, will establish constrained dispatch schedule every five mininutes on condition of TWBP. Linear programming models are mostly used worldwide since it affords very fast convergence time for dispatching. In this thesis, an LP model is proposed with reduced constraints and variables. More the number of constraints and variables, much convergence time. So, the proposed method is very practical and efficient for determining constrained dispatch schedule.

외과계 중환자실 약사의 처방중재효과 평가

정정원,손유민,박효정,인용원,이영미 한국병원약사회 2014 病院藥師會誌 Vol.31 No.4

Patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk for prescribingerrors. The presence of a pharmacist in the ICU has been shown to reduce the incidence of prescribingerrors, the length of stay and to prevent adverse drug events (ADEs). Since 25 March2013, pharmacists have started to participate in monitoring of medication and in rounding in thesurgical ICU (SICU) at the Samsung Medical Center. The purpose of this study was to evaluatethe effects of a pharmacist’s role in the SICU. A historical case control study was conducted by a retrospective electronic medical record chartreview. Therefore, patients were assigned to either the control group (patients who were admittedto the SICU from 25 March to 30 June 2012) or the intervention group (patients who wereadmitted to the SICU from 25 March to 30 June 2013). Demographic features, frequency andtypes of inappropriate prescribing, ADEs and length of stay in SICU were reviewed in both groups. A total of 8,523 medications for 151 patients in the intervention group and a total of 9,642 medicationprofiles for 160 patients in the control group were reviewed in each group. There were57(83%) drug-related interventions in the intervention group and 12(17%) information serviceswith pharmacist intervention. Thirty eight (67%) of drug-related interventions were found for anadjustment of the dosage regimen according to organ dysfunctions. The incidence of inappropriateprescribing per 1,000 monitored patient-days in was much lower in the intervention groupthan in the control group: 1.48 vs. 104.22 p<0.001. In the control group, the majority of inappropriateprescribing counted for an overdose of antibiotics. One preventable ADE occurred in thecontrol group. However, there were none in the intervention group. The length of stay in the ICUtended to be shorter and the number of hospital days to be smaller in the intervention group thanin the control group (3 days vs. 4 days. p=0.089, 16 days vs. 17 days, p=0.059). The intervention of a pharmacist in the SICU was associated with significant reductions ininappropriate prescribing and the number of ADEs.

Семантические и синтаксические особенности Причины в русских эмоциональных глаголах

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2011 슬라브어연구 Vol.16 No.1

The paper deals with the correlation between syntactic and semantic valencies of Russian Emotion Verbs. There have been a couple of studies on syntactic valencies of Russian Emotion Verbs, but they focus just on the morpho-syntactic aspect of the argument “Cause of Emotion”. We assume, however, that more attention has to be paid to the semantic aspect of “Cause of Emotion” and the correlation between its semantic subtypes and syntactic forms which bound with different Russian Emotion verbs. It is well known that the semantic role of Cause (Prichina) is an essential semantic and syntactic unit in emotion verb constructions. From a syntactic point of view the Cause of emotion functions as a complement, i.e. a syntactically necessary component and from a semantic point of view it is closely related to the meaning of the verb. “Causes of Emotion” are divided into several subgroups: "Stimulus", “Stimulus-Object of Reaction”, "Causer-Filling Material", "Content of Thinking", "Object of Avoidance", "Object of Empathy", "Split Object", “Object of Stable Emotion”. Stimulus takes the dative case, which indicates the “Addressee” and the related emotion verbs have a feature “Suddenness”. Stimulus-Object of Reaction takes "na + accusative case" which is supposed to indicate the Goal of Motion and the related emotion verbs have features “Suddenness” and “Emotion Expression”. Causer-Filling Material takes the instrumental case which can indicate a semantic subject of the passive construction as well as the material, with which the container is filled. The related emotion verbs have features “Fullness” and “Depth”. Object of Avoidance takes the genitive case which is used when the existence of the object is negated. The related emotion verbs have features “Remoteness from Object”, “Negativity of emotion” and “Negative relation between subject and object”. Content of Thinking takes "o+prepositional case" and "po+dative case". The emotion verbs governing "o+prepositional case" or "po+prepositional case" have features “Duration”, “Homogeneity” and “Accompaniment with Thinking”. Object of Empathy and Split Object take "za + accusative case" and Object of Stable Relation takes the accusative case. "Za + accusative case" interpreted as Object of Empathy has features “Empathy to the Object” and “Positive relation between subject and object”Split Object and Object of the Stable Emotion do not reflect any functional aspect of the forms of "za + accusative case" or the accusative case. It is noteworthy that syntactic forms of “Cause of Emotion” are not arbitrarily given and they are decided by semantic subtypes of “Cause of emotion” which are closely related to the meaning of the verbs.

제7기 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용한 한국 성인의 악력 분포 및 영향요인 분석

정정원,박소영,김현아,Jung, Jung Won,Park, So Young,Kim, Hyunah 한국임상약학회 2021 한국임상약학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Background: Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder that involves the loss of muscle mass and function. Handgrip strength (HGS) is the most commonly used tool to assess muscle strength to diagnose sarcopenia. HGS is also associated with various diseases and health outcomes. Thus, we aimed this study to examine the HGS status in Korean adults and relevant factors of HGS. Methods: Data was obtained from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), a population-based nationwide survey. The estimated mean value of HGS was calculated in each age group. The mean HGS in men and women aged over 40 was compared according to the household income level, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. Results: A total of 16,708 participants were included in this study. The mean HGS showed a maximum value in the 30s for both men and women, and then tended to decrease with increasing age. When analyzed for people aged 40 or older, the mean HGS was significantly higher in the current or past smoker, drinker, and aerobic exercise groups in both men and women. The mean HGS was lower in the group with comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and bone diseases. Conclusion: Our study found that the mean HGS was significantly different between those with and without underlying chronic diseases. In groups with relevant comorbidities, close monitoring for the development of sarcopenia and taking preventive measures such as exercise and nutritional support may be recommended.

저주파진동 억제를 위한 전력계통안정화장치의 최적 파라미터 결정에 관한 연구

정정원 慶星大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.14 No.2

In this paper, a method of determining optimal parameters of power system stabilizer is presented. A new performance index, which can evaluate the share of a particular mode in state responses, is proposed. This performance index is defined as a weighted sum of areas under squares of envelopes produced by oscillations of that mode in each state during a specified time interval. The problem of selecting optimum values of power system stabilizer parameters is formulated as one of parameter optimization problems. Objective function is defined as a sum of performance indeces of low frequency modes. The gradient of the objective function with respect to PSS parameters is derived in an explicit form. A steepest descent method is adopted because of its directness of application.

예비력 입찰을 고려한 비제약급전계획

정정원 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2003 공학기술연구지 Vol.S2 No.2

The purpose of unconstrained dispatch scheduling is to determine market clearing price of an electricity market. Some electricity markets work with local marginal price and the others with uniform market price. Korea is to introduce two-way bidding pool, of which price will be on the base of uniform price. The criterion of market clearing price will be maximization of trade value while minimizing uplift caused by ancillary services. In this paper, unconstrained scheduling algorithm considering reserve bidding is proposed. Two different objectives, one for maximing trade value the other for minimizing uplift due to reserve, are solved by cooptimization with linear programming.

Russian free adverbials with emotion nouns

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2010 슬라브어연구 Vol.15 No.1

The Russian language has a variety of emotion adverbials and each of them fulfills their own function in the sentence. First of all, the emotion adverbial ‘k + emotion noun(dat.)’ is a parenthetical. Detached from the main sentence by commas, emotion parentheticals are designed to reveal the speaker’s emotional evaluation about the situation, referred to by the sentence. Secondly, the emotion adverbial ‘na + emotion noun(acc.)’ represents the subject’s negative or positive attitude toward a possible future event or the extent of emotion to which the event can bring. Some of them, like na sčast’e, na bedu, fulfill a function of parenthetical, but most of them are considered as true circonstants, which are connected to the predicate, but not whole the sentence. Thirdly, the emotion adverbials ‘s + emotion noun(inst.)’ and ‘v + emotion noun(prep.)’ denote that the emotion accompanies the event referred to by the predicate. ‘s + emotion noun (inst.)’ shows how the event proceeds with the emotion, and ‘v + emotion noun’ also shows how the emotion proceeds with the event and at the same time it implies that the emotion is a cause of the event. Fourthly, emotion adverbials ‘ot + emotion noun(gen.)’, ‘iz+ emotion noun(gen.)’ and ‘s + emotion noun(gen.)’ reveal ‘cause and effect’ relations between the emotion and the event. ‘Ot + emotion noun’ can combine most of all with the predicates describing a reaction to an emotional stimulus, whereas ‘iz+ emotion noun’ and ‘s + emotion noun(gen.)’ combine with the predicates referring to a controllable action. The Adverbial ‘S+emotion noun(gen.)’ contains usually negative emotion. Thus the Russian emotion adverbials are heterogeneous and autonomous. Their semantic significance should not be neglected. Even though they are circonstants and parentheticals, i.e., they are morphologically and syntactically independent of the predicate, and they can be eliminated not causing grammatical incompleteness, the circonstants are semantically and pragmatically significant and the parentheticals are the most important means to reveal the speaker’s emotional evaluation. The prepositions of these emotion adverbials have their own meaning and each of them reflects how the emotion can be understood by the Russian speakers. In addition, the elimination test and the Kacnel’son’s event test for the distinction between obligatory and optional sentential components can be applied to all the emotion parentheticals and the circonstants. As for the substitution tests, they are applied differently to the emotion adverbials. The Russian emotion circonstants and parentheticals can be substituted by other syntactic units, like a main clause, an embedded clause, an alternative emotion adverbial, an adverb, a gerundive and so on. However, alternative syntactic units tend to share merely the content with the emotion adverbial in question. They do not hold the nuance, the focus, and the temporal characteristics that the Russian emotion circonstants and parentheticals convey. Thus Russian free adverbials with emotion nouns hold a special place in Russian emotion expressions.