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한중일 언어권의 Deus, God의 수용과 크리스트교의 전개
정백수(Jung Baek-su) 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 2010 아시아문화연구 Vol.20 No.-
근대이후 한중일의 언어로 각각 번역 수용된 서양문화들 가운데, 크리스트교만큼 상호 간에 현저한 차이를 보이는 문화영역은 달리 없을 것이다. 동아시아의 근대가 근본적으로 서양문화의 충격으로부터 비롯하고 있다는 점, 그리고 크리스트교야말로 서양 정신문화의 기층에 해당한다는 점을 감안하면 한중일 언어권에서의 크리스트교 문화의 이질적인 전개는 더욱 문제적이라 할 수 있다. 한자문화와 유교적, 불교적 전통을 공유하고 있는 한중일에서 어떻게 하여 크리스트교 문화만큼은 극단적으로 상이한 전개의 양상을 띠게된 것일까. 한중일의 크리스트교 문화의 첫 출발은, 말할 것도 없이, Yahwhe의 라틴어역 Deus와 영어권의 번역어God의 수용과 그 개념적 정립에서 확인할 수 있을 것이다. 본 논고에서는 첫째, 한중일의 언어는 Deus와 God의 수용과 소통을 위해 어떠한 번역을 시도한 것일까, 둘째, 중국어의 〈上帝〉, 일본어의 〈神かみ〉, 한국어의 〈하나님〉은 각각의 언어사용자에게 어떠한 신앙적 개념을 표상하고 있는 것일까, 그리고 각 언어의 번역 과정과 번역어의 개념적 차이는 한중일의 크리스트교의 상이한 전개라는 문화현상과 어떠한 지점에서 관계하는 것일까를 구체적으로 다루고자 한다. Among the cultures received from the West since modern times and translated into Korean, Japanese, and Chinese, no contrast as stark as in Christianity can be found. Different courses of development of Christianity in those linguistic areas are worth attention, given that the modern history of East Asia was made into being, somewhat with shock, by the impact of Western cultures and at the center of Western spiritual cultures had been Christianity. How did Christian cultures in those countries, where Chinese letters and traditions of Confucian and Buddhism are shared, take different courses of development? Without doubt, the beginning of the Christian cultures in Korea, Japan, and China can be identified in the introduction and conceptual development of “Deus” and “God”, both of which are “Yahwhe” translated into Latin and English respectively. The purpose of this paper is to delve into the following three questions : First, into what words did the people in the three countries try to translate “Deus” and “God” to facilitate their introduction and communication? Second, What are the religious concepts of “Shangti” in Chinese, “Kami” in Japanese, and “Hananim” in Korean, represented by the users of each language? Third, What does the difference in translation processes and conceptual meanings of the words translated in each language have to do with the cultural manifestations resulting from different courses of development of Christianity in Korea, Japan, and China?
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윤상화,정백수 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 2003 武道硏究所誌 Vol.14 No.1
The objective of the present study is to investigate parents' satisfaction with taekwondo halls with regard facilities, size, safety, cleanliness, the disposition of the coach (director), management and educational aspects, aiming at increasing the membership of taekwondo halls, improving the health of members, and ultimately developing taekwondo as a sound living sport contributing to education, cultivation of good personality and the improvement of school records. This study selected 8 taekwondo halls under the supervision of Gyeongsangbuk-do Taekwondo Association and run by graduates of Yongin University, all of which were in Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and sampled parents of higher grade (4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th) year) elementary school students who were attending the taekwondo hall. The present researcher prepared the tool used in this study by modifying questionnaires used in previous researches, Evaluation of Taekwondo Halls in Seoul pun, Sang-hwa, 1998) and Comparative Analysis of the Image of Middle School Teachers Expected in Korea and Japan (Lee, Mu-sun, 1994), Current State of Educational Environment and Its Improvement &m, Ok-ju, 1997). The questionnaire consists of a total of 35 questions, 5 about background variables, 5 above size and facilities, 5 about safety and cleanliness, 10 about the disposition and specialty of the coach (director), and 15 about satisfaction with management and educational aspects. The present study was carried out for about 3 months from November 2002 to January 2003. The number of questionnaires recovered from the 8 halls was 424. Excluding insincere replies, 283 of them were used in data analysis, for which SPSS WIN 10.0 was used. Frequency analysis was performed for all items, cross analysis was for each question according to the background variables of parents' satisfaction with the educational environment of taekwondo halls, and chi-square test was for testing the significance among groups. The significance level for the analysis was 5%. From the research methods and processes presented above, this study drew the following conclusions. 1) Parents' satisfaction with size and facilities With regard to parents satisfaction with the size and facilities of taekwondo halls by the gender of trainees, 7.7% of the parents replied Not Satisfied , 42.7% Moderately Satisfied , and 51.4% Satisfied , so as a whole, parents were satisfied with the size of taekwondo halls. Parents' satisfaction with the floor condition of taekwondo halls by gender, age, academic qualification and the length of training was 32.9% as a whole, so it was urgently required to improve the facilities of taekwondo halls. 2) Parents' satisfaction with safety and cleanliness With regard to parents' satisfaction with the safety and the cleanliness of taekwondo halls by parents' age, 6.8% of parents replied Not Satisfied , 45.4% Moderately Satisfied , and 47.1% Satisfied , so as a whole, parents were satisfied with the safety and the cleanliness of taekwondo halls. Parents' satisfaction with the safety of hall bus operation by gender, age, academic qualification, and the length of training was 64.5% as a whole, so they were relatively satisfied with the safety of hall bus operation. However, with regard to parents' satisfaction with fire prevention facilities by gender, age, academic qualification, and the length of training, 62.5% of the parents replied Not satisfied , so fire prevention facilities in taekwondo halls appeared inadequate. With regard to parents satisfaction with the cleanliness of the inside of taekwondo halls by gender, age, academic qualification, and the length of training, 36.4% of the parents replied Not Satisfied , so they appeared not satisfied with the cleanliness of the indoor environment of taekwondo halls. 3) Parents' satisfaction with the disposition and specialty of coaches (directors) With regard to parents' satisfaction with the kindness of coaches by gender, age, academic qualification, and the length of training, 89% of the parents replied positively. In addition replies to questions about coaches fairness, ***, leadership, *** and service spirit showed that most parents appeared to be satisfied with the coaches of taekwondo halls in terms of these characters. 4) Parents' satisfaction with management and educational aspects According to parents' replies to the question, Are trainees' problems well managed by the hall?, by gender, age, academic qualification, and the length of training. 36.4% of the parents were not satisfied, so the level of satisfaction was somewhat low. With regard to parents' satisfaction concerning the question, Did you receive a phone call for confirmation when ***', 20.1% of the parents answered 'No', so their satisfaction appeared to be somewhat low. With regard to parents' satisfaction concerning the question, Are children properly given personality education during training?, by the length of training, 81.6% of parents answered positively. However, with regard to parents' satisfaction with health and hygienic management by academic qualification, 37.7% of the parents replied 'Unsatisfied'. These results suggest that taekwondo halls must improve their facilities, safety, cleanliness and management.
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