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전효택 문예운동사 2023 수필시대 Vol.21 No.봄

수도권 위성도시의 토양과 분진의 중금속 오염에 대한 연구

전효택,안주성 대한자원환경지질학회 1996 자원환경지질 Vol.29 No.1

The proposes of this research are to investigate the pollution level of heavy metals due to the urbanization and industrialization in the satellite cities of Seoul, and to assess the chemical species and the sources of heavy metals in highly contaminated soils and dusts. Soil and dust samples were collected from the Uijeongbu and the Kouang cities, which are northern and the northwestern satellite cities of Seoul metropolitan city, repectively. Relatively high pH values(6.3-9.9) were found in roadside soils compared with agricultural and forest soils. Difference in pH values of soils was not identified between before and after rainy seasons. In spite of no specific pollution sources in the above cities, the contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in soils and dusts were much higher than the world average contents. The metal levels in dusts were higher than those in soils but the metal concentration in dusts was significantly decreased after rainy season. Pollution index was high(>1.0) in the areas of heavy traffic, industrial complex, and city centers. There is an appreciable proportion of total Zn in exchangeable/water-acid soluble fraction. Copper is precominantly associated with reducible and oxidizable phases, whereas Pb is largely in reducible association. It is concluded that the mobility and bioavailability of metals are high in the order of Zn>> Cu>Pb. On the basis of characteristic particle morphology and chemical composition, Pb-containing particles are originated probably from the automobile exhaust, particularly in heavy traffic areas. The metallic forms and iron-oxide associated forms of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb can be assessed as industrial origin.

함(含)우라늄 흑색(黑色)세일 분포지역(分布地域)에서의 유독성원소(有毒性元素)들의 분산(分散)에 관한 지구화학적(地球化學的) 연구(硏究)

전효택,정명채,Chon, Hyo-Taek,Jung, Myung-Chae 대한자원환경지질학회 1991 자원환경지질 Vol.24 No.3

Surficial dispersion patterns of heavy metals and toxic elements (U, Mo, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Pb, and Cd) were investigated in the Dukpyungri, Goesan area covered with low grade uranium-bearing black shales. Maximum abundance of U in the black shale was 455ppm. Radioactivity was counted at a maximum of 7cps in black shales, and was less than 0.5cps in shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas. Enrichment of Mo, V, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in black shales is particularly characteristic compared with shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas, whereas contents of Mn, Cr, Co, and Th in all rock samples tend to be almost similar. Residual top soils (0~15cm depth) over black shales show high contents of Mo, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and V in comparison with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in subsoils (15~30cm depth) were higher about one and half times than those in topsoils. Average contents of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and V in garden soil and playground soil of an elementary school in Dukpyungri, Goesan area, were high about two to fifteen times compared with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in stream sediments were higher from two to eight times than those in residual soils. Sodium, AI, K, V, Cr, and Fe were more enriched in the roots of pine than in the twigs of pine. Contents of Li, AI, V, Ni, Cd, Fe, and Co were higher in the roots of azalea than in the twigs of azalea. Enrichment of P, Ca, and Mg was remarkable in the twigs of both pine and azalea. Biological absorption coefficients for essential elements (Zn, P, Mn, Ca and K)tend to be high, whereas those for the non-essential elements.(Ba, Ti, V, and Mo) and toxic elements(Cr, Co, Pb and Ni) be low. Less mobile elements (Pd, Cd, and Co) tend to show anomalies with higher contrast than more mobile elements(Mo, V, Zn, Cu and Ni) in the area covered with black shales.

경남(慶南) 및 전남(全南) 일부(一部) 납석광상(蠟石鑛床)의 산소(酸素)-황(黃) 동위원소조성(同位元素組成)과 광상성인(鑛床成因)

전효택,정영욱,김인준,Chon, Hyo Taek,Cheong, Young Wook,Kim, In Joon 대한자원환경지질학회 1991 자원환경지질 Vol.24 No.2

Oxygen and sulfur isotope composition of pyrophyllite and pyrite from six pyrophyllite deposits in the Yangsan-Milyang areas (the Cheonbulsan, Dumyong, Dongrae, Youkwang, Sungjin and Milyang mines), and five deposits in the Whasoon-Dado-Haenam areas (the Byuksong, Songseok, Dado, Bugock and Nowha mines) were measured. Pyrophyllite ores both from the Yangsan-Milyang areas and the Dado-Haenam areas are composed mainly of high alumina minerals such as pyrophyllite, sericite and kaolinite. Most of altered rocks show diagnostic chacteristics of bleaching effect. Major minerals of the Songseok ore deposit in the Whasoon area are pyrophyllite, and diaspore with minor amounts of kaolinite and quartz. The Byuksong ores from the Whasoon area were composed mainly of andalusite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and mica with small amounts of chloritoid, quartz and carbonaceous matter. The Byuksong and Songseok ores show metamorphic textures such as porphyroblastic, and pressure solution textures, and have low whiteness values, The ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of pyrophyllite from the Cheonbulsan and Dumyong mines in the Yangsan area, and the Dado and Nowha mines in the Dado-Haenam areas were in the range of 0.23~5.36%,. The relatively low 8 180 values provide conclusive evidence for hydrothermal activity in these deposits. The ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of pvrophvllite from the Songseok mine in the Whasoon area were measured as 6.70-8.13%, and these higher ${\delta}^{18}O$ values suggest that the Songseok ore deposit have been probably subjected to metamorphism. ${\delta}^{34}$S(pyrito) values from the Cheonbulsan, Dumyong, Youkwang, Dongrae, Sungjin and Milyang deposits in the Yangsan-Milyang areas, and the Dado pyrophyllite deposits in the Dado area range from -5.8 to 2.7%, which means that the pyrite sulfur could be of igneous origin. ${\delta}^{34}$S(pyrito) from the Nohwa mine in the Haenam area is, however, measured as -12.4%" implying the contamination of sulfur derived from the sedimentary country rocks. All of the studied high alumina deposits in the Yangsan-Milyang areas and the Dado-Haenam areas were hydrothermal in origin, whereas the Byuksong and Songseok ore deposits in the Whasoon area were probably of metamorphic origin.

상동 및 울진지역 화강암질암과 페그마타이트의 광물화학

전효택,손창일,Chon, Hyo-Taek,Son, Chang-Il 대한자원환경지질학회 1995 자원환경지질 Vol.28 No.1

Tin mineralizations in South Korea have been found only in the Ulchin and the Sangdong areas. The Wangpiri and the Yuchang Sn pegmatites appear to be in close spatial and genetical relation to the Wangpiri granitoid in the Ulchin area, and the Soonkyeong Sn pegmatite be in close association with the Nonggeori granites in the Sangdong area from geochemical viewpoint. The electron-microprobe analysis of muscovite, biotite, tourmaline and cassiterite from the granitoids and pegmatites in the Ulchin and the Sangdong areas has revealed a distinct differences of geochemical compositions. The Wangpiri and the Yuchang Sn pegmatites show an enrichment of MnO and a depletion of $TiO_2$, FeO and MgO in comparison with the Soonkyeong Sn pegmatite. This result coincides with the geochemical compositions of granitoid rocks in these areas. Enrichment of MnO and depletion of $TiO_2$ FeO and MgO are characteristic in muscovite, biotite and tourmaline of pegmatites compared with those of granitoids. These geochemical differences of muscovite, biotite and tourmaline between granitoids and pegmatites in these areas implies that pegmatites are more fractionated than granitoids.

도시 및 산업환경 분진 및 토양중의 중금속 원소들의 분산에 관한 지구화학적 연구

전효택,최완주,Chon, Hyo-Taek,Choi, Wan-Joo 대한자원환경지질학회 1992 자원환경지질 Vol.25 No.3

The garden soils, main road dusts, residential road dusts, and playground soils/dusts of Seoul, Geumsan, Onsan, and Taebaek areas were analyzed in order to investigate the level of heavy metal pollution by urbanization and industrialization. The soil pH is in the range of 5.48~8.40 and was generally neutral. The color of soils and dusts is mainly Raw Umber to dark greyish Raw Umber. Some samples from Taebaek city, a coal mining area, showed a deep black color due to contamination by coal dusts. Major minerals of the dusts and soils are quartz, feldspars, and micas, reflecting the composition of the parent rocks. However, pyrite was found as a major mineral in the samples of industrial road dusts of Onsan, a smelting area, and resicential road dusts of Taebaek. Thus, the high level of heavy metals in mining and smelting areas can be explained with the sulfide minerals. The mode of occurences of heavy metals in Seoul, a comprehensive urbanized area, were related to the metallic pollutants and organic materials through observation by scanning eletron microscopy. In main road and residential road dusts of Onsan area, Cd, Zn, and Cu were extremely high. Some industrial road and residential road dusts of Seoul area showed high Cu, Zn, and Pb contents, wereas some garden soils and residential road dusts of Taebaek area were high in As content. In general, the heavy metal contents in dust samples were two to three times higher than those in soil samples. Main road dust samples were the most reflective from the discriminant analysis of multi-element data. Cadmium, Sb, and Se in Onsan area, As in Taebaek area, Pb and Te in Seoul area were most characteristic in discriminating the studied areas. Therefore, Cd in smelting areas, As in coal mining areas, and Pb in metropolitan areas can be suggested as the characteristic elements of each pollution pattern. The dispersion of heavy metal elements in urban areas tends to orignate in main roads and deposit in garden soils through the atmosphere and residential roads. The heavy metal contamination in Seoul is characteristic in areas with high population, factory, road, and traffic decsities. Heavy metal contents are high in the vicinity of smelters in Onsan area and are decayed to background levels from one kilometer away from the smelters.

Iron, Manganese and Cadmium Contents of Sphalerites and their Genetical Implications to Hydrothermal Metallic Ore Deposits in Korea

전효택,시마자키 히데히코,Chon, Hyo Taek,Shimazaki, Hidehiko The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1986 자원환경지질 Vol.19 No.no.spc

국내(國內)의 여러 열수금속광상(熱水金屬鑛床)에서 채취(採取)한 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)의 조성(組成) 변화(變化)를 광산(鑛山) 및 국지적(局地的) 단위(單位), 그리고 광역적(廣城的) 단위(單位)로 조사(調査)하였다. 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)의 Fe, Mn, Cd 함량(含量)은 electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA) 에 의한 부분분석(部分分析) 방법(方法)으로 측정(測定)하였다. 제1연화광산(第一蓮花鑛山)의 월암광산(月岩鑛山)에서 심도별(深度別)(0m에서 -420m level까지)로 채취(採取)한 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)의 경우 Fe, Cd 함량(含量)은 심도(深度)에 따라 큰 변화(變化)가 없는 반면(反面) Mn 함량(含量) 변화(變化)는 현저하였다. 반심성암(半深成岩) 및 분출암(噴出岩)의 활동(活動)과 성인적(成困的)으로 관련(關聯)된 Zn-Pb 광상(鑛床)의 경우 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)은 그 Mn 함량(含量)이 높고 (MnS 1.0 mole% 이상(以上)) Cd 함량(含量)이 낮은 (CdS 0.5 mole% 이하(以下)) 특징(特徵)을 보인다. 비교적(比較的) Mn함량(含量)이 높은 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)은 Fe함량(含量)도 높다. 일반적(一般的)으로 각(各) 광상별(鑛床別)로 보면 Mn에 비(比)해 Cd 함량변화(含量變化)는 일정(一定)하다. 대부분(大部分)의 W광상(鑛床)과 일부(一部) Au-Ag광상(鑛床)에서 산출(産出)된 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)의 경우 Cd함량(含量)이 현저하게 높으나, 대부분(大部分)의 base metal 광상(鑛床) 및 Fe광상(鑛床)에서는 Cd함량(含量)이 낮다. 성인적(成因的)으로 심성암(深成岩)의 활동(活動)과 관련(關聯)된 금속광상(金屬鑛床)에서 산출(産出)되는 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)의 Cd 함량(含量) 변화(變化)는 다양한 경향을 나타낸다. 섬아연석중(閃亞鉛石中)의 Cd 근원(根源)은 magma성(性) 내지(乃至)는 후(後) magma성(性)과정중(過程中) 원래(原來)부터 존재(存在)하던 유용(有用) 함량(含量)에 기인(起因)된다고 판단(判斷)된다. Compositional variation of sphalerites from various hydrothermal metallic ore deposits in Korea were investigated in mine and local, and regional scale. The sphalerites were partially analyzed for iron, manganese, and cadmium by using an electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA). The contents of iron and cadmium in sphalerites collected from the Weolam deposit of the No.1 Yeonhwa mine are not variable with increase of depth, but manganese content is highly variable. Sphalerites from lead-zinc deposits which are geologically associated with hypabyssal and effusive activity are characterized by high manganese (more than 1.0 MnS mole %) and low cadmium contents (less than 0.5 CdS mole %). Relatively manganese rich sphalerites are found in the deposits where sphalerites are enriched in iron content. Variation of cadmium content is very limited compared with that of manganese content. Sphalerites from most tungsten and some gold-silver deposits are remarkably high in cadmium content, but most of base metal and iron deposits are low in cadmium content. Cadmium content in sphalerites which occur in the metallic ore deposits genetically associated with plutonic activity shows a tendency to high variation. Available amounts of cadmium in sphalerites could be originated from the initial enrichment during the magmatic and postmagmatic processes.

서울 도심지역 환경에서의 백금(Pt) 분산과 오염 특성

전효택,이혜연,M.Sager 한국자원공학회 2006 한국자원공학회지 Vol.43 No.1

The emission of platinum(Pt) from automobile catalytic converters has caused rapid increase in Pt levels of the urban environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the Pt levels in road dusts, roadside soils and tree barks in and around Seoul metropolitan city. All samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes, and analysed for Pt and heavy metals by ICP-MS and ICP-OES, respectively. Platinum levels were in the range of 0.4∼444.4 ng/g in road dusts and roadside soils, and 0.9∼4.5 ng/g in tree barks. These results are comparable with other previous studies and show high elevation of Pt levels in urban environment. Platinum levels in the roadside environment are influenced by traffic volume, driving style and topography. There was not significant correlation between Pt and other heavy metals in road dusts. 자동차 촉매 변환장치의 사용으로 인해 도시 환경 매질에서의 백금(Pt; platinum) 함량이 급격히 증가하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 국내 처음으로 도로 분진, 가로수 토양, 가로수 표피에서의 Pt 함량에 대해 알아보았다. 시료들은 서울 시내에 위치한 도로, 주택가 지역과 서울시 근교에서 채취하였으며, Pt의 경우 ICP-MS로, 그 외 중금속의 경우 ICP-OES로 측정하였다. 도로 분진과 가로수 토양 내 Pt 함량은 0.4∼444.4 ng/g 이었으며, 가로수 표피 내 Pt 함량은 0.9∼4.5 ng/g 이었다. 앞서 발표된 국외 연구들과 비슷한 수준이며, 이는 국내 역시 도심의 여러 지역에서 Pt 오염 가능성이 있음을 시사한다. 도로 주변 환경의 Pt 함량에 영향을 미치는 요소로는 교통량, 주행 형태, 지형 등이 있으며, 도로 분진 내 Pt 함량과 상관성을 나타내는 중금속 원소는 존재하지 않았다.

동아 폐금속광산 지역에서의 중금속 환경오염 특성

전효택,유인걸,이진수,신종기,송영현 한국자원공학회 2005 한국자원공학회지 Vol.42 No.6

The purposes of this study are to investigate the contamination level of heavy metals and to suggest an environmental restoration plan for contaminated regions in the abandoned mine area. Environmental geochemical survey was conducted in the vicinity of Dong-A Au-Ag-Cu mine located on Geojae-si of Kyungsangnamdo Province in Korea. Samples collected from waste rock pile, soil, stream sediment, stream water and groundwater in the area were analyzed for As, Cd, CN, Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in soil and stream sediment samples ranged from 0.01 to 15.2 mg/kg, 0.9 to 1200 mg/kg and 1.2 to 653 mg/kg, respectively, which exceed the guideline value of heavy metals in a Soil Conservation Act in Korea. The concentrations of As, Cd, CN, Cu, Pb and Zn in stream water samples are relatively low than those of the Korean stream water standard, but especially two samples taken from the southern valley near the mine shaft contained high concentrations of 0.4 mg/ Cd, 0.1 mg/ CN, 15.4 mg/ Cu and 73.9 mg/ Zn. The concentrations of As, Cd, CN, Cu, Pb and Zn in groundwater samples are lower than those of the Korean drinking water standard. It is suggested that various treatments for contaminated soil and groundwater such as containment, isolation, capping and constructed wetland were needed for environmental restoration plans. 본 연구는 경남 거제시 하청면에 소재하는 동아 금-은-구리광산 지역에 대해 토양, 하상퇴적물 및 자연수를 채취하여 오염 실태를 파악, 오염지역에 대한 적절한 복원방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 시료채취는 2001년 8월 및 2002년 5월 두 번에 걸쳐 수행되었으며 채취된 토양 및 하상퇴적물은 전처리과정을 거쳐 토양오염공정시험법에 따라 유도결합플라스마(ICP-AES)를 이용하여 As, Cd, Cu Pb 및 Zn에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 물시료는 여과 및 산처리후(양이온) ICP-AES로 중금속을 분석하였으며 특히 CN성분은 흡광광도법(UV)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 토양내 중금속의 최고 함량은 As가 4.0 mg/kg, Cd가 9.7 mg/kg, Cu가 386 mg/kg, Pb가 108 mg/kg 및 Zn이 533 mg/kg로 나타났는데, 이중에서 Cd, Cu, Pb 및 Zn 등 4성분이 토양환경보전법의 토양오염 우려기준을 초과하였다. 하상퇴적물내 중금속의 최고 함량은 As가 1.0 mg/kg, Cd가 15.2 mg/kg, Cu가 1200 mg/kg, Pb가 27 mg/kg 및 Zn이 653 mg/kg으로 Cd, Cu, Zn의 함량이 토양오염 우려기준보다 높게 나타났다. 자연수의 경우 갱도 주변 일부지점의 중금속함량 즉, Cd가 0.4 mg/ , CN이 0.1 mg/ , Cu가 15.4 mg/ 및 Zn이 73.9 mg/ 으로 하천수 수질기준 중 사람의 건강보호기준을 초과하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이들 지역에 대한 오염지수를 산출하였으며, 그 결과 오염지수 1.0을 초과하는 오염지역들에 대해 복구방안으로써 자연정화처리시스템 적용, 연직차수시설 설치 및 복토, 폐석 제거 또는 고립화 등을 제시할 수 있다.

수중 라돈 농도를 측정하기 위한 시험법 개발에 관한 연구

전효택,제현국,정성필 한국자원공학회 2006 한국자원공학회지 Vol.43 No.1

Radon is well known for its carcinogenic effect to lung cancer and is one of significant gases in indoor pollution. Most of indoor radon is derived from the soil gas, and radon flows from the water system which is connected to the indoor system. To assessment the effects of radon in water to the indoor gas system, it is needed to get the representative radon concentration in water. Groundwater of study area is using as drinking water with high radon concentration. The parameters which could affect the concentration of radon in water was investigated, and the whole procedure for sampling, containing and analysis was designed. From the result of controlled test, the experimental decay constant of radon(EDCR) was became stable as 0.216(day-1), and the standard variations of EDCR was analysed. The error of EDCR was decreased to ±13% at the 95% confidence level. 라돈은 폐암을 일으키는 것으로 알려진 기체로, 실내 공기를 다룰 때 중요하게 연구되고 있다. 실내 공기로 유입되는 라돈의 대부분은 토양가스가 그 기원이지만, 실내와 접한 수도를 통해서도 라돈의 유입이 된다. 따라서 수중 라돈의 실내 공기에 대한 영향을 평가하기 위해 대표성 있는 수중 라돈 농도를 얻는 것이 필요하다. 수중 라돈 측정 실험의 과정에서 수중 라돈 농도에 변화를 줄 수 있는 인자들로 채취용기 내부의 공기유무, 채취 용기의 재질, 그리고 실험기기 내부의 온도를 발견하였고, 그 인자들을 고려하여 시료 채취에서 보관, 그리고 분석에 이르는 전 과정의 시험법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 인자들을 조정한 시험에서 실험적 라돈 붕괴상수(Experimental decay constant of radon, EDCR)의 값이 일정하게 나타났으며(평균 0.216 day-1), 그 때의 실험적 붕괴상수의 편차를 분석하였다. 그 결과 95%의 신뢰구간에서 실험적 붕괴상수의 오차가 ±13%로 낮아지는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.