수종토양중(數種土壤中)에서 3,4-DCA 및 TCAB의 변화(變化)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(제2보(劑二報)) -$^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ 및 $^{14}C-TCAB$ 의 분해(分解)-

이재구,후르니에,Lee, Jae-Koo,Fournier, J.C. 한국응용생명화학회 1978 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.21 No.2

불란서(佛蘭西)의 수종(數種) 토양중(土壤中)에서 3,4-DCA 및 TCAB의 변화과정을 구명하기 위하여 환표식(環標識)된 $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ 및 $^{14}C-TCAB$를 사용하여 실험을 행(行)한 바 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. (1) $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$가 $^{14}CO_2$로 분해(分解)되는 속도(速度)는 배양초기(培養初期)에는 비교적(比較的) 빠르고 후기(後期)에는 완만하다. 배양 6개월 후(後)에 alkaline soil(pH=7.9)에서 dose 1(1.5 ppm)에서 최고(最高) 6.5%, dose 2(94 ppm)에서 최하(最下) 1.92%의 분해율(分解率)을 보였다. organic acid soil(pH=5.5)의 경우 dose 1에서 4.91%, dose 2에서 4.24%가 분해(分解)되었으며 양자간(兩者間)에는 대차(大差)가 없었다. (2) Dose 1로 3,4-DCA를 6개월동안 배양할 때 organic acid soil에서는 47.70%, Alkaline soil에서는 29.49%가 토양에 결합되었다. 한편 dose 2의 경우 organic acid soil에서는 38.40%, alkaline soil에서는 20.30%가 결합(結合)되었다. (3) 토양중(土壤中)에서 3,4-DCA로부터 생성(生成)되는 TC-AB의 양(量)은 토양(土壤)의 종류(種類)보다는 3,4-DCA의 사용농도(使用濃度)에 의존(依存)하는것 같다. dose 2에서 생성(生成)된 TCAB의 양(量)은 organic acid soil에서는 추출액(抽出液)의 총방사능(總放射能)의 50%, alkaline soil에서는 30%에 해당하며 이것은 토양시료(土壤試料)에 첨가한 최초(最初)의 방사능(放射能)의 1.8%와 1.4%에 각각(各各) 해당된다. 반면 dose 1에서는 추출액(抽出液)의 총방사능(總放射能)에 비(比)하여 두 토양(土壤) 공(共)히 $2{\sim}3%$를 넘지 못하며 최초(最初)의 총방사능(總放射能)의 $0.05{\sim}0.1%$를 초과(超過)하지 못한다. (4) $^{14}C-TCAB$가 $^{14}CO_2$로 분해(分解)되는 속도(速度)는 매우 느리며 배양 6개월후에 4종(四種)의 토양(土壤)에서 모두 $0.05%{\sim}0.20%$의 분해율(分解率)을 보였고 배양 3개월후에 뚜렷한 분해산물(分解産物)을 검출(檢出)할 수 없었으며 대부분(大部分) 미분해(未分解)된 상태로 존재(存在)하였다. (5) Alkaline soil에서 다른 토양에서 보다 훨씬 많은 양(量)의 $^{14}C-TCAB$가 토양중(土壤中)에 흡착(吸着)된 것으로 보아 Alkali토양 조건하에서 $trans-TCAB{\rightarrow}cis-TCAB$의 전환(轉換)이 일어나 이 흡착성이 더 강한 cis 이성체(異性體)가 토양중(土壤中)에 많이 흡착(吸着)된 것으로 생각(生覺)된다. In an attempt to elucidate the fate of 3,4-DCA and TCAB in various French soils, uniformly $^{14}C-ring-labeled$ 3,4-DCA and TCAB mere utilized and the following results obtained. 1) The rate of breakdown of $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ into $^{14}CO_2$ was relatively higher in the early stage than that in the later stage. In 6 months of incubation in alkaline soil (pH 7.9), the rate was as high as 6.5% at dose 1 (1.5 ppm) and as low as 1.92% at dose 2(94 ppm), whereas in organic acid soil (pH 5.5) the rate was 4.91% at dose 1 and 4.24% at dose 2, respectively, without making any great difference between the two levels. 2) At dose 1, 47.70% of the initial radioactivity of $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ was bound to soil in organic acid soil and 29.49% bound in alkaline soil, whereas at dose 2, 38.40% in organic acid soil and 20.30% in alkaline soil, respectively. 3) The amount of formation of $^{14}C-TCAB$ from $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ seems to depend largely on the concentration of 3,4-DCA applied rather than on soil types. At dose 2, the amount was 50% of the total radioactivity extracted in organic acid soil and 30% in alkaline soil, corresponding to 1.8% and 1.4% of the initial radioactivity applied to soil, respectively. Cis-TCAB also seemed to be formed at dose 2 in both soils. Meanwhile, at dose 1, even though $^{14}C-TCAB$ was detected in trace on tlc and glc in both soils, the amount does not exceed 2 to 3% of the radioactivity extracted, corresponding to 0.05 to 0.1% of the initial radioactivity. 4) The rate of breakdown of $^{14}C-TCAB$ into $^{14}CO_2$ ranged from 0.05 to 0.20% in all the four soils. Most of the applied $^{14}C-TCAB$ remained intact after 3 months, not producing any detectable metabolites. 5) The fact that much more $^{14}C-TCAB$ was adsorbed to alkaline soil than to the other soils strongly indicates that in alkaline condition trans-isomer was converted tocisisomer which has the higher adsorption affinity than the former.

Degradation of the Herbicide Alachlor by Soil Microorganisms II. Synthesis and Phytotoxicity of Major Degradation Products

이재구,Lee, Jae-Koo The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture 1984 한국환경농학회지 Vol.3 No.1

Alachlor의 토양중 분해산물인 2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide(분해산물 1)와 2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethrl) acetanilide (분해산물 2)를 합성하였다. 분해산물 1은 실온에서 아연분말 존재하에 alachlor를 3N-염산과 반응시켜서 얻었고 분해산물 2는 alachlor를 중탄산소다의 포화용액과 $90^{\circ}C$에서 78시간 반응시켜 합성하였다. 분해산물 2는 $5{\times}10^{-4}M$와 $1{\times}10^{-3}M$의 농도에서 특히 어린벼에 alachlor와 거의 같은 독성을 보인 반면 분해산물 1은 그 약효를 상실하였다. 따라서 alachlor 구조중의 염소원자를 수산기로 치환해도 alachlor의 식물독성은 별 영향을 받지 않으나 수소원자로 치환할 경우는 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다. Two of the degradation products of alachlor in soil. product 1, 2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide and product 2,2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethyl-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide were synthesized from alachlor reacting with 3N-hydrochloric acid in the presence of zinc powder at room temperature and a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution at $90^{\circ}C$ for 78 hr, respectively. At the concentrations of both $5{\times}10^{-4}M\;and\;1{\times}10^{-3}M$, product 2 exhibited almost the same phytotoxicity to rice seedlings, in particular, as alachlor, whereas product 1 lost its phytotoxic effectiveness. It seems that substitution of chlorine atom by hydroxyl group did not affect the phytotoxicity of alachlor, whereas substitution by hydrogen atom did.

자연과학 - Disciplinary Sport Physiology - : MRI 분석에 의한 신체 분절 및 전신의 조성비 평가

이재구,최무섭,김태영,명성호 ( Jae Koo Lee,Moo Sub Choi,Tae Young Kim,Sung Ho Myung ) 한국체육학회 1995 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.1995 No.-

Exercise Physiology : Swimming - induced Influences on Bone Density of Postmenopausal Women

이재구,안의수 ( Jae Koo Lee,Eue Soo Ann ) 한국체육학회 1993 국제스포츠 학술대회 Vol.1993 No.-

Disciplinary Session 8 / Sport Physiology / Physiological Effects of Physical Training : 유도 및 태권도 여자 선수들의 골밀도

이재구,조현철,김경수,박종현,정동근 ( Jae Koo Lee,Hyun Churl Cho,Kyung Soo Kim,Chong Hyun Park,Dong Kun Jung ) 한국체육학회 1998 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.1998 No.2

토영사상균(土壤絲狀菌) Chaetomium globosum에 의(依)한 3,4-Dichloroaniline의 변화(變化)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) 제1보(第一報) -특(特)히 Acetylation을 중심(中心)으로-

이재구,김기철,Lee, Jae-Koo,Kim, Ki-Cheol 한국응용생명화학회 1978 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.21 No.3

3,4-DCA의 미생물(徵生物)에 의(依)한 분해기구(分解機構)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 토양사상균(土壤絲狀菌) C. globasum과 배양(培養)하여 다음의 結果를 얻었다. 1. 3,4-Dichloroacetanilide가 주(主)된 대사산물(代謝産物)로 밝혀졌으며 이는 Acetylation이 주된 대사경로(代謝經路)임을 시사(示唆)해 준다. 2. 소량(少量) 생성(生成)된 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene, TCAB, 3,4-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine, 그리고 3.4-DCA의 존재(存在)는 부차적(副次的)인 경로(經路)로 방향족(芳香族) A-mine의 산화(酸化)를 암시(暗示)해 준다. 3. m/e 112, 114 및 279인 대사산물(代謝産物)이 분리(分離)되었으나 이들의 구조(構造)는 계속 연구중(究硏中)이다. 4. 배양중(培養中) 발생(發生)하는 탈염소(脫鹽素) 반응(反應)은 수산화(水酸化) 및 기타(其他) 대사산물(代謝産物)의 형성(形成) 가능성(可能性)을 시사(示唆)해 준다. In order to investigate mechanisms related to the microbial degradation of 3,4-dichloroaniline, it was incubated with a soil fungus, Chaetomium globosum and the following results were obtained. (1) 3,4-Dichloroacetanilide turned out to be the major metabolite, indicating that acetylation is the major scheme. (2) The presence of trace amounts of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene, 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachloroazo-benzene, 3,4-dichloroaniline is suggestive of the aromatic amine oxidation as the minor pathway. (3) Other metabolites with m/e 112, 114, and 279 were also isolated, but their identities are under investigation. (4) Dechlorination occurring during incubation indicates the possibility of forming hydroxylated and other metabolites.

12주간 저항성 근력운동이 장기노인요양 1등급 판정자들의 생리적 변인, 체력요인 및 신체균형능력에 미치는 영향

이재구(Lee, Jae-Koo),양정빈(Yang, Jung-Bin),김훈(Kim, Hoon) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Power Rehabilitation Program(PRP) on physiological variables, physical fitness and berg balance scale(BBS) in the long-term care patients. A total of 27 long-term care patients participated in this study, and divided into control(n=13) and exercise group(n=14), respectively. PRP was performed using six machines in low intensity for 12 weeks in the case of only exercise group, and each variable including body weight, blood pressure, physical fitness components and BBS value was measured twice before and after each intervention in the both controls and exercise group, respectively. After PRP, there was significant improvement in several physical fitness components associated with muscle strength in exercise group(p<.05), and BBS value was also significantly improved in exercise group(p<.05), but not in controls In conclusion, It seems that this PRP is the useful tool in improving muscle strength and preventing falls of long-term care patients.

엘리트스포츠를 통한 자원봉사의 실태 및 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

이재구(Jae Koo Lee),박주한(Ju Han Park),임재구(Jae Goo Lim) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.36

복합운동이 UCP-1 유전자 다형성 특성이 다른 비만 중년여성의 신체조성, 혈액변인 및 체력요인에 미치는 효과

이재구(Jae Koo Lee),고석곤(Seok Gon Ko) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.38

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of combined exercise according to the polymorphism in the UCP-1 gene of obese mid-aged women. For this study 53 women, who were over 35% body fat and did not involved in regular exercise, were assigned according to gene types in the UCP-1 polymorphism(mutation; AG, GG, and normal; AA). All of subjects performed combined program at the gym for aerobic and weight training, 90min/session, 3times/week during 12 weeks. The statistical analysis were used by t-test and one way ANOVA. Post hoc applied with LSD. The results are as follow. Frequencies of normal gene were 41.5%, mutation gene were 58.5%(GG 17 and AG 14) in this subjects. It also was appeared in G allele 45.3% and A allele 54.7%. There are significantly decreased in body composition between pre and post exercise in the all of subjects. However, in the case according to the UCP-1 gene polymorphism, they did not appeared significant differences among normal and mutation groups. the muscular endurence in GG and flexibility in AA were significantly different in fitness factors after combined exercise. But there were no difference among group of UCP-1 gene polymorphism. Except above variables, the other factors(blood profile and blood pressure) were not changed significantly after combined exercise. In conclusion, even though combined exercise for obese women in this study was effective for the body composition and fitness significantly, and others non-significantly after 12 weeks, the associations among UCP-1 gene polymorphism subtypes and measure variables could not find in the study.

고령여성의 규칙적인 유산소성 운동이 신체적·정신적 기능 및 후각기능에 미치는 효과

이재구(Lee, Jae-Koo),강병용(Kang, Byung-Yong) 한국체육과학회 2020 한국체육과학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Through multiple animal and clinical studies, the health-promoting effects of older peoples by regular exercise have repeatedly reported, but studies analyzing sensory performance ability such as olfactory function by this useful intervention have been very rare. For that reason, this study was to analyze the effects of customary exercise on the olfactory function such as olfactory perception and threshould with physical and mental functions in older females. A total of 32 older females(mean age: 79.6±3.3 years) were participated in this study, and they were divided into control(n=15; mean age: 80.8±4.0 years) and exercise groups(n=17; mean age: 78.5±2.2 years). In the case of exercise group, they regularly performed the exercise such as swimming, aerobics or magic tennis, but control group mainly adhered sedentary lifestyle except for visiting senior citizen center. There were statistically significant differences in visceral fat area, percentage of abdominal fat, shoulder flexibility, timed up and go test(TUG) value and geriatric depression scale short form-K(GDSSF-K) score between control and exercise groups, respectively(p<.05), suggesting the physical and mental health-promoting effects by the regular exercise in our elderly subjects. With respect to olfactory function, although slightly better performances of olfactory perception and threshould were detected in exercise group, there were no statistically significant improvement of both olfactory function dimensions in exercise group. In the case of older females, the olfactory function including olfactory perception and threshould might not significantly be influenced by the performance of regular exercise. Therefore, further studies using larger sample size behind more sophisticated study design will be required in order to clarify the precise relationship between the performance of regular exercise and sensory system functions including olfactory function in older peoples.