한국의 유럽정책 방향

이상균 한국전략문제연구소 1998 전략연구 Vol.5 No.3

Korea and the European Union(EU) have been trading partners for a few decades since 1960s. Nevertheless, only very recently has bilateral cooperation risen high on the agenda of Korea-EU trade diplomacy. It is still true for both that economic relations with the U.S. and Japan are more important than with each other. Fortunately, recent circumstances have favored the promotion of Korea-ED cooperation. It seems timely that the EU Council of Ministers for the first time approved, on June 8 1993, a communication on ''Relations between the ED and Korea: Towards a Growing Partnership". In this report, the Council recognized that the level of exchanges with Korea should be further be developed in order to reflect the importance of both sides in new world order. The Council also expressed that cooperation between the ED and Korea should go hand in hand with the overall development of bilateral trade and economic relations. Since 1990s, in terms of trade and investment, the ED has been more successful in penetrating the Korean market than the U.S. and Japan. This reflects its comparative advantage and benefits from the progressive opening of the Korean market. In particular, the ED has dynamically increased its exports to Korea in passenger cars, machinery and textile products. On the other hand, Korea enjoyed its performance in the EU market until 1988, after which Korean competitiveness suddenly dropped, with the exeption of some products such as motor vehicles, semi-conductors, and general machinery. This means that Korea is in process of restructuring of its exports toward heavy and chemical industry goods. However, the environment for Korea-EU economic cooperation has recently become favorable due to the fact that both Korea and the EU recognize the need for the expansion of economic cooperation while the necessary cooperative framework is being established. Moreover, with the first summit of the Asia-Eurpe Meeting(ASEM) in Bangkok in March of 1996, a new equal partnership between Asia and Europe has begun. Leaders of Asia and Europe met in Bangkok and London in 1998 to improve the understanding between the two regions and accelerate the already expanding economic and political cooperation of two continents. Korea's hosting of the third ASEM summit meeting in Seoul in 2000 will provide a unique opportunity for Korea to foster better relations with EU. As a part of Korea's unique leadership, Korea has also proposed the idea of the Asia-Europe Vision Group which will chart the future course of ASEM. Korea's unique position arises from the fact that Korean economy is undergoing transformation from developing to a developed economy. ASEM approaches the problem of bridging the weak economic link between Asia and Europe by enhancing shared understanding of each other. There is still a long way to go before ASEM could become a locomotive of trade and investment liberalization. However, ASEM could still provide forums for mutual networking between various facets of society in Asia and Europe and provide forums for bringing consensus on contentious issues between Asia and Europe. Korea's contribution to the growth of ASEM process will facilitate better relations between Korea and ED. Cultural misconceptions in Europe about Korea and those in Korea about Europe all undermine development of good relationship between two sides. Korea can play an effective role of moderator in difficult discussions which will be brought at ASEM. In the process, Korea's cooperation with EU will be enhanced.

섬진강유역의 구석기문화

이상균 한국고대학회 1997 선사와 고대 Vol.9 No.-

明使 鄭同의 朝鮮使行과 別進獻 문제

이상균 서울역사편찬원 2016 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.92

Joseon Dynasty continued the interchange of Ming from the first in Tributary System. Joseon Dynasty spent regular envoy every year and Ming also spent emperor’s envoy in a special occasion. Ming envoys who came to Joseon were mainly eunuch. Eunuch from Joseon Dynasty required a lot of private things such as personnel matters of relative, request. Specially Jeong-dong was the worst. He went to Ming as Xuande Emperor’s royal concubine, Ms Han’s attendance of eunuch. In Royal concubine, Ms han’s helping, he became a eunuch chief and took power and came to Joseon 5times as an envoy in order to assume full charge of diplomacy. The most nagative effect was the bride under the presence of emperor’s order. A catalog of goods were increased greatly from 1477 in every year and it was same of tribute of emperor’s a royal letter. Joseon Dynasty had a lot of trouble because Jeong-dong required odd things that were not produced in Joseon. There were no a catalog of goods and presentation to the King in the case of the Ming diplomacy of Joseon. Although Joseon knew the requirement was from Jeong-dong, Joseon cannot ignore his requirement because Jeong-dong took a siginificant role in diplomacy of Joseon. The problem of reduction had to be solved through Jeong-dong. When Han, myung-hoe or royal concubine Ms han of relative came to Joseon, Seong-jong complained about his activities but Jeong-dong denied. After Royal concubine Ms han’s death, Joseon spent Ms han’s relatives because Joseon afraid of Chenghua Emperor required reduction of gift eunuch chief from Joseon. But Jeong dong’s son, Jeong, kok-cheong, eunch chief in the Ming also played a role in Joseon diplomacy and required bride. As a result, after 10 years, 1487 Chenghua Emperor was dead, Joseon can achieve a reduction of gift eternally. Jeong, Kok-cheong did not want to it but he had a purpose because he afraid of punishment from new emperor. If new emperor know the situation of Jeong-dong and Jeong, kok-cheong, new emperor will give a harm damage to him. The requirement of in the period of Seong-jong was from the power of Jeong-dong and Joseon also knew about that. Although there were a lot of nagative effect, Joseon did not require Ming a reduction of gift and they require eunuch it. Joseon keep the lukewarm response. This situation shows eunuch chief had a lot of power when it comes to taking the diplomacy of Joseon and Joseon used them as using the diplomacy with the Ming. 조선은 국초부터 명과 朝貢・冊封 관계 속에서 우호를 맺으며 경제・문화교류를 이어나갔다. 명에 해마다 정기사절을 보냈고, 명은 사안이 발생할때 마다 황제의 奉命使臣을 조선에 보냈다. 조선에 사행 온 明使는 주로 조선 火者出身 太監이었다. 조선출신 태감들이 사신으로 오면 족친의 인사청탁, 물품요구 등의 사적요구가 많았다. 특히 鄭同이 일으킨 폐단이 가장 심했다. 정동은 宣德帝의 후궁으로 간택된 韓氏의 隨從火者가 되어 명에 갔다. 후궁한씨의 후광으로 태감에 올라 권력을 잡고, 조선에 5차례 사신으로오가며 대조선 외교를 전담했다. 정동이 조선에 일으킨 가장 큰 물의는 황제의 聖旨를 빙자하여 요구했던 別進獻이었다. 1477년부터 요구하기 시작한 별진헌 물목의 수량은 매년 늘었고, 황제의 칙서를 보내 常貢처럼 매년진헌토록 조치하였다. 그리고 조선에서 나지 않는 등 판비하기 어려운 물품을 포함시켜 조선에서는 매우 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 대명외교의 사례에 있어정동이 요구한 별진헌의 물목과 진헌 기간은 전무후무한 일이었다. 조선에서는 이 별진헌 요구가 정동의 조작이라는 정황을 알면서도 조선외교를 담당하고 있던 정동이 있는 한 쉽게 거부하지 못했다. 별진헌 免貢 문제는 정동을 통해 해결할 수밖에 없는 상황이었다. 정동의 측근인 한명회나 후궁한씨의 족친들을 보내 정동에게 면공을 요청하였고, 정동이 조선에왔을 때 성종이 직접 건의하기도 했으나 정동은 끝까지 들어주지 않았다. 별진헌의 발단을 일으킨 후궁한씨와 정동 사후에도 성화제를 인식하여 후궁한씨 족친을 성절사로 차견하였고, 조선출신 태감들에게 면공을 요청하였다. 그러나 정동의 양자 鄭谷淸이 대를 이어 태감의 자리에 올라 조선외교를 담당하며 계속 별진헌을 요구하였다. 결국 별진헌을 진상하기 시작한 지10년 후인 1487년 성화제가 죽자 영구히 면공받을 수 있었다. 선황제를 빙자하여 정동 때부터 오랫동안 별진헌을 받아왔던 것을 새 황제가 알면 화를입을 것을 염려한 정곡청이 바치지 말 것을 주문했기 때문이다. 성종연간 별진헌 요청은 정동의 권력에서 나온 것이었고, 조선에서도 인지하고 있었다. 별진헌 판비에 큰 폐단이 있었음에도 황제에게 직접 면공을청하지 못하고 환관을 통해 해결하려는 미온적 대처로 일관했다. 이는 당시대조선 외교권한을 조선출신 태감들이 절대적으로 행사했음을 보여주고 있으며, 조선에서도 이 태감들을 통해 대명외교를 운용해 나갔음을 단적으로 시사해 주는 실례라고 하겠다.

동해 무릉계(武陵溪) 명승 탄생의 문화사적(文化史的) 배경

이상균 국립문화재연구원 2019 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.52 No.1

Mureung Valley was designed as a place of scenic beauty. It was called a utopia because of its unexplored regions. Many people traveled to this place and wrote poetry and prose describing it. It represented a culturally historic site and an example of the changing of cultural spaces. Mureung Valley was one of the nameless valleys in Duta Mountain, but “Mureunggye” was named by Kim Hyon Won, who was a governor of Samcheok.. The valley acquired a reputation for many people’s visiting. It was a famous space because local residents liked the place, and famous people also loved the place. This place was adapted into a cultural place with a link to the immortal world and an educational place by people’s travel stories. The place maintained a reputation until now and took center stage as a famous travel space. One of the reasons it became a place of famous scenic beauty is travel. People who travel to Mureung Valley created poetry and prose containing their excitement and travel stories. As the poetry and prose had esthetic images of Mureung Valley, people understood the place. The poetry and prose showed the meaning of the place and the changing process. These codified the reputation in the place. Mureung Valley was pointed out in one of the Cheokju-Palkyoungs. However, Mugye-Palkyoung (only for Mureung Valley) was made. It was understood as the most beautiful scenery in the place and it had the meaning of the ethics place which embodied Neo Confucianism. Mureung Valley has a great natural landscape and cultural history background. That is how this place of scenic beauty was created. 강원도 동해시에 소재한 무릉계는 역사·경관·학술적 가치가 뛰어난 곳으로 국가지정문화재 명승 제37호로 지정되었다. 별유천지(別有天地)라 불릴 만한 수려한 비경을 지녔을 뿐만 아니라 과거 많은 선현들의 유람이 있었고, 이들이 남긴 시문과 각자 등의 역사 유적이 풍부하게 남아 있다. 무릉계는 두타산(頭陀山) 무명의 한 골짜기였으나 1577년 삼척부사 김효원(金孝元, 1542~1590)의 유람을 통해 ‘무릉계’라는 이름을 얻었다. 이후 당대 명사들이 유람함으로써 명성을 얻게 된다. 지역민뿐만 아니라 외부 인사들도 애호하는 유람 명소였다. 무릉계는 사람들의 유람을 통해 선계·강학처의 의미가 부여된 문화공간으로 재탄생한다. 그 명성은 수그러들지 않아 현재까지도 유람 명소로 각광받고 있다. 무릉계를 유람한 사람들은 그 과정이나 감흥을 시문으로 남겼다. 이러한 시문에는 무릉계가 품고 있는 심미적 이미지가 표현되었으므로, 시문을 통해 대중들에게 무릉계의 이미지가 형성되어가고 그 명성이 알려진다. 무릉계를 제재로 한 시문은 무릉계의 장소적 의미와 명성을 알릴 수 있는 전거가 되었다. 무릉계에 새겨진 수많은 각자는 무릉계의 명성을 현장에서 직접 보여주며, 사람들로 인해 그 공간이 어떻게 변모해가는지를 말해주고 있다. 시문이나 각자 등은 오늘날 무릉계의 역사 유적으로 남아 무릉계의 문화사적 의미와 그 명성을 더욱 각인시켜준다. 특히 각자를 통해 조선 후기 화가 겸재(謙齋) 정선(鄭敾, 1676~1759)이 무릉계를 유람한 것이 새롭게 확인되었다. 무릉계는 일찍이 척주팔경의 하나로 지목되었고 무릉계만을 대상으로 한 별도의 무계팔경도 만들어진다. 지역에서 가장 아름다운 자연경관의 정수로 인정받게 되는 것이다. 그리고 무릉구곡이 설정됨으로써 경관의 장소적 의미를 넘어 성리가 구현되는 도학의 장소로도 의미가 부여된다.

청소년의 학교비행에 대한 생태체계적 영향요인

이상균 한국사회복지연구회(서울대학교 사회복지연구소) 2000 사회복지연구 Vol.15 No.1

To identify the effect of ecosystemic factors on school delinquency in adolescence was a purpose of this study. Responses(n=1524) to a school-based survey were examined. Adolescents were asked to report whether or not they had experienced school delinquency, which includes cheating, smoking/drinking, theft, school absence, runaway etc. Analysis reported that school delinquency was founded from male and later adolescents than females and early adolescents. Except that about half of the adolescents were experienced smoking and drinking, the rate of school delinquents was 10-15%. Multiple regression analysis was conducted in order to determine the extent to which individual, peer, familial, and school-related factors affected on school delinquency. As a results, significantly associated factors with it were age, aggression/impulsiveness, delinquent peer group, school type, attitude toward academic commitment, and school disruption environment. Based on the results, the intervention strategies were suggested as follows. Fist, simultaneous and comprehensive approach may be useful to resolve school delinquency, because multisystemic factors cause adolescents to commit it. Second, early intervention and prevention program should be provided to class and school unit. Intervention for the delinquents only will be less likely to success than prevention program for the general population in adolescence at risk. Third, the collaborative relationship between school system and social welfare should be strengthened. Ultimately the construction of 'community in school' model may be helpful to achieve the goal of school welfare.

청소년 흡연행위의 결정요인

이상균 가톨릭대학교 사회복지연구소 2001 사회복지리뷰 Vol.6 No.1

To identify determinants of adolescents' cigarette smoking behavior was purpose of this study. The data were collected on a written questionnaire completed 338 adolescents who enrolled in middle school, high school, and vocational high school. Adolescents were asked to report whether or not they had experiences smoking behavior. Analysis reported that the proportion of current smokers was 20.7% and experienced smokers was 20.7%. Also, smoking behavior was founded from male and later adolescents more than female and early adolescents. Logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to determine the extent to which individual, peer, familial, and school-related factors affected on smoking behavior. As a result, significantly associated factors with it were family attachment, peer association, differential reinforcement of smoking, and perceived controllability. Additional interpretation and significance of the data analysis and implications of the study were presented. Direction for further research and practice was suggested.

재건축 기대감이 아파트 가격에 미치는 영향 : 강남지역을 중심으로

이상균,임덕호 한국주택학회 2007 한국주택학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2007 No.1

Effect of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) on Poly (ethylene-terephthalate) (PET) Nanohybrids

이상균,홍은표,송유현,진인주 한국고분자학회 2009 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2009 No.4

생산시설 건축 및 운영보고

이상균 한국실험동물학회 2000 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2000 No.-

말하기와 글쓰기 형식의 프랑스 지리교육 : 누벨깔레도니의 누메아 고등학교 지리수업을 사례로

이상균 淸州大學校 師範大學 地理敎育學科 2009 淸州地理 Vol.21 No.-

본고는 2007년 여름에 남태평양에 위치한 프랑스 해외영토인 누벨깔레도니(Nouvelle-Calédonie)를 방문하여, 그곳에 있는 한 고등학교(Lycée du Grand Nouméa)의 지리수업을 참관한 내용을 바탕으로 구성되었다. 누벨깔레도니는 프랑스 본토로부터 20,000km 떨어진 곳에 있지만, 이 지역의 교육제도 및 수업방식은 프랑스 본토의 형식과 다르지 않았다. 본고는 교육제도적 측면에서의 프랑스 대입시험 제도인 바깔로레아와 교육현장의 수업에 관하여 서로 관련지으며 검토하였다. 프랑스의 대입시험 양식은 크게 두 가지 방식, 즉 논술과 구술의 형식을 취하고 있다. 대입시험이 논술과 구술로 치루어지다 보니, 학교수업 역시 그러한 방식을 따라갈 수 밖에 없다. 요컨대, 프랑스 학교의 지리수업 시간은 교사의 질문과 학생들의 답변으로 진행되며, 교사가 학생들에게 학습내용과 관련되는 학습문제를 제시하면 학생들은 노트에 지리논술을 한다. 교사는 학생들이 쓴 글을 방과 후에 하나하나 교정하여 그 다음 시간에 학생들에게 돌려주는데, 이는 교사와 학생간의 철저한 피드백이 이루어지고 있음을 보여주는 것이다. 이와같이 프랑스의 지리수업은 사실들에 대한 단순한 암기의 형식으로 이루어지는 것이 아니라, 학생들로 하여금 특정한 지리적 현상이나 개념에 대해서 충분히 인식하고 이해할 수 있도록 유도되며, 그들의 생각을 조리있게 발표하고 글로 표현할 수 있는 능력을 길러주는 것이었다.