사무엘상 9-15장과 사무엘상 31-사무엘하 4장의 사울과 다윗 왕위 등극 역사 편집사 재평가: 최신 학계 동향과 편집사 새 모델 제안

이삭 연세대학교 신과대학 연합신학대학원 2024 신학논단 Vol.115 No.-

본 논문을 통해 필자는 첫째, 사울 왕위 등극 역사(History of Saul’s Rise (HSR): 삼상 9-15장)와 다윗 왕위 등극 역사(History of David’s Rise (HDR): 삼상 16-삼하 4장)의 편집사에 대한 최근 학계의 동향을 살피고, 둘째, “사무엘상하를 신명기적 사가(들)의 편집 문서로 이해할 수 있는가”라는 주제와 관련하여 최근 학계의 입장을 제시하며. 셋째, 필자만의 HSR와 HDR(삼상 16-삼하4장) 중 HDR*(삼상 31-삼하 4장) 편집사 모델을 제시하였다. 필자는 해당 본문 편집사(composition history)를 재평가하여 문학적 편집층들의 논리적 선후관계, 역사적/고고학적 자료들을 토대로 사울과 다윗 왕위 등극 기본 이야기 전승들이 당시 사울과 다윗의 재위 기간 혹은 그 이후 얼마 지나지 않아 베냐민 지역과 유다 지역을 중심으로 별도로 구전으로 전달되다가, 머지 않아 문서로 형성되어 전달되었다고 주장했다. 또한 필자는 사울 왕권에 대한 긍정적 평가들과 비판적 요소들이 비신명기적이며, 이 요소들 전체가 왕정시대 후반/요시야 시대보다 후대로 편년되어야 한다고 주장했다. 아마도 포로기 때, 베냐민의 상징인 사울에 대한 역사 재평가가 형성되며 우선 HSR 안에서만 사울에 대한 긍정적 평가를 포괄하는 두차례 편집이 일어났다. 그 이후 유다와 다윗의 후계자를 자칭한, 바빌론 포로귀환민인 골라 공동체(Golah community)에 의해 사울에 대한 부정적 이미지가 페르시아 시대 초반기 두차례 편집을 통해 굳혀졌다. 또한, 이 시기에 HSR와 HDR이 처음으로 하나의 문서로 통합되었는데 사울에 대한 비판적 평가가 다윗 왕권의 정당성을 확보하기 위한 신학적 재해석의 일환이며 HSR보다 HDR이 신학적으로 우월하다는 근거 하에 엮인 결과였다. 페르시아 시대 중반기 이후, 유다의 베냐민에 대한 정치적/이데올로기적 우월성은 유지되며 유다와 베냐민 지파가 함께 강조되는 시대적 정황이 형성되었다. 이에 다윗의 왕권 확립에 대한 정당성 재확립과 사울에 대한 역사적 재평가(연민)가 담긴 최종 편집이 HSR과 HDR*의 통합 문서에서 일어났다. 위와 같이 HSR와 HDR* 편집사는 별도로 존재했던 사울과 다윗 왕위 등극 역사인 HSR와 HDR이 포로기 전후로 통합될 때, 다음 신학적 요청들―사울의 후계자로서 다윗 왕권의 정당성 확보와 다윗-유다의 사울-베냐민에 대한 정치적/이데올로기적 우월성 강조와 사울-베냐민을 무시할 수 없는 신학적 요청들―의 반응에 따라 복잡다단하게 발전되었다. In this paper, the author explores recent scholarly perspectives on the composition history of the History of Saul’s Rise (HSR: 1 Samuel 9-15) and a portion of the History of David’s Rise (HDR*: 1 Samuel 31-2 Samuel 4, within HDR, 1 Samuel 16-2 Samuel 4), respectively. The author also reexamines the current scholarly stances on the question of whether “the book of Samuel can be seen as edited Deuteronomistic historian(s)’s documents.” Based on a reappraisal of previous scholarly works, the author proposes his composition history model for the above biblical passages. According to the author’s opinion based on the logical sequencing of literary layers and the support of historical/archaeological evidence, the basic stories of HSR and HDR* were crystallized as oral traditions after the reigns of Saul and David, then formed in writing shortly thereafter in the regions of Benjamin and Judah. During the Babylonian exile, a reassessment of Saul began, initially in HSR, then solidified negatively by the Golah community in HDR during the early Persian period. The integration of HSR and HDR*, which occurred at that time, aimed to legitimize David’s monarchy, emphasizing HDR’s theological superiority, signifying Judah’s superiority over Benjamin. Subsequently, the final and ultimate editing, which encompassed a compassionate reassessment of Saul, was carried out within the intergrated HSR and HDR* during the mid-Persian period. In conclusion, the composition history of these narratives has evolved in response to theological demands, focusing on legitimizing David’s kingship, emphasizing the political/ideological dominance of David-Judah over Saul-Benjamin; however, it has also provided a balanced view of Saul, reevaluating him with empathy within the broader historical and theological context of the biblical narratives.

지능형 다중 화상감시시스템을 위한 움직이는 물체 추적 및 보행자/차량 인식 방법

이삭,조재수,Lee, Saac,Cho, Jae-Soo 한국정보통신학회 2015 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.19 No.2

In this paper, we propose a tracking and recognition of pedestrian/vehicle for intelligent multi-visual surveillance system. The intelligent multi-visual surveillance system consists of several fixed cameras and one calibrated PTZ camera, which automatically tracks and recognizes the detected moving objects. The fixed wide-angle cameras are used to monitor large open areas, but the moving objects on the images are too small to view in detail. But, the PTZ camera is capable of increasing the monitoring area and enhancing the image quality by tracking and zooming in on a target. The proposed system is able to determine whether the detected moving objects are pedestrian/vehicle or not using the SVM. In order to reduce the tracking error, an improved camera calibration algorithm between the fixed cameras and the PTZ camera is proposed. Various experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed system. 본 논문에서는 지능형 다중 화상감시시스템에 응용할 수 있는 움직이는 물체 추적 및 보행자/차량 인식 방법을 제안한다. 지능형 다중 화상감시시스템은 다수의 고정형 카메라와 한 대의 PTZ 카메라로 구성되며, 고정형 카메라에서 검출된 움직이는 물체들을 PTZ 카메라로 팬/틸트/줌 제어하고, 보행자인지 또는 차량인지를 자동으로 인식한다. 넓은 영역을 감시하는 고정된 카메라에서 검출된 물체는 너무 작고, 변별력이 떨어지는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해 PTZ 카메라를 통한 특정 움직이는 물체를 팬/틸트/줌인 제어함으로써 움직이는 물체의 변별력과 감시성능을 높일 수 있다. 제안된 시스템은 움직이는 물체를 추적하는 기능 외에 SVM 학습알고리즘을 이용하여 검출된 물체가 보행자 또는 차량인지를 판단할 수도 있다. 그리고 추적에러를 줄이기 위해 기존의 고정된 카메라와 PTZ 카메라간의 캘리브레이션 방법을 개선한다. 다양한 실험결과를 통하여 제안한 시스템의 효용성을 입증하였다.

성인에서 폭주부족의 선별을 위한 설문지의 타당도 평가

이삭,박원빈,권미정,이현,엄정희,마기중 대한시과학회 2010 대한시과학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Purpose : In order to verify using Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey(CISS) is proper method to distinguish convergence insufficiency(CI) group and normal binocular vision(NBV) group in adults. Methods : 97 subjects 19 to 35 with normal VA and no strabismus participated in this study. Phoria, positive fusional vergence(PFV), nearpoint of convergence(NPC) and accommodation convergence/ accommodation(AC/ A) of 97 were measured. Results : According to criteria, 62 subjects were included in this study and analysed with CISS. Nine subjects had CI and 53 had NBV. General symptoms of CI group were significantly greater occurrence of Jose concentration, tiredness, sleepiness, uncomfort, double vision and blurring in that order. A significant difference between CISS seore of CI subjects (mean±SD: 25.67±7.67) and NBV group(l2.74 ±4.80) were found(p=O.OOO). The area under the ROC curve was 0.955 indicating outstanding discrimination using the CISS. Using seores of 21 or higher to denote CI, a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 98.1% were obtained. Conclusions : The results suggest that the CISS is a valid instrument for differentiating adults with symptomatic CI from those with symptomatic NBV. Adopting score 21 as cutoff value, it is proved that distinguishing Cl from normal is most precise. Additionally, Adults in this age group were able to respond to a broad range of symptom questions associated with CI. It. therefore, demonstrates CISS is a valid preliminary examination to scan CI patient.

Surgical Experience with Infective Endocarditis and Aortic Root Abscess

이삭,박한기,장병철 연세대학교의과대학 2014 Yonsei medical journal Vol.55 No.5

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the surgical outcomes of active infectiveendocarditis with aortic root abscess formation. Materials and Methods: Between February 1999 and June 2012, 49 patients underwent surgery for active endocarditis with aortic root abscess. The infected valve was native in 29 patients and prosthetic in 20 patients. The patients’ mean age was 50±14 years, and 36 patientswere male. Surgery was urgent/emergent in 15 patients (31%). The abscess involved the aortic annulus (11), left ventricular outflow tract (18), fibrous trigone (16), and mitral annulus (4). In all patients, wide debridement of abscess and aortic valve replacement with or without patch reconstruction of aortic root or annulus was performed. Results: There were 6 (12%) operative deaths. Causes of early mortality were sepsis (2) and multi-organ failure (4). On postoperative echocardiogram,there was significant improvement of left ventricular dimension (LVEDD, from 58.8±11.8 mm to 52.6±8.2 mm, p<0.001); however, LV ejection fraction was significantly decreased (from 61.4±12.0% to 49.8±16.5%, p<0.001). The mean follow-up duration was 68.7±40.4 months. There was no late death or recurrent endocarditis during follow up. New York Heart Association functional class significantlyimproved from 3.2±0.7 to 1.2±0.4 (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier estimated survivalat 10 years was 87.2%. Conclusion: Surgical treatment for active endocarditiswith aortic root abscess is still challenging, and was associated with high operative mortality. Nevertheless, long-term survival was excellent with good functional capacity after recovery from the early postoperative period.

관상동맥루의 임상적 고찰

이삭,박영환,박한기,임상현,홍유선,장병철,강면식,조범구 대한흉부외과학회 2005 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.38 No.10

Background: Coronary artery fistula is rare congenital anomaly, which account for 0.27~0.40% of all congenital heart diseases. We report the clinical observations of 45 patients with coronary artery fistula. Material and Method: We reviewed all patients presented with or without symptoms of coronary artery fistula between 1987 and 2004. Age ranged from 1 to 83 years. Twenty-six patients were female. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presenting symptoms. Twelve patients were in group A (asymptomatic) and 33 patients in group B (symptomatic). The most common clinical presentation in group B was angina (18) followed by dyspnea (7), atypical chest pain (5), syncope (1), fatigue (1), and palpitation (1). Twenty-five patients were associated with other cardiac diseases, which were atrial septal defect (4), coronary artery occlusive disease (6), hypertension (12), and valvular heart disease (2). Result: Patients were followed-up for a mean period of 64.8±62.7 months. There was no complication related to coronary artery fistula during the follow-up period in both group. There was no mortality related to coronary artery fistula. Conclusion: In symptomatic patients, early surgical treatment is recommended considering the low perioperative morbidity. In asymptomatic patients receiving medical treatment, close follow up may be necessary. 배경: 관상동맥루는 모든 선천성 심질환의 0.27∼0.40%를 차지하는 매우 드문 선천성 기형으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 45명의 관상동맥루 환자들을 대상으로 임상결과를 살펴보았다. 대상 및 방법: 1987년부터 2004년까지 본원에서 증상의 유무와 관계없이 관상동맥루를 진단받은 모든 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 나이는 1세부터 83세까지의 분포를 보였고, 여자가 26명이었다. 환자들을 증상의 유무에 따라 두 군으로 나누었다. 12명의 환자에서는 증상이 없이 우연히 발견된 경우로 A군으로 분류되었으며, 33명의 환자는 증상이 있는 군으로 B군으로 분류되었다. B군에서 가장 흔한 증상은 흉통(18) 이었고, 그 외에 호흡곤란(7), 비전형적 흉통(5), 실신(1), 피로감(1), 심계항진(1) 등이 있었다. 25명의 환자에서는 다른 심혈관질환이 동반되었는데, 심방중격결손증(4), 관상동맥협착증(6), 고혈압(12), 심장판막질환(2) 등이 있었다. 결과: 평균 추적관찰 기간은 64.8 62.7개월이었다. 추적관찰기간동안 두 군 모두에서 관상동맥루 관련 합병증은 없었다. 또한 관상동맥루 관련 사망 역시 두 군 모두에서 한 예도 없었다. 결론: 수술전후의 사망률이 낮은 것을 고려해 볼 때 증상이 있는 환자들에서는 조기에 수술적 교정을 시행하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다. 무증상으로 약물치료를 시행하는 환자들에서는 집중적인 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Efficacy of Goal-Directed Therapy Using Bioreactance Cardiac Output Monitoring after Valvular Heart Surgery

이삭,심재광,이승현,장병철 연세대학교의과대학 2015 Yonsei medical journal Vol.56 No.4

Purpose: We compared the efficacy of postoperative hemodynamic goal-directed therapy (GDT) using a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and bioreactance-based noninvasive cardiac output monitoring (NICOM) in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing valvular heart surgery. Materials and Methods: Fifty eight patients were randomized into two groups of GDT with common goals to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 60‒80 mm Hg and cardiac index ≥2 L/min/m2: the PAC group (n=29), based on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and the NICOM group (n=29), based on changes in stroke volume index after passive leg raising. The primaryefficacy variable was length of hospital stay. Secondary efficacy variables includedresource utilization including vasopressor and inotropic requirement, fluid balance, and major morbidity endpoints. Results: Patient characteristics and operativedata were similar between the groups, except that significantly more patients underwent double valve replacement in the NICOM group. The lengths of hospital stay were not different between the two groups (12.2±4.8 days vs. 10.8±4.0 days, p=0.239). Numbers of patients requiring epinephrine (5 vs. 0, p=0.019) and ventilatorcare >24 h (6 vs. 1, p=0.044) were significantly higher in the PAC group. The PAC group also required significantly larger amounts of colloid (1652±519 mL vs. 11430±463 mL, p=0.004). Conclusion: NICOM-based postoperative hemodynamicGDT showed promising results in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing valvularheart surgery in terms of resource utilization.

Acute Myocardial Infarction Due to an Unruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm in a Patient with Behcet's Syndrome

이삭,이창영,유경종 연세대학교의과대학 2007 Yonsei medical journal Vol.48 No.5

This report describes the case of a 45-year-old Korean female who had suffered from Behet's syndrome for two years with a huge, unruptured aneurysm originating from the left coronary sinus. The aneurysm had caused myocardial and aortic insufficiency by compressing the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The orifice of the aneurysm was at the left coronary sinus, about 5mm from the left main coronary ostium, and it was filled with organized thrombi. Surgical repair was performed by closing the entrance of the aneurysm with a Dacron patch and by implementing aortic valve repair and coronary artery bypass grafting. The patient's coronary flow was restored postoperatively, and all anginal symptoms disappeared.

Acupuncture Induced Necrotizing Aortitis with Infected Pseudoaneurysm Formation

이삭,임상현,김도균,주현철 연세대학교의과대학 2008 Yonsei medical journal Vol.49 No.2

Necrotizing aortitis is a rare and life-threatening complication of local or generalized bacterial infections and most commonly affects the abdominal aorta. We described a case of a 79-year-old man with an acupuncture-induced bacterial aortitis associated with pseudoaneurysm formation causing near rupture. The patient underwent emergent explolapartomy, resection of the infected aorta, wide debridement of surrounding infected tissues, and extra-anatomic axillary to bifemoral graft bypass. The microbiologic examination revealed Escherichia coli and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Necrotizing aortitis is very serious and fatal disease, careful history taking as well as rapid diagnosis and urgent treatment are of critical importance.

Surgical Management of Coexisting Coronary Artery and Valvular Heart Disease

이삭,장병철,유경종 연세대학교의과대학 2010 Yonsei medical journal Vol.51 No.3

Purpose: Combined coronary artery bypass (CAB) and valve surgery is one of the most challenging surgical procedures, but the operative results have improved over the years. Materials and Methods: From 1989 through 2004, combined CAB and valve operations were performed in 125 patients. Mean age was 63 years, and 86patients were male. Forty-six patients were diagnosed with coronary artery disease during preoperative evaluation for valvular heart disease (VHD). All patients underwent CAB, and one or more underwent valve replacement or repair (mitral: 54, aortic: 61, tricuspid: 3, DVR: 7) simultaneously. Results: Mean number of distal graft was 1.98 ±1.07, and LIMA was used in 68% of patients. Early mortality occurred in 6 patients (4.8%), and the causes were heart failure (4) and sepsis (2). Mean follow-up duration was 91.4 ± 40.9 months (range: 47-245), and late mortality occurred in 4 patients. Kaplan Meier estimated survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 94.4 %, 92.3%, and 89.9%,respectively. Conclusion: Combined coronary and valve operations can be performed safely with optimal surgical results. Although the surgical mortality of coexisting coronary and VHD is higher than either isolated coronary or valvular operations, it may not affect the long-term survival.

Clinical Results of Minimally Invasive Open-Heart Surgery in Patients with Mitral Valve Disease: Comparison of Parasternal and Low-Sternal Approach

이삭,장병철,임상현,홍유선,유경종,강면식 연세대학교의과대학 2006 Yonsei medical journal Vol.47 No.2

Clinical results of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery were retrospectively reviewed, and two different surgical approaches were compared in this study. Between 1997 and 2004, a total of 86 patients with mitral valve disease underwent minimally invasive surgery at theYonsei University Cardiovascular Center. Age of patients averaged 41.6±14.0 years and 69 patients were female. Surgical approach included low- sternal incisions with mini-sternotomy, and right parasternal or thoracotomy approach. Either direct aortic or femoral arterial and bicaval cannulations were used in all patients. Patients were divided into two groups according to the method of surgical approach (parasternal (P) vs low-sternal (L)), and the results were compared. Postoperative NYHA functional class improved to 1.1±0.4 in all patients (no significant statistical difference between two groups). Mean wound length (P: 9.21 ±1.10 vs L: 11.24±0.82cm, p<0.05), and mechanical ventilation time (P: 10.42±4.36 vs L: 12.90±5.00 min, p=0.04) was significantly shorter in parasternal group, and mean operation time(P:294.74±59.41 vs. L:259.31±54.36 min, p=0.03) was significantly shorter in low-sternal group. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time, and aortic cross clamp time was also shorter in low-sternal group without statistical difference. There were 2 minor wound complications in all patients (p=NS), and no hospital death. Comparing the two different surgical approach of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, parasternal approach is thought to be more beneficial in reducing postoperative scar, and intubation time.