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연민수 일본사학회 2011 일본역사연구 Vol.33 No.-
Overcoming Silla was one of the goals that the Japanese state pursued in the 8th century. To this end, Japan established an ideology of superiority over Silla and created a historical ground to justify its perception of Silla as its subordinate state. The promulgation of the Taiho Code furnished Japan with the blueprint for a Tenno state, and the publication of Nihonshoki laid a foundation to legitimize the sovereignty of Tenno. The Legend of Empress Jingu, a story used as historical evidence to support that Silla had paid tribute to Japan, was created based on Japan’s political ideology of the 8th century, and the Japanese ruling class tried to actualize this ideology in the diplomatic field. However, Japan’s unreasonable demand was mostly rejected by Silla, and the two countries clashed over Sino-centrism. The Japanese perception of Silla as its subordinate state was not rooted in its cultural superiority, as is the case of China’s Sino-centric view of the world, but rather rooted in the opposite situation. In order to counterbalance the cultural superiority of Silla, which it considered a subordinate state, Japan emphasized its political and military superiority and discussed a military expedition to Silla as punishment for the ‘impertinence’ of trying to secede from the Japanese hegemonic rule. With this dual character of the situation, where the ideology of ancient Japan’s ruling class and the reality do not coincide, it became difficult for Japan to continue its official relations with Silla. Against this backdrop, from the late 8th century Japan adopted a chauvinistic approach to Silla.
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연민수 충남대학교 백제연구소 2012 百濟硏究 Vol.55 No.-
Ancient Kyushu had pluralistic exchanges with the southern part of the Korean Peninsula utilizing its geographical advantages. In particular, the powerful clans in Hakata Bay, Ariake Sea, and Yashiro Bay were the most active players. The Japanese Wa kingship in Kinai perceived North Kyushu as a hub for exchange that should be secured, while North Kyushu was recognizing the kingship as an invader that hindered its liberation. The clans increasingly expanded their focus on the Korean Peninsula and continued making efforts to absorb advanced cultures. Ashikita produced Baekje officials which were rarely seen from the powerful clans in Central and Western Kyushu. It was also an exchange through migrants from Backje. And, the owner of Eda-Funayama Tumulus pursued practical interests by embracing the sophisticated culture of Baekje while exchanging with the Japanese kingship at the same time. The existence of keyhole-shaped mound and the complex cultural phenomena observed in the Youngsan River region indicate that there had been active exchanges in East Asian waters, which include North Kyushu, before it was dominated by Baekje. Iwai, who was the provincial governor of North Kyushu in the sixth century, established a strategic base for exchange near the Hakata bay and tried to extend his power by building ties with Silla. However, after being defeated in the hegemonic war against the Japanese Wa kingship, the powerful clans of North Kyushu began to lose their bargaining power, and the pluralism shown in the exchanges in East Asian waters started to disappear as well. 고대의 구주지역과 한반도와의 교류는 有明海지역으로부터 筑後川을 따라 산재한 호족들이 활발하였다. 특히 江田船山古墳의 피장자는 왜왕권과의 상하관계를 맺으면서 백제, 가야지역과도 교류하는 다원적 교류를 행하였다. 이 지역 호족들에게는 특정 왕권에 의해 규제받지 않는 시기에 지역적 권력을 유지하기 위한 수단이기도 하였다. 영산강사회에서 나타나는 전방후원분의 존재, 국제성을 띤 복합적 문화현상은 백제의 지배하에 들어가기 전 북구주 등 동아시아해역의 활발한 대외교류를 말해주고 있다. 6세기 이후 왜왕권의 성장에 따른 북구주에의 정치군사적 압박은 八女지역의 수장 반정을 맹주로 하는 지역정권의 연합을 초래하게 되고 왜왕권에 대항하게 된다. 이미 반정은 북구주의 博多灣에 대외교류의 전진기지를 설치하였고 신라와도 통교하는 등 지역정권으로서의 세력을 확대하였다. 이 전쟁에서 승리한 왜왕권은 구주지역에 대한 지배체제의 구축을 위해 那津官家를 설치하였다. 이후 구주의 호족들의 대외교섭권 및 동아시아해역의 교류의 다원성도 살아지게 된다. 북구주는 지역세력의 성장에 유리한 환경 속에서 일본고대국가형성기에 선진지역으로서 번영했지만, 고대국가로 성장하지 못한 것은 그들의 주요 목표가 한반도와의 교류였고 동방으로의 영토적 통합에 대한 지향성이 없었기 때문이다. 일본열도내의 2개의 세력은 선진문물 수용이라는 외적 목표는 동일했지만, 외적 자극에 대한 내적 대응의 차이가 왜왕권의 통일, 북구주의 몰락이라는 상황을 초래했다고 생각된다.
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古代 韓日 外交史 : 三國과 倭를 中心으로 The Three Kingdoms and Japan
延敏洙 한국고대사학회 2002 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.27 No.-
The relationships between Japan and the three kingdoms Goguryeo, Baekje and Shilla of the Korean peninsula were formed amidst the tug of war between the Korean kingdoms. Goguryeo's attack on its southern neighbors during the end of the 4th century was one of the major factors forming the relationships. Baekje finding itself in danger became very close friends with Japan. The two states stood up for each other in every regional situation in East Asia. Up to the later half of the 6th century, during China's Southern Northern Dynasty, Baekje was the only Korean kingdom to have a relationship with Japan. During the period Japan was rather on the hard line with Goguryeo and Shilla. Goguryeo hardly had any relationships with foreign countries. Goguryeo did not consider being on friendly terns with Japan was worthy because Japan was an inferior country compared to itself. Shilla, on the hand, made many efforts in making friends with Japan while persisting the hard line against Baekje. But all in vain, Shilla was unable to squeeze between the strong friendship. However, as Shilla emerged rapidly and China was finally unified as Sui, a big change occurred in the relationships between Japan and the three kingdoms. Shilla took over the Han river basin, one of the strategically important regions on the Korean peninsula, and part of what had been Goguryeo's territory. After such events Goguryeo desperately reached its hand out to Japan. And Shilla, in order to maintain its superior state in the peninsula, opened its arms to Sui. Along with these changes, Japan also felt the need to shift its foreign affairs policy from "only Baekje" to a defensive stance towards the whole East Asian region. Then in the mid 7th century, as Tang's military began to intervene supporting Shilla, Japan could not help but cope and make up with Tang. Japan sent government officials to Tang, but Tang detained them and helped Shilla attack Baekje, Baekje was destructed. However Japan stood up for Baekje and sent its troops to fight against the armies of Shilla and Tang. The foreign relationships during this age were basically based on the supply of goods and cultural resources. In particular, the Baekje royal family played an active role in firming the relationship with Japan. Many intellectuals, technical experts were sent to the island to teach the advanced culture and technologies. This was the foundation of the deep relationship between the two countries. Shilla and Gogoryeo had also provided advanced culture based on Buddhism but was unable to get much success. Breaking in between the strong friendship between Baekje and Japan was not easy.
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延敏洙 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2004 新羅文化 Vol.24 No.-
The priority matters of Japan's policy toward Korea was the reception of advanced culture and institutions in the 7th century. For this, Japan had transformed the sole nation's diplomatic relationship with Baekje(百濟) into the multi-national diplomatic relationship with the Eastern Asia. It was closely connected with the emergence of Sui(隋) and Tang(唐) Empires in China. In order to receive the Chinese advanced civilization, Japan had no choice but to enter into friendly relation with enemy country, Silla(新羅).At that time, three Kingdoms in Korea had wanted to establish military, diplomatic relations with Japan. But Japan had sought to maintain the balance with the neighboring nations. Before and after the collapse of Baekje, Japan ventured to dispatch the massive army toward Baekje. It was due to the amicable relations with each other and strong unification beyond the utilitarianism. However, after the destruction of Baekje, Japan had sticked to pragmatic line to cope with the renewed Asian international order. Therefore, Japan had made relation with Silla to stabilize the domestic affairs, and sought for international relations to meet her own cultural desires.
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