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꿀벌의 독에 의한 생쥐 피부의 조직병리학적 및 미세구조적 변화
신상희,정문진,문명진,Shin, Sang-Hee,Jeong, Moon-Jin,Moon, Myung-Jin 한국현미경학회 1997 Applied microscopy Vol.27 No.2
꿀벌(Apis mellifera)의 독에 의해 야기되는 포유동물 피부의 조직병리학적 및 미세구조적 변화와 그 수복과정을 확인하기 위하여 실험용 생쥐의 피부에 직침법으로 꿀벌의 독을 주입한 후, 회복된 시점까지 일정시간 간격으로 조직의 표본을 제작하여 광학 및 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 독 주입 직후의 표본에서는 표피의 상피세포와 진피의 결합조직에서 현저한 염증반응이 유도되었고, 일부세포의 괴사가 관찰되었다. 고배율의 전자현미경상에서 교원섬유의 직경이 크게 증가되었으며, 면역 단백물질로 추정되는 전자밀도가 높은 grain의 침착이 확인되었다. 이러한 조직병리현상은 독 주입 후 12시간이 경과된 조직의 표본에서 서서히 회복되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 봉침 주위 피부조직의 조직학적 및 미세구조적 변화는 수 일간 지속되었으나, 병리학적 반응은 3일 이내에 거의 거의 소멸되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 생쥐 피부에 대한 꿀벌 독의 병리반응은 다른 절지동물의 독에 비하여 비교적 경미한 것으로 확인되었다. Histopathological and fine structural changes in mouse skin after injection of venoms extracted from the venom glands of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, were studied with light and electron microscopes. At this experiment the venoms were directly injected at the hairless abdominal skin of the mouse through the sting of the bee's venomous organ. Main changes appeared within one hour after injection at both epithelial and connective tissues as considerable hyperemia and angioedema, and slight edema and fibrosis. High magnified electron micrographs reveal not only increase of diameter but also deposition of electron dense grains (which seems to be an auto immunoglobulin) at the collagenous fibers characteristically. This kinds of histological and fine structural responses were diminished from 12 hour after injection, and the pathological symptoms disappeared within 3 days at most cases. So, the skin responses induced by honeybee venom seem to be not severe compare to other cases reported by other venomous arthropods.
신상희 ( Sang Hee Shin ),고준호 ( Joon Ho Ko ),이세희 ( Se Hee Lee ),최유진 ( Yu Jin Choi ) 서울시정개발연구원 2008 연구보고서 Vol.2008 No.27
Road vehicles have long been identified as major contributors to the urban air pollution; this can be applied to Seoul. As a consequence, Seoul Metropolitan Government has introduced various schemes to reduce traffic-related air pollution, not giving noticeable improvement of air quality. It is by no means simple and easy to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic-related policies aimed at air quality improvement due to complex and nonlinear nature of air pollutants. It can be done only from systematic analyses of traffic and air pollution monitoring data and information. Currently, both traffic and air pollution monitoring networks have been operated in Seoul with their own purposes. In this study, the existing traffic and air pollution monitoring networks were investigated if the both the monitoring systems could be linked in order to understand the relations between transport emissions and air pollutant concentrations in depth and to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic-related policies. Furthermore, effective and efficient approaches to linking traffic and air monitoring data have been sought. Main results and suggestions from this study are as follows. 1. Correlation analysis of traffic and air pollution data from existing traffic and air pollution monitoring networks Initially, the traffic monitoring network was set up to check traffic flow, while air pollution monitoring network was set up to investigate air quality over the space people reside in. Hence, the monitoring sites of the both systems are not co-located. The shortest distance between current traffic and air pollution monitoring sites is around 340m, implying a fundamental limitation in simply linking the existing traffic and air pollution monitoring network systems. With this limitation in mind, various correlation analyses between the hour-by-hour concentrations of PM10, CO and NOx (NO & NO2) and traffic volumes, collected at the existing air and traffic monitoring sites for recent three years, have been carried out. The finding is that only NOx at a few sites show statistically meaningful correlations with traffic volume during the morning hours of 6 am to 9 am. Hence, we conclude that simple correlation analyses using data from current traffic and air pollution monitoring systems may not provide a direct answer to whether a potential traffic-related policy is effective in mitigating air pollution levels. 2. Approaches to linking traffic and air pollution monitoring data Foreign cases to link traffic and air pollution monitoring data have been reviewed, revealing that in most cases long-term co-located traffic and air pollution monitoring sites have been operated to investigate the relation between traffic and air pollution. From the careful review of the cases, following suggestions are made. 1) Short-term approaches Mobile monitoring stations, equipped with devices of both air pollution and traffic monitoring, should be prepared and deployed wherever and whenever needed. The traffic monitoring items must include not only traffic speed and volume but also the vehicles` body and fuel types. Traffic information collected by vehicle type and fuel type can be used for in-depth evaluations of traffic-related measures applied to specific vehicle type or fuel type. In addition, the greenhouse gases need to be monitored, considering the increasing interest in global warming. Firstly, the long-term co-located traffic and air pollution monitoring should be introduced to identify the relation of vehicle emissions and air pollution in more details. The location and items to be monitored should be carefully investigated in advance. The monitoring location may be selected using various modeling tools so that the estimation of the possible impacts of traffic-related policies on the air quality over the area of interest can be performed. Secondly, traffic management systems with air quality monitoring feedback should be developed in the future. To make it happen, a flexible framework allowing communications between transport emissions and traffic conditions needs to be developed by introducing a system providing high time/space resolution measurements of both air pollutant concentrations and traffic conditions on a real-time basis.
Particle Image Velocimetry 기법을 이용한 CMP 공정의 Slurry유동 분석
신상희(Sanghee Shin),김문기(Munki Kim),윤영빈(Youngbin Yoon),고영호(Youngho Koh),홍창기(Changgi Hong) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2006 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.23 No.5
Chemical Mechanical Polishing(CMP) in semiconductor production is characterized its output property by Removal Rate(RR) and Non-Uniformity(NU). Some previous works show that RR is determined by production of pressure and velocity and NU is also largely affected by velocity of flowfield during CMP. This study is about the direct measurement of velocity of slurry during CMP and whole flowfield upon the non-groove pad by Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV). Typical PIV system is modified adequately for inspecting CMP and slurry flowfield is measured by changing both pad rpm and carrier rpm. We performed measurement with giving some variation in the kinds of pad. The results show that the flowfield is majorly determined not by Carrier but by Pad in the case of non-groove pad.