바슐라르와 상상력, 그리고 현대 디지털 아트

송희영(Song, Heeyoung) 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 2010 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.4

예술은 무엇인가? 예술가로 하여금 작품을 창조하게끔 만드는 힘(원천)은 무엇인가? 마지막으로, 사람들을 감동시키며 끌어당기는 예술작품의 힘은 무엇인가, 즉 예술이 가지고 있는 의미는 무엇인가? 본 연구는 이러한 세 가지 의문으로부터 출발하였다. 인류 역사 이래 오랫동안 반복되어 온 이와같은 근원적인 질문에 적합한 답을 찾기 쉬운 일은 아니지만, 본 연구에서는 몇몇 예술가들의 창작에 대한 견해와 경험담, 고백을 토대로 예술은 인간이면 누구나 가지고 있는 보편성에 대한 예술가 개인의 독특한 창조적 표현의 결과이며, 사람들은 그 보편성을 공유하고 공감하고자 예술작품을 향유하고자 하며, 예술가로 하여금 작품을 탄생케하는 힘은 다름 아닌 예술가의 의식 속에 자유롭게 움직이는 힘, 즉 상상력이라고 규정하였다. 상상력은 현실이 아닌 비현실적인 것, 그러나 없는 것이 아니라, 있을 수 있는 그 무엇을 지향하는 인간의 꿈이요 희망이요 의지라 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 상상력의 원천은 어디인가? 라는 또 다른 의문에 직면하여 본 연구는 과학철학자이자 상상력의 철학자로 불리는 바슐라르의 물, 불, 공기, 흙을 지칭하는 4원소론을 연구대상으로 삼았으며, 그중에서도 공기적 상상력을 중심으로 대상으로 공기의 이미지가 전파해주는 속성에 기반한 인간의 상상력과 예술창조의 상관관계에 대해 탐색해보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 바슐라르의 <공기와 꿈>을 토대로, 가볍고 눈에 보이지 않는 비물질적이며, 어디든지 이동이 자유로우며, 멀리 떨어져 있는 공간과 공간, 이질적인 존재와 존재를 연결해주고 융합해주는 공기의 이미지를 발견하였다. 또한 생명체에게 필수적인 숨(호흡)을 제공한다는 점에서 생명력과 삶의 의지, 꿈, 이상, 비상과 상승의 이미지를 도출해내었다. 이로부터 본 연구는 그리스 신화 속에서, 상이한 것들 간의 중소통과 교착, 융합, 경계를 무너뜨림으로써 발생되는 새로운 창조의 상징으로 인식되는 헤르메스의 이미지를 유추해내었다. 공기적 상상력을 지닌 헤르메스의 상징성으로부터 본 연구는 현대의 뉴테크놀로지의 발달에 힘입은 예술과 과학의 만남으로 파생된 현대뉴미디어아트의 탄생과 발전의 배경을 인간의 공기적 상상력의 결과로 인식하였다. 상이한 장르간의 교류와 결합으로부터 출발하여 기존의 예술의 질서에 반기를 든 플럭서스 운동으로부터 비디오 아트, 설치예술, 퍼포먼스아트, 디지털아트, 컴퓨터아트, 쌍방향참여예술의 개념을 두루 포괄하는 의미로 확장된 21세기 뉴미디어아트의 발전 역사를 되돌아보면서 뉴미디어아트가 현대 사회에 끼치고 있는 긍정적인 힘과 부정적인 결과들, 그리고 앞으로 우리가 해결해야 문제점들을 짚어 보았다. “뉴미디어아트”는 장르와 영역, 인종과 문화를 초월하며 시공간에 대한 고정 관념을 전환시킨다. 또한 예술에 대한 개념을 확신시키며 예술 창작과 소비(감상) 방식에 조차 대 변혁을 일으키고 있다. 뉴미디어아트의 가장 큰 힘은 확산과 분산을 통한 소통과 융합의 기능에 있다고 하겠다. 뉴미디어아트는 예술과 과학, 예술가와 관객, 예술가와 예술가, 사람과 기계의 경계를 무너뜨리며, 지구촌을 하나의 거대한 망으로 연결하며, 상이한 두 존재와 대상들의 참여와 쌍방향 소통을 지향하는 가히 인류사회의 혁명과도 같다. 그러나 그에 따른 부작용과 문제점도 만만치 않다. 화해와 소통, 융합을 지향하면서 한편으론 아이러니하게도 예술가와 관객, 사람과 기계와의 소통부재와 소외, 그리고 수준과 질을 가늠할 수 없는 예술이 범람하기도 한다. 그러나 예술과 과학의 공존과 융합, 소통에 따른 긍정적인 힘과 부정적인 문제점들이 교차하는 이 모든 상황은 단지 예술과 과학에 국한된 문제가 아니라 인간으로서의 한계와 현실의 제한을 극복하고 새로운 삶에 대한 희망, 이상과 꿈을 향해 상승하고 비상하고자 하는 인류의 도전 과정에서 파생된 것에 다름 아니며, 다만 이 모든 것을 맘껏 향유하되 잘못된 것을 개선해나가려는 노력과 의지가 필요하다고 하겠다. 이것이 바로 바슐라르의 4원소론에서 기원된, “미래를 향한 비상의 벡터를 갖고 있는 공기적 상상력“이 우리에게 전파해 주고 있는 의미이며, 변화와 전이, 소통과 웅합 교착점과 화해를 만들어가는 헤르메스적 지혜와 실천을 배워야할 이유라고 생각된다. This paper aimed to have two purposes. The first one was to review the imagination of Gaston Bachelard based on the book titled as <L air et les songes>, one of the Bachelard s four consecutive works on the four elements such as the water, fire, air and earth, and to analyze the characteristics of the image of the air that Bachelard had introduced to us. The second purpose was to find out an actual arts case around us that the Bachelard s imagination could possibly be applied to in terms of its process of creation or its circumstances of appreciation. To reach these objectives, I firstly analyzed the major characteristics of the image of the air driven by Bachelard, and summarized several points as follows, Firstly, the air tends to be non-material, invisible and free to move to everywhere, Secondly, the air can be considered as a catalyst that connects a place with another places far away and as a messenger who communicates with individual people or groups who have led different life styles because of its own attribute of immaterial, invisible and free movement. The final character that I found from the image of the air was a tendency of propagation that gives willingness and desire for life to the lives. Therefore, the air supplies dynamics to human beings toward ascension to the heaven, a symbol of ideal land and make them to move forward to get better lives. On the other hand, through this process, I inferred Hermes in Greek and Roman mythology from the image of the air in terms of the role of messenger of gods. Hermes wears shoes with wings on them and uses them to fly freely from Heaven to the earth calling as a messenger from Olympus to motal world. He takes a role as an interpreter who bridges the boundaries with strangers and delivered gods messages to humans and finally devotes to make reducing conflict and confusion. As Bachelard asserted in his works on <the Four Elements>, imagination is believed that it is the most essential resource that provides motivation and creative capability to the artists. To better understand more about the inter-relationship between human s imagination and the process of creativity of the arts, i.e., to see how the imagination works in creating arts products, I observed the overview of the history and background of the emergence of new media arts from Plexus movement to video arts, installation art, computer arts and telepresence performances, since I believe new media arts presents a symbol of the imagination of the air. New media arts was appeared by the merger of arts and technology in 1960 s, It has rapidly developed adopting the modern electronic technologies in usage of materials and the way of expressing the artist s idea, Consequently, new media arts rises up as a symbol of breaking rules and reforming the old traditional arts world. For instance, firstly, it broke up concrete definition of the arts and secondly it even removes the boundaries between artists and audiences since every one who is able to either easily access personal computer or operate digital video camera, can connect with the arts products in a second and he or she might be participate the process of completing arts products as a creator or an artist. Moreover, new media arts which applies the new information technologies more than any times tends to eliminate limits and constraints of time and space that has long been crossed between different culture and territory in the world. One the other hand, it is true that some of negative problems happen on the way of developing new type of arts. Diffusion of new media arts could be one of these cases. however, it could be understandable phenomena like a co-existence of bad air and fresh air at the same atmosphere.

인턴사원제도, 부작용이 크다

송희영,Song, Hui-Yeong 한국대학교육협의회 1992 大學敎育 Vol.59 No.-

한ㆍ미 FTA가 중소기업에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증분석

송희영(Hee-Young Song),이영주(Young-Joo Lee) 한국관세학회 2008 관세학회지 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the Korea-US FTA on Korean SMEs. It is difficult to analyze the direct effect of Korea-US FTA from the perspective of SMEs because of the lack of data. Heterogeneous of Korean SMEs in terms of their global orientation, export volume, characteristics of subcontract transactions and type of manufactured product also make it difficult to study the effect of the Korea-US FTA on SMEs. This study tries to highlight the impact of FTA on SMEs at the micro level as well as the macro level. The GTAP(Global Trade Analysis Project) is applied to analyze the macroeconomic effects of the FTA on SMEs through stepwise analysis. Survey on the Korea SMEs is used to get some implications about the micro-economic effects of the FTA. Macroeconomic effect by GTAP is compatible with microeconomic effect by survey, which suggest the validity of this analysis. This study contributes to establish framework that the Korea-US FTA impacts the Korean SMEs. This analytical framework will help the Korean government in mapping out a post-FTA policies and constructing assisting strategies for SMEs.

한ㆍ일 양국의 통상정책과 FTA 협상전략에 관한 연구

송희영(Song Hee-young) 한국관세학회 2006 관세학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The discussion of the FTA between Korea and Japan has begun in 1998 and the two countries are not in the process of negotiating a bilateral FTA as of now. There had been many studies on the economic effects of the FTA. by various research institutions but few addresses the issue of the slow development of negotiation process. The object of this study is to analyze the cause of this poor progress in the FTA negotiation between the two countries. We also delve into the policy aspect of the FTA and the negotiations strategies. One of the most important point that this paper addresses is that without favorable measures from the Japanese side, Korea could be a loser. In order to conclude the FTA negotiations in a reasonable time span, both governments should try to design a Win-Win FTA.

바그너의 오페라와 북유럽신화의 게임콘텐츠화

송희영(Song Hi-Young) 한국카프카학회 2012 카프카연구 Vol.0 No.27

In dieser Arbeit zum Thema “Wagners Oper, die nordische Mythologie und das Computerspiel” wird untersucht, wie Wagners Oper und die nordische Mythologie durch OSMU(One Source Multi Use) in den neuen Computerspielen reproduziert wurden. Wagners Oper Der Ring des Nibelungen wurde im Jahr 2001 durch Axel Tribe in das Computerspiel Ring II ubertragen, Teile der nordischen Mythologie wurden im Jahr 1999 durch Tri-Ace in Form des Konsolenspiels Valkyrie Profile I reproduziert, und im Jahre 2002 erschien von Gravity Ragnarok I in Form von MMORPG(Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game). Ring II ist ein Nachfolger des Computerspiels Der Ring des Nibelungen(1998) und es basiert auf dem 3. Akt von Wagners Oper Siegfried. Eine die menschliche Normalitat sprengende Herkunft, die Geburt in der Verborgenheit und die Geschichte von Brunnhilde sind die Hintergrundgeschichten des Computerspiels. Hier wird also eine Geschichte erzahlt: die von Siegfried, dem Sohn Sieglindes und Siegmunds. Siegfried ist in diesem Computerspiel der Hauptakteur. Erda, die als Gottin elektronisch einen guten Geist verkorpert, berichtet ihm uber die Geschichte des Ring des Nibelungen. Aus der 3. Person-Perspektive wird der Held durch die vorgerenderten Welten bewegt. Ring II bietet eine mythische Atmosphare mit Originalmusik aus der Oper von Richard Wagner sowie animierte Filmsequenzen. Valkyrie Profile I besteht aus einer Reihe von Computer-Rollenspielen, die das japanische Unternehmen Tri-Ace entwickelte. Die Spielwelt macht Anleihen bei der nordischen Mythologie und die Gegend ahnelt der Topographie des japanischen Mittelalters mit seinen Samurai. Der Spieler steuert die Walkure Lenneth. Sie soll im Auftrag Odins Kampfer fur die Gotterdammerung, die Ragnarok, finden und steigt dazu in die Welt der Lebenden hinab. Innerhalb eines begrenzten Zeitrahmens muss der Spieler das Spiel komplettieren, indem er die Spielwelt erforscht, Gegner bekampft und neue Charaktere sammelt. 2006 erschien mit Valkyrie Profile II Silmeria ein Nachfolger fur die PlayStation 2. Ragnarok I ist ein Onlinespiel, das von dem koreanischen Unternehmen Gravity entwickelt wurde. Nach tausend Jahren Ruhe und Frieden im Land Midgards wurden die Menschen eingebildet, egoistisch und ignorierten ihre Fehler aus der Vergangenheit. Plotzlich wurden vermehrt seltsame Wesen in Midgard gesichtet, und die Welt wurde immer wieder von verheerenden Naturkatastrophen heimgesucht. Angetrieben von der Macht, die aus diesen Teilen hervor geht, machen sich zahlreiche Abenteurer auf die Suche danach. Millionen Spielerinnen und Spieler tummeln sich in der bunten Welt von Ragnarok. Das Online-Rollenspiel im Anime-Stil grenzt sich durch die komplett in 2D gehaltenen Charaktere und Monster von anderen MMORPGs ab. Die Landschaft dagegen ist verspielt und detailliert in 3D gehalten.

카사노바와 남성성의 위기 -슈니츨러의 『카사노바의 귀향』-

송희영 ( Hi Young Song ) 한국독일어문학회 2014 독일어문학 Vol.67 No.-

Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit steht die Analyse von der Krise der gealterten Mannlichkeit. Der Schwerpunkt wird auf Schnitzlers Casanovas Heimfahrt von 1918 gelegt. Seit 1833 tritt in der europaischen Literatur und auf Europas Buhnen immer wieder eine Gestalt namens Casanova in Erscheinung. Diese literarische Figur hat ein historisches Vorbild: den Abenteurer, Schriftsteller, Juristen, Diplomaten und Erfinder der Lotterie Giacomo Giovanni Casanova. Unter dem Stichwort ``Casanova`` ist im Lexikon der Eintrag "Frauenheld, Verfuhrer" zu lesen. Mit der Erzahlung Casanovas Heimfahrt wendet sich Schnitzler einem Mannertypus zu, der seine Jugend bereits hinter sich gelassen hat. Casanovas jugendliche Identitat widerspricht seinem tatsachlichen Alter, was er versucht durch eine ubertrieben sexualisierte Inszenierung seiner Mannlichkeit auszugleichen. Der Konflikt zwischen Selbstbild und tatsachlicher Identitat kann nur durch die Absage an diese Form der Identitatskonstruktion gelost werden, weshalb Casanova am Ende der Erzahlung nicht nur seine Jugend, sondern so auch die damit verbundene Konstruktion von Mannlichkeit totet.

저관세율체계에 있어서 우리나라의 관세정책방향

송희영(Heeyoung Song) 한국관세학회 2001 관세학회지 Vol.2 No.1

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the direction of the Korean tariff policy in low tariff rate system. Moreover, this paper examines the problems and ways of the improving the current low tariff rate system by analyzing uniform tariff system and tariff policy of the korea. For the above mentioned purpose, this study is composed of : (1) Analysis on the current tariff rate and characteristics, (2) Korean tariff policy in the 1980's and 1990's (3) Tariff policy and its changes of the U.S and Japan, (4) Analysis problems of the current tariff and its rate of the Korea.

WTO체제에 있어서 한국의 무역관리제도의 한계

송희영(Hee-Young Song) 한국관세학회 2000 관세학회지 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the limitations of the Korean Trade management system. The paper provides strategic management policy for overcoming the limitations of Korean import regulation and export support policy in the WTO system. The strategic management policy includes five key elements: (1) the first is the establishment of macro-trade management policy within the WTO structure; (2) the second is the enforcement of competition in international trade in accordance with the performance of the Korean industrial structure and the WTO system; (3) the third is the implementation of the trade management system along with standard international trade law; (4) the fourth is the reorganization of the Korean export support management final element is the creation of a trading committee to investigate the industrial accident insurance system as support of the WTO system.

Malmquist Productivity Index 기법을 활용한 한국 서비스산업의 생산성 변화분석

송희영(Hee-Young Song),최원석(Won-Suk Choi) 한국무역학회 2011 貿易學會誌 Vol.36 No.4

WTO 규범에 근거한 중국 반덤핑 법규의 비교 연구

송희영(Hee-Young Song),신성식(Sung-Shik Shin) 한국관세학회 2006 관세학회지 Vol.7 No.4

China lacks practical operation experience of anti-dumping law absolutely than advanced nations. In this study, I grasped whether Chinese anti-dumping legislation is agreed in WTO roles or not with Chinese current anti-dumping laws and WTO rules through comparative analysis. As China is one of WTO member nations, It has an obligation to have to certainly keep a standard regarding anti-dumping systems deciding in WTO agreements. Nonetheless the Chinese anti-dumping laws is causing legal uncertainty because of insufficient details regulations about the calculation of dumping margins, the termination of an investigation in case of negligible imports, and sunset review And a part of regulations are disagreed with WTO anti-dumping agreement about price undertakings. Therefore, our government should indicate them and urge the Chinese government to revise them so that its anti-dumping Law is agreed with WTO agreement. Aside from this, if the anti-dumping investigation is initiated , our government must observe how the Chinese authorities operates its anti-dumping law that do not agree with WTO agreement, and should prepare the countermeasure accordingly. Also, Including our export company, government agencies, academic circles being related, and international trade advisory agencies must expand opportunity of information sharing. And they will have to watch attentively operation of Chinese anti-dumping system and change direction of connected legislation continuously.