한국 근현대 낙동강 유역의 수리조합 연구 -경상북도 칠곡군의 수리조합을 중심으로-

손경희 ( Kyoung Hee Son ) 대구사학회 2013 대구사학 Vol.111 No.-

A Study on the Irrigation Associations in the Nakdong River Basin of Modern and Contemporary Korea - Focusing on the Irrigation Associations of Chilgok County, North Kyeongsang Province - Son, Kyoung-hee [Abstract] Founded in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Chilgok this time, the Irrigation Association, both established before the fierce opposition movement that happened was common. Indong Irrigation Association has driven the establishment in 1927. At the time, it hasn`t been established by protest of people of a township until 1931. When Indong Irrigation Association was established, the rate of opposition reached up to 27%, the movement of antagonism wasn`t occurred. Yakmok Irrigation Association was established in 1934. In 1924 the Irrigation Association tried to apply for the 38m irrigated area establishment but it ran into strong opposition. The counter action was not temporarily occurred and it was kept for a long time. In early 1925, a petition which requests the annulment for the unfair Association establishment through people of a township`s joint of signature. The people have objected actively and the injustice of the business came out so that the Government General finally has pulled back the Irrigation Association approval. After that, Yakmok Irrigation Association applied for the 155m irrigated area establishment once again in 1926. But Yakmok Irrigation Association wasn`t established at the time. Yakmok Irrigation Association has been pushed ahead fully 11 years later. After the establishment, the counter action was still on. Sukjeok Irrigation Association was established in 1944. But, on 12 February 1938, a Irrigation Association establishment movement has been occurred in this area. Sukjeok Irrigation Association member was total 361 including 196 assentient and 165 dissenters which has only 54% of assentient. Buksam Irrigation Association has been established in 1944, it has already been worked with the establishment in 1931 however, it was cancelled by a counter activity. The purpose of this association was irrigation improvement and the irrigated area was 290m. Wheguan Irrigation Association was established on 25 March 1952. As Land Improvement project law 948, it has been renamed and combined as Land Improvement Association on 30 December 1961. Indong, Sukjeok and Wheguan Irrigation Association was combined as Chilgok Land Improvement Association, Yakmok and Buksam Irrigation Association was combined as Yakmok Land Improvement Association. The purpose of Wheguan Irrigation Association Establishment was Improved irrigation. Wheguan Irrigation Association was about 207m and as an irrigated area, it was 200m. Wheguan Irrigation Association has 75% subsidy, 18% of region burden charge, 6% of loan flotation so that the establishment of Irrigation Asscociation was mostly relied on the government. Repair policy which was in progress under Japanes imperialism was not changed much and continually happened.

일제시기 경상북도 경주군 서면수리조합과 일본인 농업경영

손경희 ( Kyoung Hee Son ) 대구사학회 2006 대구사학 Vol.82 No.-

한국 근현대 경상북도 칠곡군의 수리조합 연구 -운영 주체를 중심으로-

손경희 ( Kyoung Hee Son ) 대구사학회 2014 대구사학 Vol.117 No.-

In this manuscript, we studied based on the Irrigation Associations of Chilgok County North Kyeongsang Province Modern and Contemporary Korea. Namely, the study is about the composition and the authority of the executive director and the back-benchers of Indong Irrigation Association(1931), Yakmok Irrigation Association(1934), Donam Irrigation Association(1941), Buksam Irrigation Association(1944) which were established in Chilgok during the Japanese occupation. The operator of Irrigation Association established in Chilgok exposed some features. First, Korean absentee landlord became a leader of Irrigation Association. Gilsang Chang of Indong Irrigation Association and Jiksang Chang of Sukjeok Irrigation Association who are brothers of Indong Chang are representative men. They were entrepreneurs who established a bank and a company nearby Daegu, metropolitan city. Second, the leader of Irrigation Association in the period of Japanese occupation was appointed by the Japanese Empire. But, there were many cases that the people who worked in agriculture business became leaders of Irrigation Association. There was also a case that the chief of a township became a leader of Irrigation Association, not a landowner. Third, most back-benchers in the period of Japanese occupation were ex-government employees. By the 1940s, They cooperated actively to the Japanese policy such as Name Changing Program. After Liberation, people in their late 30s-40s who farmed themselves and had academic ability equal to that of a elementary school graduate mostly became a back-bencher. The borough mayors, school back-benchers and people who experienced in a position of Irrigation Asscociation back-benches before placed a position as a back-bencher. (Keimyung University/ khsom@hanmail.net)

인터넷 멀티미디어 프로그램을 활용한 언어교육이 유아의 언어 및 사고능력 발달에 미치는 영향

손경희(Son Kyoung Hee),이대균(Lee Dae Kyun) 한국열린유아교육학회 2001 열린유아교육연구 Vol.5 No.3

본 연구는 상호작용 가능이 강화된 인터넷 멀티미디어 프로그램을 활용한 언어 교육이 만 5세 유아의 언어 및 사고 능력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 기를 알아보는데 그 목적은 두었다. 연구 대상은 교실에 인터넷이 연결되어 있는 유치원 한 곳과 일반적인 유아교육 프로그램을 실시하는 유치원 한 곳에 재원 중인 만 5세 유아들 각 30명씩 총 60명이었다. 유아의 언어 및 사고 능력을 추정하는 도구로는 주영희(1982)의 언어 및 사고능력 검사를 사용하였고. 자료는 SPSS/PC+프로그램을 이용하여 전산처리 하였다. 연구 결과 상호작용 기능이 강화된 인터넷 멀티미디어 프로그램을 활용한 언어 교육은 유아의 언어 및 사고 능력 중 유아의 지각에 기초한 기능과 분석적 기능에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of language teaching by using internet on children's language and thinking abilities. To achieve this purpose, the following research questions were established. 1. Does the language teaching by using internet influence the children's perceptual function? 2. Does the language teaching by using internet influence the children's analytic function? 3. Does the language teaching by using internet influence the children's synthetic function' 4. Does the language teaching by using internet influence the children's reasoning function? The subjects of this study were 30 5-year-old kindergarten children that were able to use internet and 30 5-year-old children in ordinary kindergarten. Language teaching by using internet was just given to the first group over a period of 8 weeks, and then the children's Language and Thinking Abilities were tested and evaluated. It was selected and tested by "the Evaluation of language and Thinking Ability of the Child" which was developed by Joo, Young-Hee. The data were analyzed by M., S.D. and t-test. The results of this study were as follows. There were significant influences of language teaching by using internet on the children's language and thinking ability. 1. There were significant influences of language teaching by using internet on the children's perceptual function. 2. There were significant influences of language teaching by using internet on the children's analytic function. 3. There were no statistically significant influences of language teaching by using internet on the children's synthetic function. 4. There were no statistically significant influences of language teaching by using internet on the children's reasoning function.

일제시기 경북 경산군의 이주일본인 증가와 농업경영

손경희(Son, Kyoung-Hee) 부산경남사학회 2016 역사와 경계 Vol.100 No.-

본고에서는 일제시기 경북 경산군의 이주일본인 증가와 농업경영을 살펴보았다. 경산군은 경부철도 정차역인 경산역이 생기면서 일본인의 이주가 본격화되었다. 당시 일본인들은 도로와 철도 교통이 편리하고, 금호강 유역의 대구평야에 주목하여 이 지역으로 많이 이주했다. 일제 초기 경산군으로 이주한 일본인들은 무역판매와 곡물 거래를 통해 자본을 축적했다. 경산군은 경북 북부 지역의 곡물집산지였다. 경산군에 집산된 곡물은 경산역을 통해 주로 일본으로 이출되었다. 당시 경산역 발송화물 가운데 곡물발송 비율이 전체 발송의 95%를 차지할 정도로 경산군은 곡물 이출의 중심지가 되었다. 경산역에서 발송된 물품은 쌀, 보리, 콩, 잡곡, 가마니, 선어, 해초, 종이, 목재, 신탄 등이었다. 이 가운데 쌀과 콩이 85.8%를 차지할 정도로 곡물이 압도적이었다. 경산역에서 이출 된 곡물의 특징은 타 지역에서 생산된 곡물이 아닌 지역에서 생산된 곡물들이 이출된 것이다. 더구나 이출 양이 이입 양보다 3배 이상이었다. 곡물은 경성, 부산, 대구, 일본 등지로 이출되었다. 구체적으로 쌀, 보리는 경성 · 부산 · 구마산으로, 콩은 부산 · 鹿兒島 · 尾道 · 下關 · 기타 일본으로, 선어 해초는 김천, 숯 · 땔나무는 대구로 이출되었다. 당시 경산역은 전형적인 식민 이출 역이었다. 경산군 이주일본인들은 곡물거래와 더불어 농업경영에도 적극적으로 나섰다. 일제 전시기 동안 농림목축업에 가장 많이 종사했다. 이주일본인들은 러일전쟁이후 본격적으로 농업경영에 나섰다. 그들은 하양 · 경산 · 자인 일대의 토지를 사들여 가족을 동반한 농업경영을 했다. 한편 금호강 일대의 비옥한 대구평야를 중심으로 일본 거대 농장과 회사들이 세워졌다. 당시 경산군 일대에는 동양척식주식회사와 한국척식주식회사, 한국흥업주식회사 경산출장소 등이 설립되어 대지주로서 소작을 통한 농업경영을 하였다. 이들 농업회사들은 경산역을 중심으로 농장을 개설하여 소작료 수취, 곡물이출의 편리를 적극 활용했다. 1910년 7월 영업 목적이 비슷한 한국척식주식회사와 한국흥업주식회사가 합병하여 거대지주인 조선흥업주식회사 경산 농장이 되었다. 조선흥업 경산 농장은 소작을 통한 수탈경영을 하면서 토지소유 규모를 확대했다. 조선흥업 경산 농장의 토지 소유 특징은 기간지 중심, 논밭 비율의 6:4 비율 유지, 논 소유 면적의 증가, 잡지가 거의 없는 점이었다. 또한 논 투자 금액이 밭 투자 금액의 2배 이상이었지만 조선흥업 다른 지점에 비해 수익은 가장 낮았다. 그리고 수리조합 몽리구역은 조선흥업 각 농장에서 가장 컸다. 조선흥업 경산 농장 안에는 산미증식계획시기 경산 · 연호제 · 금호수리조합이 세워졌다.

일제시기 영일수리조합의 설립과 운영

손경희(Son, Kyoung-Hee) 부산경남사학회 2017 역사와 경계 Vol.102 No.-

본고에서는 일제시기 영일수리조합의 설립과 운영을 살펴보았다. 영일수조는 1916년도에 경북 최초로 이주일본인 오쓰카 쇼지로(大塚昇次郞)의 주도하에 설립 · 운영되었다. 영일수조 구역은 연일 · 형산 · 대송 등 형산강 하류 지역이었다. 몽리 면적은 형산강 좌안 약 600정보, 우안 약 800정보로 모두 1,400정보였다. 영일수조는 수리시설 방식 가운데 양수기 중심의 수조로 계획되었다. 영일수조를 설립했던 오쓰카는 형산강 부근의 황무지에 주목하여 저렴한 가격으로 토지를 사들였다. 그는 형산강 하류에 수리시설을 만들어 개간을 하거나 방조제를 쌓는다면 방대한 경지를 얻을 수 있다고 보았다. 또한 영일만을 통한 미곡수출을 보고 토지를 집중적으로 사들였다. 영일수조를 설립할 당시 오쓰카는 영일군에 논밭 이외에 국유미간지 6천 정보를 대여한 대지주였다. 영일수조는 설립 초기부터 문제가 있었다. 설계 부실로 인한 부채증가와 조합비 과다문제였다. 첫 영일수조 사업 자금도 동양척식주식회사에서 차입했다. 기채 금액은 20만원, 이율은 년 1할이었다. 심지어 1915년도 및 1916년도에는 이자도 기채에 의해 지불되었다. 이후에도 영일수조의 설계가 불완전하여 어려움이 계속되었다. 부채가 급속히 늘어나 조합비가 고율이었다. 영일수조 조합비가 경북 수위를 점할 정도로 높았다. 결국 1927년 영일수조는 불량수리조합이 되었다. 영일수조가 불량수리조합이 되었던 이유는 첫째, 양수기 문제였다. 영일수조에서 설치한 양수기가 그 능률이 계획 예정 수량을 양수하기 불가능했다. 둘째, 창립 당시 공사시행법 불완전하여 간선수로의 누수가 많았다. 그 결과 몽리면적의 확장이 예정대로 이뤄지지 못했다. 셋째, 수해로 매년 수리조합 지구가 황폐화되어 조합비의 결손이 심했다. 조합채의 상환이 불가능했다. 영일수조의 연속되는 기채로 조합채가 매년 증가했다. 불량수리조합 구제 특별위원회에서는 영일수리조합에 국고보조를 지원했다. 연리 5분 1리의 저리 융자였다. 상환기간도 장기로 하여 조합의 부담을 경감시키고자 했다. 그러나 계속되는 조합채의 증가로 영일수조는 부실화되었다. 1928년 영일수조 정리에 대한 논의가 진행되었다. 경북 도청에서 영일수조 간부와 도당국자와 영일수조 채권자인 동척 대구지점장 小池英勝등이 모여 정리에 대한 협의를 했다. 그러나 영일수조 정리 자금 50만원을 총독부로터 지원 받기 어려워 정리가 어려웠다. This paper explored the establishment and management of Youngil Irrigation Association during the Japanese Colonial Era. In 1916, Youngil Irrigation Association was established and managed by Japanese immigrant, Otsuka Shoji for the first time in Gyeongbuk province. The area of Youngil Irrigation Association was downstream of Hyeongsan River such as Yeongil, Hyeongsan, Daesong, etc. Youngil Irrigation Association was running through the center of the area, the left bank of a river was about 600 jeong and the right bank was about 800 jeong, it irrigated 1,400 jeong in total. Youngil Irrigation Association was planned to be built as water pump-centered Irrigation Association out of various irrigation facilities. Otsuka who eatablished Youngil Irrigation Association purchased land at a low price focusing on the wasteland near Hyeongsan River. He assessed that extensive arable land could be owned if he could build a sea wall to cultivate land or block the river and sea water through building irrigation facilities in the lower Hyeongsan basin. Also, he saw the possibility of cultivation in Rice export through Youngil Bay, so he bought the whole area intensively. At the inception of the foundation of Youngil Irrigation Association, the scale of land of Otsuka was leased 6,000 jeong of national uncultivated land besides a field. The management of Youngil Irrigation Association was problems from the beginning of the establishment. The problems were accrued debts and excessive union dues caused by incompleteness in design. The first business funds was borrowed from Oriental Development Company. The price of flotation of a loan was 200,000 won and the rate of interest was 10 percent per annum. Besides, in 1915 and 1916, the interest was payed by Bond issuance. It led to another trouble afterward because the design of Youngil Irrigation Association was imperfect. The dept was increased drastically so that union dues resulted in a high rate. Youngil Irrigation Association union dues were as high as Gyeongbuk province. Youngil Irrigation Association became a poor irrigation association in 1927. The first reason why it became a poor irrigation association was the problem of water pump. The water pump that Youngil Irrigation Association established proved impossible to pump the exact quantity of water as they planned. Second, there were too many water leaks in main water way because of the incompleteness of operation of construction enforcement. As a result, the expansion of irrigated area was not proceeded. Third, the flood led the area of irrigation association desolated every year so union dues were in deficit. The debts of association were non-refundable. Due to the continuous flotation of a loan of Youngil Irrigation Association, the debts of association were increased every year. A Special Relief Committee on Poor Irrigation Association supported government subsidy to Youngil Irrigation Association and promoted an annual low-interest loan of a fifth. Also, the association aimed to lighten its burden through setting repayment period as a long term period. However, Youngil Irrigation Association became insolvent by the constant increase of debts. In 1928, discussions on closure of Youngil Irrigation Association was held. Executive of Youngil Irrigation Association, the provincial authorities and Daegu branch manager of Oriental Development Company, Koike Hideo who was Youngil Irrigation Association creditor were consulted about the closure at Gyeongbuk Provincial government building. However, it faced some trouble to clear away because it was hard to get supported the consolidated capital of 500,000 won of Youngil Irrigation Association from the governor.

셀룰라아제 처리에 의한 텐셀직물의 가수분해

손경희(Kyoung Hee Son),신윤숙(Youn Sook Shin) 한국가정과학회 1999 한국가정과학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Tencel fabrics were treated with cellulase after mechanical prefibrillation treatment. SEM analysis was carried out to study morphological change of the treated fabric. The cellulase-treated Tencel fabrics were evaluated for weight loss and tensile strength. X-ray diffraction method, moisture regain, and K/S value were used to elucidate crystalline structural changes occurred by cellulase treatment. Degree of polymerization and copper number of the cellulase-treated fabrics were also measured to estimate effect of hydrolysis. SEM analysis indicated that with treatment of prefibrillation and cellulase, fibrils were produced and damage occurred deep into the fiber. Increases in concentration and time of cellulase treatment increased weight loss and decreased tensile strength retention of the treated fabrics. As cellulase hydrolysis progressed, degree of crystallinity, moisture regain and K/S value were not much changed.(Korean J Human Ecology 2(1):142∼148. 1999)

일본기업의 대외 M&A 확대 구조와 특징 - 2010년대를 중심으로

손경희 ( Son Kyoung Hee ) 한림대학교 일본학연구소 2021 翰林日本學 Vol.- No.39

본 논문은 2010년대 들어서 ‘아베노믹스’의 ‘금융완화정책’과 ‘기업지배구조 강화’의 주요 시책이 일본 대외 M&A 확대에 기여하는 구조를 설명하고, 대형 안건을 중심으로 일본 대외 M&A의 구조적 변화와 일본기업의 투자 사례들을 통한 대외 M&A의 동향과 특징에 대해서 고찰하였다. 아베노믹스의 ‘금융완화정책’과 ‘기업지배구조 강화’ 실시 이후 일본기업의 자산 가운데 투자유가증권이 크게 확대되었으며 기업의 경영 목표는 자기자본이익률(Return on Equity) 등을 중요시하는 방향으로 급격하게 변화하였다. 결과적으로 유례없는 저금리의 금융비용과 성장 투자에 대한 주주의 압력이 더해져 일본 대외 M&A는 지속해서 확대되었다. 한편 대형 안건을 중심으로 살펴본 일본 대외 M&A의 구조적 변화는 금액에 있어서 지역별로는 2010년대 중반 이후 북미에서 유럽으로 확대 경향을 들 수 있으며 업종별로도 제조업과 비제조업 간 격차가 확대된 것을 들 수 있다. 투자 사례를 통한 일본기업의 대외 M&A 동향과 특징으로는 신흥 시장을 중심으로 식료품이나 의약품에서 대기업뿐만 아니라 닛신(日清)식품홀딩스, 제리아(ゼリア)신약공업의 약품 등 중견기업의 M&A 투자 확대를 들 수 있다. 또한 금액에서 비제조업과 금융업의 구성비가 확대되었다. 이는 디지털 기술을 바탕으로 전기통신과 금융보험, 연구개발, 소프트웨어 등에서 대형 M&A가 실행된 것이 주요한 요인이라고 할 수 있으며 소프트뱅크(ソフトバンク)의 기여가 컸다. 의약품 및 IT서비스 분야를 중심으로 유럽으로의 초대형 투자가 증가하면서 투자 전체에서 유럽의 비중이 크게 확대된 것도 2010년대 일본 대외 M&A 특징으로 꼽을 수 있다. 다케다(武田)약품공업이 2019년 아일랜드 제약회사 Shire를 인수(769억 달러)한 것이 대표적인 안건으로, 2010년대는 일본 대외 M&A 투자의 ‘대형화’가 본격화된 시기라고 할 수 있다. This paper explains the structure in which the major policies of Abenomics including 'Financial Easing' and 'Corporate Governance Strengthening' in the 2010s contributed to the expansion of outward M&A in Japan and examines its characteristics and trends based on major structural changes in Japanese outward M&A and investment cases of Japanese companies. Since the implementation of Abenomics’ 'Financial Easing' and 'Corporate Governance Strengthening' policies, the portion of investment securities in assets of Japanese companies expanded significantly, and corporate management goals changed rapidly to value Return on Equity. This led to unprecedented low-interest rates and increased shareholders' pressure to invest on growth, resulting in a continuous increase of Japanese outward M&As. Meanwhile, major events demonstrate that Japanese outward M&A has structurally expanded from North America to Europe after the mid 2010s, and the gap between manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries widened. Also, investment cases show that in the food and pharmaceuticals industry, not only large companies but also mid-sized companies such as Nissin Foods and Zeria Pharmaceutical have expanded their M&A investments in emerging markets. In addition, non-manufacturing and financial industries expanded due to large-scale M&As in telecommunications, financial insurance, R&D, and software based on digital technology, with SoftBank largely contributing. Europe’s portion expanded as large-scale investments to Europe centered on pharmaceuticals and IT services increased. Takeda Pharmaceutical’s acquisition of Shire ($76.9 billion) an Irish company, is a representative example. The 2010s was a period that the enlargement of Japanese outward M&A actively started to develop.

일제 강점기 경북 영일군의 이주일본인 증가와 토지소유 확대

손경희 ( Kyoung Hee Son ) 대구사학회 2016 대구사학 Vol.122 No.-

This paper will explore the increase of Japanese immigrants and the expansion of land ownership focusing Gyeongbuk Youngil-gun during the Japanese Colonial Rule. Japanese in the early Japanese colonial era moved to the broad plain area as area of rear where the road and railroad transportation is convenient. The representative plain of Gyeongbuk region stretched over Yeonil plain in Youngil-gun. Japanese immigrants who had the wide plains as their area of rear initially took lead the corn business through a convenient form of transportation including the East Sea central track. They sent out the collected grain produced on Yeonil plain. At that time, Youngil-gun had the railroad, port, road etc. infrastructures and played a role as colonial town in carrying out the collective crops and Fishery products of the peripheral areas. Japanese immigrants who moved to Youngil-gun accumulated capital through gaining commercial supremacy and then they started company management. 中谷竹三郞 who emigrated to Pohang first was representative. 中谷竹三郞 was doing commercial activities at first and ran various businesses like Gyeongbuk fishing business, Inc., public automobile Inc., Pohang shipping Inc., Gyeongbuk fishery Inc., 中谷竹三郞商店 Inc., Chosun livestock Inc., Gyeongbuk produce Inc. commercial activity. Meanwhile, Youngil-gun Japanese immigrants had a major concern for agricultural immigrate. But, Japanese immigrants had a hard time to occupy cultivated land so they took out uncultivated land. Through uncultivated land received from the Japanese Empire, they became a latifundist in a short time. 大內治郞 and 大塚昇次郞 were the representative men. They could begin farming and agricultural management with loaned uncultivated land. Particularly, we intend to establish an irrigation association to convert the enormous uncultivated land of entire Hyeongsan River owned by 大塚昇次郞 into a rice field. As a result, we establish a Youngil irrigation association which is the first irrigation association established by Japanese in Gyeongbuk. (Keimyung University, khsom@kmu.ac.kr)

한말 일본의 농업이민정책과 민족운동

孫京姬(Son Kyoung-Hee) 계명사학회 1996 계명사학 Vol.7 No.-