Regulation of c-Fos and c-Jun Gene Expression by Lipopolysaccharide and Cytokines in Primary Cultured Astrocytes: Effect of PKA and PKC Pathways

서홍원,Seong-Soo Choi,이진구,Han-Kyu Lee,Eun-Jung Han,이종호 대한약학회 2004 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.27 No.4

Displacing the Infanticidal Mother : Elizabeth I and Her Courtiers in Ovidian Narratives

서홍원 연세대학교 영어영문학회 1997 영어영문학연구 Vol.19 No.-

"I am Richard Ⅱ. know ye not that?" The words of Elizabeth, uttered a few months after the Essex uprising in 1601, indicate the degree of antagonism, real and imagined, that threatened her security in the final years of her life. The queen is alluding to the tragic king of Shakespeare's Richard II, who was forced to abdicate his throne because he had grossly mismanaged the country. Exeter's men had the play performed to gather support for their cause, shortly before they were discovered and arrested, and Elizabeth's angry reaction shows that the danger of Richard II as a political text was not lost on her. In fact, the queen would have been particularly sensitive to political appropriations of poetry and art, because she herself made use of such appropriations in consolidating her power over her subjects. At her accession, the City of London celebrated her as the new Deborah or "Protestant savior" in a pageant (Guy 250): at the height of her reign, the Cult of Elizabeth made her a living myth. As Jonathan Dollimore points out, however, representation of the dominant order or the subversion of it are not always separable, and one is often found in the other (1l-12). John Guy observes that Elizabeth's image in the City of London pageant was being "packaged" (251) to serve the radical Protestants of the city, whose hope for Elizabeth hardly coincided with what Elizabeth had in mind for herself. Similarly, in the case of the Cult of Elizabeth, pageants offered the queen "did not simply demonstrate . . . the good fortune of individuals; they also sought the queen's support for certain quite specific political and religious objectives," according to Philippa Berry (75). The Cult of Elizabeth, therefore, is potentially dissident, nudging the queen towards a desired direction which, should she refuse to follow, may inform of her shortcomings rather than her merits. It is no secret that Edmund Spensor's Faerie Queene (1590) is dangerously full of ambiguities, but traces of resistance, if not straightforward dissidence, can be found in the strangest of poems, as in Michael Drayton's Endymion and Phoebe (1595). This poem celebrates the queen's magnanimity through a Platonic union between Phoebe and Endymion. Why, then, does Endymion cower from Phoebe, invoking the prohibitive image of Phoebe's other identity as Diana, slayer of Actaeon? If Phoebe is the queen, and Endymion the subject, what are we to make of this reluctance of the subject to celebrate the mystical union between the two? The answer to these questions lies in a closer examination of a group of Ovidian narrative poetry not necessarily within the bounds of the Cult of Elizabeth. In addition to Endymion and Phoebe, Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander (1593), William Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis (1593), Thomas Edwards's Cephalus and Procris (1595), John Weever's Faunus and Melliflora (1600), and Francis Beaumont's Salmacis and Hermaphroditus (1602) belong to this group.2) A characteristic feature of this group is the reversal of gendered roles in a love relationship. Elizabeth Donno says of Venus and Adonis, that "Venus was given the suasoria and became the wooer" ("Introduction" 10). It is now the male that is helpless. Our "heroes" are helpless young boys in peril of succumbing to the amorous advances of "froward" female figures.3) As Venus and Diana figure prominently in these poems, and as they strongly symbolize the queen, we may imagine in these poems a space sequestered for Elizabeth's subjects who were neither too close to, nor too far from her grace--not close enough to enjoy her trust, nor too far enough to avoid her anger. The Elizabethan court was a site of volatile power formations and reformations. The peerage, that up till the reign of Mary had enjoyed considerable royal attention, had lost much ground to lesser nobles in the court.4) The nobilitas minor, the new nobility not in the ranks of the peers, were equally insecure, inasmuch as their prosperity depended almost wholly on the queen's favor. Dympna Callaghan says of the courtier that he was by necessity effeminate:

『실낙원』 강의 준비의 실제 문제들

서홍원 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2005 중세근세영문학 Vol.15 No.1

Preparing for a course in Paradise Lost involves several considerations, the first of them being external conditions pertaining to the class, such as the objective of the course (whether to teach Paradise Lost as literature or as a theological narrative), the composition of the student group (whether English majors or not), the level of the course (whether undergraduate or graduate, for instance), etc. Once these factors are established, the next steps would be the choice of texts and textbooks in designing the syllabus. In Korea, the most widely available textbook for Paradise Lost for undergraduates are the Norton and Longman anthologies, whose selections of the epic vary, depending not only on the publisher but also on whether the textbook is a compacted version or not. In the case of compacted versions, which are becoming more and more popular in Korea, the selection of the epic available to us limits the way we can approach the poem. On top of these, the kinds of approaches we wish to follow (whether religious, political, feminist, etc.) will have final bearing on the selection and positioning of the selected parts of Paradise Lost. In the final part of this paper, I present a proposal for a change in syllabus for a survey course, in which I try to incorporate Milton's original intention: the justification of the ways of God to men. The changes in approach and text will serve, hopefully, to show not a model syllabus but the actual considerations involved in preparing for a syllabus to a specific course with a specific goal.

Effect of pertussis toxin pretreated centrally on blood glucose level induced by stress

서홍원,심윤범,박수현,Naveen Sharma,임현주,홍재승 대한약리학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.20 No.5

In the present study, we examined the effect of pertussis toxin (PTX) administered centrally in a variety of stress-induced blood glucose level. Mice were exposed to stress after the pretreatment of PTX (0.05 or 0.1 mg) i.c.v. or i.t. once for 6 days. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after stress stimulation. The blood glucose level was increased in all stress groups. The blood glucose level reached at maximum level after 30 min of stress stimulation and returned to a normal level after 2 h of stress stimulation in restraint stress, physical, and emotional stress groups. The blood glucose level induced by coldwater swimming stress was gradually increased up to 1 h and returned to the normal level. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with PTX, a Gi inhibitor, alone produced a hypoglycemia and almost abolished the elevation of the blood level induced by stress stimulation. The central pretreatment with PTX caused a reduction of plasma insulin level, whereas plasma corticosterone level was further up-regulated in all stress models. Our results suggest that the hyperglycemia produced by physical stress, emotional stress, restraint stress, and the cold-water swimming stress appear to be mediated by activation of centrally located PTXsensitive G proteins. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX appears to due to the reduction of plasma insulin level. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX was accompanied by the reduction of plasma insulin level. Plasma corticosterone level up-regulation by PTX in stress models may be due to a blood glucose homeostatic mechanism.

Phonotactic Adaptation in Loanwords: Insertion vs. Deletion

서홍원 대한언어학회 2016 언어학 Vol.24 No.3

Seo, Hongwon. (2016). Phonotactic Adaptation in Loanwords: Insertion vs. Deletion. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 24(3), 37-62. The goal of this paper is to investigate what repair strategies can be employed when an illegitimate cluster is adapted into a language which lacks complex margins and how a typology can be dealt with within the framework of the Optimality Theory. Vowel insertion is cross-linguistically preferable over consonant deletion. This tendency is well supported by TCRS (Paradis & LaCharité 1997), but if more than one repair is necessary, deletion inevitably happens depending on perceptual salience and similarity. Concerning the position of vowel insertion, three types are all observed in loanword adaptation: only prothesis, only anaptyxis, and a mixed pattern. For the OT analysis, the ranking permutation between SYLLCON and CONTIGUITY can account for such an asymmetrical typology, in combination with some markedness constraints to comply with phonological restrictions.

An Aspect of Flapping in American English

서홍원 대한영어영문학회 2020 영어영문학연구 Vol.46 No.3

Seo, Hongwon. “An Aspect of Flapping in American English.” Studies in English Language & Literature 46.3 (2020): 321-340. The goal of this paper is to investigate how flapping occurs in American English and to analyze under the framework of Optimality Theory. Flapping as one of consonant lenitions is rule-governed and can be dealt with respect to ambisyllabicity, whereby the consonant is treated as simultaneously behaving as the coda of the preceding syllable and as the onset of the following syllable. Coronal stops can be obligatorily or optionally flapped in word-final and word-initial positions as well as the word-internal position. Flapping in word-final and word-initial /t/s can operate irrespective of stress of neighboring vowels. Word-final /t/ is realized as a flap when immediately followed by a vowel, while word-initial /t/ flapping is confined to only a few words which undergo enclisis. The asymmetries between word-final and word-initial cases are closely related to the positional faithfulness, that segments in unprivileged positions are the target of phonological processes. In particular, flapping in word-initial happens when a prosodic word is newly postulated via enclisis based on the default condition that function words are subject to be encliticized to a preceding word. (Chonbuk National University)

Some Aspects on Korean Blends: An Optimality-theoretic Analysis

서홍원 대한언어학회 2013 언어학 Vol.21 No.3

This study aims to provide some aspects of Korean blends within the framework of Correspondence Theory. In spite of its productive and systematic characteristics, fewer interests have relatively been given to the analyses of blends in Korean. In the previous studies, blending is largely categorized into two groups: overlapping and non-overlapping blends. However, we found the distinction of two kinds of blends does not play a salient role in our analysis. In order to derive the optimal output, we divide constraints into the undominated and dominated ones. Of the undominated constraints, MinContrib entailing Blend= MinWord requires that at least one syllable of each base word should be involved in creating blends for the purpose of increasing the recoverability of bases. In addition, Align(BW, BW(σ)) forces a switch point to be located at the syllable boundary. Finally, since the overall length of the blend should be identical to that of the longer base, in our analysis Max-σ and Dep-σ are gradiently counted based on Bat-El's suggestion (1996).

Adaptation of English Liquids into Korean

서홍원 신영어영문학회 2014 신영어영문학 Vol.58 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze some phonological aspects related to the adaptation of English liquids into Korean within the framework of Optimality Theory. In particular, this study provides the asymmetric strategies employed to comply with Korean phonological systems depending on the position of liquids. That is, English loanwords are not affected by the constraint, *Onset/Liquid-s1 requiring a liquid should not occur in word-initial position, but meet the constraint, SyllCon that sonority over a syllable boundary should be flat or falling. Considering this peculiar characteristic of loanwords, loanword phonology should be dealt with within a different stratum from other Korean lexicons. When English liquids are loaned into Korean where only one liquid phoneme exists, [l] is licensed as a moraic position in a coda while [r] occurs in an onset. In order to account for dissimilar distribution, constraint *non-moraic-l plays a crucial role in selecting an optimal output. Finally, liquid variations such as a geminate [i] and a singleton [r] in intervocalic position can be dealt with by two different ranking hierarchies with respect to Ident-IO(Lateral) and Dep-IO.

The Increases of Proenkephalin A mRNA Levels and the Secretion of $[Met^{5}]-Enkephalin$ Induced by Long-term Stimulation with Nicotine are Mediated by a Lipoxygenase Pathway in Bovine Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells

서홍원,김영희,Suh, Hong-Won,Kim, Yung-Hi The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1993 대한약리학잡지 Vol.29 No.2

소 부신수실 크롬친화성 세포(BAMC)에서 $[Met^5]-enkephalin$ (ME)의 분비와 Proenkephalin A (proENK) mRNA의 함량에 대한 nicotine의 영향과 이에 대한 indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid(NDGA) 및 captopril의 작용을 연구하였다. 10 uM Nicotine으로 BAMC 세포를 장기간 자극시 proENK mRNA의 함량과 배양액으로의 ME 분비가 유의하게 증가하였다. BAMC 세포를 NDGA(lipoxygenase 억제제, 10 uM), indomethacin (cyclooxygenase 억제제), captopril (angiotensin 변환효소 억제제)만으로 처리시에는 ME 분비와 proENK mRNA의 함량에 영향이 없었다. Nicotine에 의한 ME 분비와 proENK mRNA 함량의 증가는 NDGA에 의하여 억제되었다. 그러나 indomethacin과 captopril은 nicotine의 작용에 대하여 아무 영향이 없었다. 이들 결과는 nicotine에 의한 ME 분비와 proENK mRNA 함량의 증가가 부분적으로 lipoxygenase 경로에 의해 매개되며, cyclooxygenase 및 내재성 renin-angiotensin 경로는 관련되지 않음을 나타낸다. The effect of nicotine on the secretion of $[Met^{5}]-enkephalin$ (ME) in addition to proenkephalin A (proENK) mRNA levels and effects of indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and captopril on nicotine-induced responses were studied in bovine adrenal medullary chromaffrin (BAMC) cells. Long-term exposure of BAMC cells to nicotine at a concentration of $10{\mu}M$ significantly increased proENK mRNA level and the secretion of ME into the medium. Treatment of BAMC cells with NDGA (a lipoxygenase inhibitor, $10{\mu}M$), indomethacin (a cycloooxygenase inhibitor) or captopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) alone did not affect ME secretion and proENK mRNA levels. The pretreatment of BAMC cells with NDGA inhibited the increased ME secretion and proENK mRNA level induced by nicotine. However, indomethacin and captopril did not affect nicotine-induced responses. Our results indicate that neuronal regulations of ME secretion and proENK mRNA level induced by nicotine in BAMC cells are in part mediated by a lipoxygenase-but not cyclooxygenase-and endogenous renin-angiotensin pathway.

A Study on /h/-deletion in Korean

서홍원 대한언어학회 2014 언어학 Vol.22 No.2

The goal of this paper is to investigate some aspects of /h/-deletion in Korean within the framework of Optimality Theory. Although many studies have been conducted regarding /h/-deletion in Korean phonology, some problems have not been satisfactorily solved until now. In particular, /h/ can be optionally deleted intervocalically in h-regular stems, while /h/ must be deleted obligatorily in h-irregular stems. For instance, only [noramyən], rather than *[norahɨmyən] is a possible form irrespective of any speech rate; however in case of h-regular stems, three forms such as [cohɨmyən], [coɨmyən], and [co:myən] can be attested depending on the speech rate. In order to account for two different asymmetries, we approach the analysis for /h/-deletion by positing two different underlying structures and by ranking combinations of constraints. This study has more explanatory advantages than the previous analyses, in that a few alternants of h-regular verbs can be dealt with by the proper constraint ranking hierarchy within the framework of OT and the limitations of the constraint, *vhv governing the fact that intervocalic /h/ is not allowed, can be overcome by positing the different underlying structures.