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서기원 한국국제농업개발학회 1989 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.1 No.1
The history of agricultural emigration is quite long. However, it was not until nineteenth century when the emigration was realized extensively and intentionally under the government initiative. The United Kingdom had secured the largest colony in the world, because the colony of U.K. consisted of countries which had extensive land with small population as Canada, Australia, Burma and Malaysia except India. So the U.K. at that time had to induce foreign immigration in large numbers. The feature of U.K. s migration policy is classified into two types as follows. The first is to let the British emigrate to colonial countries. The second is to let the colonial people emigrate to other colonial countries. The former can be explained in the case of Canada and Australia. The latter case was the emigration from India to Burma, Malaysia, etc. in order to secure farm workers. We can take Fiji as the latter type of immigration. The immigrants were mostly farmers. They worked at sugar plantations and contributed to agricultural development of Fiji. The inhabitants of Fiji consist of Indian, native Fijian, Chinese, Australian and others. Indian and native Fijian accounts for 50.2% and 44.7% of present Fijian population respectively. Consequently, it seems that the Indian will be a dominant race rather than the other races in Fiji in the future. On this point. Fiji may be a typical case that the agricultural immigrants came to dominate the whole country. On the other hand the immigrants to Canada were mostly British. The British immigrants account for 45%, the French 29% and Asian more than 10% of recent Canadian. Canadian has accepted agricultural immigration and favored investment immigration recently because the country had extensive land with very small population. From this viewpoint. Canada may be the most eligible country to us to emigrate for farming. It had been difficult for Asian to emigrate to Canada because of racial discrimination by the end of 1950's. But Canada could not but abolish racial discrimination and accept many Asian immigrants from the 1960's for shortage of labor force. Consequently the percentage of Asian emigrants to Canada increased rapidly in 1980's. For many countries in South America, especially Argentina and Brazil had many agricultural immigrants which were second to Canada. These two countries accepted white immigrants in nineteenth century due to the lack of labor force to cultivate the broad land. But the number of agricultural immigrants did not come up to their expectations because there were more immigrants for industry and commerce than that of agriculture. Perceiving the above situation, Japan started its emigration to Brazil intentionally and systematically in 1908. Japan had long planned to emigrate to overseas because of small land with many population. Regrading Brazil as the most eligible country to emigrate, Japan had propelled the agricultural emigration program. We need to pay, attention to the emigration program of Japan which had the following characteristic. When they selected emigrants, they encouraged to make a group composed of diverse occupations such as farm workers, doctors, teachers, etc., and this enables them to reside in same area and make one community by themselves. Furthermore, the Government of Japan extended sufficient financial support for the settlement of emigrants and provided them with cooperative training in advance, which was very helpful for them to engage in agriculture continuously. The Japanese emigration contributed to the agricultural development of Brazil through the introduction of new crop to Brazil and development of breeding of new varieties in farming as well. These were the main factors to the success of Japanese emigration and acquirement of confidence from the government of Brazil. On the contrary, the agricultural emigration program supported by the Korean Government during 1960's and 1970's failed to get confidence from the Government of Brazil for the lack of those considerate mea sures like Japan, thus the agricultural emigrants preferred non agricultural activities afterwards to engaging in agriculture. However, we need to note that the countries which have lots of virgin soil are still waiting for foreign immigrants and emigration program in every country starts from agriculture in developing stage. The United States put emphasis on agricultural sector when they began to accept immigration in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, while Australia remains as one of the countries offering to accept agricultural immigration. Most of African counties are trying to develope agricultural sector asking for more foreign aids from developed countries. In Korea, whose agricultural technology is at advanced level and the development of agriculture is confronted with difficulties, we will have to ruminate of the experiences and lessons of other countries when we consider the agricultural emigration to foreign countries.