영산강유역 전기 횡혈식석실 재해석

복문강,이성민 (사)한국문화유산협회 2023 야외고고학 Vol.- No.46

The purpose of this article is to review the first-made date, origin, and development of the early stone chamber with corridor in the Yeongsan river basin in the 5th and 6th centuries based on the accumulated research results. First, I classified the early stone chamber with corridor in the Yeongsan river basin into three types(Ⅰ2·Ⅱ1·Ⅱ2) by combining the shape of construction of the lowest floor stone and the planar form and classified the periodical transition into four periods based on the release of the highest prestige items and the combination of some of the artifacts excavated together. Next, as some researchers pointed out, there is a lack of archaeological data showing the connection between the early stone chamber with corridor in the Yeongsan river basin and the stone chamber with corridor in Kyusu(九州) area. In particular, the use of large size building stone and door-shaped entrances, which were pointed out as important grounds in previous studies related to the origin, were confirmed in the Baekje stone chamber of Hanseong period, and the similarity with the Baekje stone chamber of Hanseong period was observed in the order of construction of the lowest floor stone. Finally, the development of the early stone chamber with corridor in the Yeongsan river basin is as follows. In the phase I, highest prestige items of Baekje are buried, but only a small number of stone chambers are built in the core area of the Yeongsan River basin. As a result, the stone chamber was adopted by some of the core groups of the Yeongsan River basin, which had a certain relationship with Baekje during the phase I. In the phase Ⅱ, the stone chamber type was dualized locally, and the keyhole-shaped burial mound influenced by Japan was built, while the opening of the area influenced by the indigenous Yugong mine and Baekje was accompanied. Although Baekje's influence on the Yeongsan River basin expanded, the indigenous group of the Yeongsan River basin played a significant role in the relationship between Baekje and the Japanese archipelago, and it is estimated that various tomb cultures appeared in the process. In the phase Ⅲ, the regionally dualized construction pattern was maintained, but the appearance of clustered tombs were confirmed, the baekje pottery such as Tripod and Bottle were excavated. Based on this, it is estimated that the influence of Baekje was gradually strengthened in the phase Ⅲ. In the phase IV, the expansion of the clustered tombs around the Yeongsan River downstream area the burial artifacts have been simplified like the Baekje tombs of the same period was observed. At the same time, the indigenous multi-buried manners was maintained around the middle of the Yeongsan River and the coffin loops were excavated in the keyhole-shaped burial mound. In this respect, it can be assumed that Baekje's influence on the Yeongsangang River basin was further deepened, but there were some groups that maintained their identity even in the phase IV. 본 연구의 목적은 현재까지의 고고학 조사성과를 바탕으로 5~6세기동안 영산강유역에 축조된 전기 횡혈식석실의 형식분류와 편년을 새롭게 하고, 이를 바탕으로 기원과 전개양상을 재검토하는 것이다. 먼저 필자는 영산강유역 전기 횡혈식석실을 최하단석의 축석형태와 평면형태를 조합하여 세형식(Ⅰ2 .Ⅱ1 .Ⅱ2)으로 분류하였고, 최상위 위세품과 빈번하게 출토되는 일부 유물의 조합양상을근거로 그 시기적 변천을 네 시기(Ⅰ~ Ⅳ)로 구분하였다. 다음으로 일부 연구자가 지적한 바 있는 영산강유역 전기 횡혈식석실과 (북부) 구주지역 석실간 구조 분석을 통해 연관성이 낮다는 점이 확인되었다. 특히 기원과 관련한 기존 연구에서 중요근거로 지목된 요석의 사용과 문틀식 입구 등이 한성기 백제석실에서도 확인되었고 최하단석의축석형태에서도 한성기 백제석실과의 유사성을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 필자는 영산강유역전기 횡혈식석실의 기원을 기존 연구에서 지목한 (북부) 구주지역 석실이 아닌 한성기 백제석실로판단하였다. 마지막으로 상기와 같은 결과를 토대로 영산강유역 전기 횡혈식석실의 전개를 살펴보면 다음과같다. Ⅰ기에는 다양한 백제 위세품이 부장되지만 토착적인 다장습속과 영산강유역의 거점 지역에한정하여 소수의 석실이 축조되는 점에서 백제와 일정한 관계를 맺었던 영산강유역 내 일부유력집단에 의해 석실이 채용된 것으로 여겨진다. Ⅱ기에는 지역적으로 석실 형식의 이원화가이루어지고 일본의 영향을 받은 전방후원형분이 축조되는 한편 토착적인 유공광구소호와 백제의영향을 받은 개배가 공반되는 점에서 영산강유역에 대한 백제의 영향력이 확대되는 동시에영산강유역의 토착집단이 백제-일본열도의 관계에서 상당한 역할을 수행했으며 그 과정에서영산강유역만의 다채로운 고분문화가 형성된 것으로 판단된다. Ⅲ기에는 군집화된 고분군의등장과 함께 백제토기인 삼족기와 병형토기의 부장을 통해 백제의 영향력이 점진적으로 강화된것으로 추정된다. Ⅳ기에는 영산강 하류역을 중심으로 군집화된 고분군의 확대와 동시대의백제처럼 부장유물의 박장화가 관찰되는 동시에 영산강 중류역을 중심으로 토착적인 다장습속과전방후원형분의 축조가 유지되는 점에서 해당 시기에 이르러 영산강유역에 대한 백제의 영향력이한층 심화되는 동시에 여전히 지역적 독자성을 유지한 일부 집단 역시 존재하였던 것으로 볼 수있다.

백제 한성기 횡혈식석실분의 전개

복문강 한국문화유산협회 2021 야외고고학 Vol.- No.42

이 연구는 백제 한성기에 등장하는 횡혈식석실이 웅진기 및 사비기 석실과 달리 다양한 형태가 공존하고 있어, 기존 백제석실의 형식분류만으로는 한성기 석실분이 지닌 고고학적 의미를 파악하기에 어려움이 있다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 한성기 석실을 구성하는 주요 속성 가운데 평면형태·배부름기법을 유의미한 속성으로 파악하였고, 이를 기준으로 ⅠA형식(평면 방형+직선형)·ⅠB형식(평면 방형+동장형)· ⅡA형식(평면 장방형+직선형)·ⅡB형식(평면 장방형+동장형) 등 4개 형식으로 분류하였다. 이와 더불어 한성기 석실 내 부장된 토기 가운데 출토빈도가 높은 원저호류·평저호류·광구호류·심발형토기에 대한 형식분류와 공반관계를 바탕으로, 한성기 석실 Ⅰ기(원저호류 중심 부장)·Ⅱ기(원저호류+평저호류+광구호 부장조합)·Ⅲ기(평저호류+광구호류 부장조합)·Ⅳ기(단경소호+심발형토기 부장조합) 등과 같이 네 시기로 구분하였다. 또 중국제 유물을 비롯하여 공반된 다른 유물들을 근거로 Ⅰ기를 4세기 중엽부터 4세기 후엽, Ⅱ기를 4세기 말부터 5세기 초, Ⅲ기를 5세기 전엽부터 5세기 중엽, Ⅳ기를 5세기 중엽부터 한성백제 멸망 시점인 475년까지로 비정하였다. 이처럼 한성기 석실분은 방형계 석실의 축조가 우세한 시기(Ⅰ기)에서 석실형식의 다양성이 증가하는 시기(Ⅱ·Ⅲ기)를 거쳐 권역별 차이가 뚜렷해지는 방향(Ⅳ기)으로 이행하였다고 여겨진다. 또 석실의 평면형태는 백제 중앙세력의 영향력과 밀접하게 관계된 것으로 추정된다. 즉 장방형계 석실은 백제 중앙세력의 직접적인 통제범위를 시사하는 물질자료라 추정되지만, 방형계 석실은 백제 중앙세력의 직접적인 통제보다는 어느 정도의 자율성이 보장된 관계를 의미하는 자료로 판단된다. 한편 석실분 출토유물에서는 토착적 성격의 토기가 공통으로 부장되는 시기(Ⅰ기)에서권역별 차이가 존재하는 시기(Ⅱ·Ⅲ기)를 거쳐 통일성이 극대화되어가는 시기(Ⅳ기)로 변화되는 점 또한 확인된다. This study started from the consciousness of the problem that it is difficult to grasp the archaeological meaning of the stone chambers tombs in the Hanseong period only by the former diachronic classification of the stone chambers in Baekje, because the stone chambers tombs with corridor appeared in the Hanseong period coexisted in various types unlike those of the Woongjin period and Sabi period. The stone chamber tombs in the Hanseong period found in the Midwest of the Korean Peninsula were classified into four types: type IA (square-shaped tomb with a domed ceiling and straight walls), type IB (square-shaped tomb with a domed ceiling and rounded walls), type IIA (rectangular-shaped tomb with a transformed form of a domed ceiling and straight walls), and type IIB (rectangular-shaped tomb with a domed ceiling and rounded walls). From the association that appeared from the notable pottery pieces among the artifacts, including round bottom-shape pottery, flat bottom-shape pottery, large mouth-shape pottery, and deep-shaped bowl, this paper found that the stone chamber tombs had developed over four periods: period I (round bottom-shape pottery artifacts), period II (a combination of artifacts of round bottom-shape pottery, flat bottom-shape pottery, and large mouth-shape pottery), period III (a combination of artifacts of flat bottom-shape pottery and large mouth-shape pottery), and period IV (a combination of artifacts of short neck-shape pottery and deep-shaped bowl). As such, it is believed that the stone chambers tombs in the Hanseong period have been moved from the period (I) of the square stone chamber tombs predominantly constructed to the direction (IV) in which the differences between regions become clear through the period (II and III) of increasing the diversity of the stone chamber‘s type. In addition, the plane of the stone chamber is presumed to be closely related to the influence of Baekje’s central forces. In other words, the rectangular stone chamber in the northern part adjacent to the central area of Baekje is presumed to be material remains suggesting the direct control range of Baekje’s central forces, but the square stone chamber in the southern region, located relatively far away, has a certain degree of autonomy rather than the direct control of Baekje’s central forces. In addition, it is confirmed that the artifacts excavated from the stone chamber tombs are changed from the period (I) when the potteries of indigenous character is commonly buried to the period (IV) when unity is maximized through the period (II and III) when regional differences exist.

한강유역 백제석실의 새로운 해석

복문강 충남대학교 백제연구소 2023 百濟硏究 Vol.78 No.-

The purpose of this study is to attempt the typology and chronology of the Baekje stone chambers in the Han River basin, including Seokchon-dong tombs and Garak-dong, Bangi-dong tombs in Seoul, and to examine the nationality of Garak-dong, Bangi-dong tombs and the deployment of Baekje stone chambers in the Han River basin. First of all, I classified the Baekje stone chamber in the Han River basin into seven types according to the shape of the lowermost stone, the application of the Baebureum technique, and the planar form, and divided the Baekje stone chamber in the Han River basin into four periods based on the prestige goods such as Chinese-made porcelains and Baekje-made gilt-bronze shoes, and the combination of burial potteries in the Gamil-dong site in Hanam. Next, although the construction date of the No. 3 tomb of Bangi-dong was known after the 6th century on the base of the scientific analysis, when the Silla occupied the Han River. the angles of corner, the shapes of ceiling, and facilities of floor observed in this stone chamber are the same as those of the Baekje stone chamber in the Han River basin including No. 3 tomb of Garak-dong, It can be seen that the No. 3 tomb of Bangi-dong was built in in the Hanseong period of Baekje and then reused by groups unrelated to Baekje. Lastly, as a result of examining the deployment of Baekje stone chambers in the Han River basin, In the Ⅰperiod the same type of stone chambers were built in important bases such as Beopcheon-ri and Umyeon-dong, starting with the stone chamber No. 4 tomb of Seokchon-dong, Seoul. In the II period, there was a difference in stone chamber types between Songpa-gu, Seoul, which is the central graveyard of the Baekje central group, and other regions. This two styles stone chamber construction tendency is considered to be the result of hierarchical differentiation according to regulations of the Baekje central group. In the III period, the two styles of stone chamber construction is strengthened and the combination of pottery on Baekje central style is spread to a radius of 15 km from Mongchon castle. In the Ⅳ period, the tendency of the two styles stone chamber construction is deepened, and at the same time, the difference of the stone chamber type between the 15km and 30km radius of Mongchon castle is observed. In other words, it is estimated that the influence of the Baekje central group was extended to the radius of 30km from Mongchon castle and the influence of the Baekje central group was applied differently according to the physical distance from the Baekje central area. In addition, the fact that a new pottery combination consisting of a flat bottom shaped jar and a a short-neck shaped small pottery spread throughout the Han River basin is considered to be the result of materialculture assimilation under the leadership of the Baekje central group. As such, the stone chamber of the Han River basin spread to the provinces after being accepted by the the Baekje central group. In addition, the spread of the Baekje stone chamber in the Hanseong period can be seen as a result of Baekje, which was in a difficult situation in the confrontation with Goguryeo, actively utilizing the material culture represented by the stone chamber for the purpose of solidarity with the local influential groups in the south.

백제지역 무덤 용어에 대한 논의

최성락,복문강 한국상고사학회 2023 한국상고사학보 Vol.121 No.121

This study started with the problem consciousness that the concept of each terminology should be clearly established prior to research on Baekje tombs. Therefore, the concept of tomb (墳墓) and mounded tomb (古墳) were examined along with the problem of Bungumyo (墳丘墓), and a new classification and name were presented based on the research of Baekje tombs. First, the tomb was used as a collective term for all tombs, regardless of temporality and hierarchy, and the mounded tomb was named only for some tombs what hierarchy is clearly revealed after the middle of 3rd century. In addition, the tomb that appear from the middle of the 3rd century but are relatively low hierarchy was defined as Myo (墓), and tomb with high hierarchy was defined as Bun (墳). On the other hand, it was defined as Chong (塚) only in some tomb with large external facility that was stoned, reflecting their political stature. On the other hand, it was judged that the Bungumyo is difficult to use in Korean archaeology because there is a big difference in concepts used among researchers and regions, and also a difference from the concept used in Japanese archaeology. Next, Baekje tombs are classified based on the material, shape, and structure of the burial facility. First, it was classified into wooden, stone, brick, jar according to constructive material. Next, among coffin, outer coffin, and chamber, which are the shape of the burial facility, the outer coffin and chamber were clearly distinguished according to the existence of access facility, In addition, vertical style, corridor style, and open-enterance style were classified according to the structure of the burial facility. Lastly, the tombs with high hierarchy that appeared after the middle of the 3rd century, which is defined the mounded tombs (古墳) and high mounded tombs (古塚) were classified into wooden coffin mounded tombs (木棺墳), wooden outer coffin mounded tombs (木槨 墳), the stone lined mounded tombs with vertical style (竪穴式 石槨墳), the stone chamber mounded tomb with corrider style (橫口式 石室墳), the stone chamber mounded tomb with open-entrance style (橫穴式 石室墳), brick chamber mounded tomb (塼築墳). stone mounded tomb (積石塚), The tombs with low hierarchy were classified wooden coffin tomb (木棺墓), stone lined tomb (石槨墓), jar coffin tomb (甕棺墓), stone tomb (積石墓). However, tombs that have already been accepted universly, such as pit tomb (土壙墓), open-entrance tomb(橫穴墓), crematory tomb (火葬墓), pit tomb with the ditch (周構土壙墓) were named as they are used. In addition, as considering regional characteristics in the the Yeongsan river basin, the wooden coffins mounded tombs (木棺古墳) and the jar coffins mounded tombs (甕棺古墳) were named, and the tombs similar to the keyhole-shaped tombs of Japan should be named as the keyhole-shaped style mouned tombs (前方後圓形古墳).

부여 동남리 백제유적 출토 토층의 물리화학적 성질과 제작특성

김애라,이찬희,김란희,복문강 한국문화재보존과학회 2013 보존과학회지 Vol.29 No.3

이 연구에서는 부여 동남리 유적에서 발굴된 백제시대 개량 토층의 제작특성과 원료의 산지를 해석하였다. 토층은 크게 현대층, 백제층 및 하부층으로 구분되며, 백제시대에 조성된 토층은 일정한 시간적 단절에 따라 제1백제층과 제2백제층으로 구분된다. 토층은 하부로 내려갈수록 점차 색상이 어두워지며 광물의 함량이 높아지는 양상을 보였지만 층위별로 큰 차이는 없었다. 또한 층위에 관계없이 광물학적 및 지구화학적 특성이 상당히 유사하게 나타났다. 이는 동일한 기반암에서 풍화된 토양을 이용하여 축조하였음을 의미하며 유적 일대의 토양과도 유사한 경향성을 확인하였다. 그러나 입도분석 결과로 볼 때 제1, 2백제층은 세부적으로 모래의 함량이 높은 토양과 미사의 함량이 높은 토양을 반복 성토하여 토층을 조성한 것으로 나타났다.