조선 후기 관상감(觀象監) 입속자(入屬者) 연구

박권수 한국사연구회 2019 한국사연구 Vol.- No.187

Wancheon 完薦 (Recommendation and Permission to the Entrance) was the process of selecting young candidates for future officers of Gwansang’gam 觀象監 (The Office for Observation of Natural Phenomenon). In the late Joseon period, the Jung’in 中人 (Middle man) officers of Gwansang’gam started their career after permitted to entrance. After permitted to entrance, they had to pass the civil examination to became a formal officer and to reach high rank in the bureaucratic system in Gwansang’gam. The lists of permitted person are remained in the three of registration books which are housed in Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies. These are Samyeok’cheong wancheon’nok 三曆廳完薦錄 (Register book of Recommended and Permitted in Samyeok’cheong to the Entrance for Gwansang’gam), Bon’cheong wancheon’an 本廳完薦案 (Register paper of Recommended and Permitted in the administration office to the Entrance for Gwansang’gam), and Samyeok’cheong wancheon’an 三曆廳完薦錄 (Register paper of Recommended and Permitted in Samyeok’cheong to the Entrance for Gwansang’gam). These registration books include the list of permitted persons to entrance from 1742 to 1893, I analysis on the these three register of recommended and permitted to the entrance with references on the regulations of the process of wancheon included in Seowungwan’ji 書雲觀志 (White paper of Gwansang’gam) published in 1818, Samyeok’cheong’heon 三曆廳憲 (Regulation for the Three Calendars office) enacted in 1826, and etc. With this analysis, I show the making process of wancheon, and how was the change of wanchon process gradually in the late Joseon period. I also show that there was a tension between Joung’in officers and noblemans (confucian officers) such as Young’uyi’jeong 領議政 (Prime minister) and Jejo 提調 (manager). Joung’in officers made great efforts to keep the justice in the judgment of entrance, and not to lose their exclusive right on the selecting process of wancheon, where as the noblemans had interfered on the exclusive right of Jung’in officers with many request on the permission to the entrance of the person who had some acquaintance with them.

曆書와 歷史: 조선후기의 象數學的 年代記書와 時憲曆

박권수 동국역사문화연구소 2018 동국사학 Vol.64 No.-

In this article, I examine the tradition of cosmological chronology in the late Joseon period, especially focusing on the representative books of this tradition, Gyeongse-jijang 經世指掌 edited by Hong Gae-hee 洪啓禧 in 1758 and Hwangeuk-Ilwondo 皇極一元圖 published by Seo Myong-ung 徐命膺 in 1774. With this examination, I show that many kinds of knowledge from history, cosmology, philosophy, Xiangshu-xue 象數學, and astronomy were integrated in these two book. I also show the tradition of constructing chronology book was newly innovated and developed in these books with adding the part of calendar tables which were expected to predict the future events. The authors of these cosmological chronology books, Hong Gae-hee and Seo Myong-ung thought that the history and the cosmological change of civilization could be properly understood with the perspectives of astronomical knowledge. 인간의 역사를 우주론적 시간의 장구한 변화 속에다 배열하여 설명하려는 것을 ‘우주론적 연대기’라고 한다. 본 논문에서는 영조대에 편찬된 우주론적 연대기서인 洪啓禧의 『經世指掌』(1758)과 徐命膺의 『皇極一元圖』(1774)의 내용을 중심으로 조선 후기 우주론적 연대기서의 서술 전통을 살펴본다. 특히 『經世指掌』과 『皇極一元圖』에 이르러 소옹에서부터 신흠에 이르기까지 상수학적 차원, 혹은 역학적 차원에서만 전개되던 우주론적 연대기의 서술 전통이 시헌력을 중심으로 하는 천문학적 지식과 만나서 함께 결합하고 발전하였는지를 보여줄 것이다. 이를 통해 동아시아의 상수학 지식전통과 우주론적 연대기관념, 나아가 천문학 지식이 18세기 조선에 이르러 흥미로운 방식으로 교차하고 융합되는 모습을 보여주고자 한다.

규장각 소장 『攷事新書』에 대하여

박권수 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2010 규장각 Vol.36 No.-

In this paper, I exam the contents of New Guide to Miscellaneous Facts 攷事新書, and inquire into the editing course of this book in 1771 by Seo Myeong'eung 徐命膺 (1716-1787) and his fellow officers. With this examination, I insist that the New Guide to Miscellaneous Facts cannot be considered just as a revised version or enlarged version of Guide to Miscellaneous Facts 攷事撮要 which had published first in 1613 by Eo Sukgwon 魚叔權, but as a new version of a brief collection of miscellanies including information on everyday matters. For this purpose, I analysised and compared each section of New Guide to Miscellaneous Facts with Guide to Miscellaneous Facts. I also surveyed the four copies of New Guide to Miscellaneous Facts (Kyujanggak Document Numbers of each copies are 古5120-60, 奎6770, 一蓑古031-Se61g, and Garam古031-Se61g), and found out these four copies are printed in same time with movable metal type print. I assume that these four copies was printed in 1771 when was the year of first publication, and It was used the printing type of Court Printing Office casted in 1723 to print these copies.

孤山 尹善道의 山論 연구

박권수 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2015 한국문화 Vol.72 No.-

In this article, I examine the writings of Yun Seondo(尹善道, 1587~1671) related to the determination process for the site of Yeongleung(寧陵), the tomb of King Hyojong(孝宗). There remained five writings related to this process in Gosanyugo(孤山遺稿), Collection of Writings of Yun Seondo. It consist of two letters to Shim Jiwon(沈之源) who was in the charge of royal funeral of King Hyojong, one letter to Shim Kwongsu(沈光洙) who was Royal Secretary of King Hyeonjong(顯宗), one discussion writing on candidate sites for royal tomb, and one pleading letter against impeachment on himself. In the many literatures on the Korean history of Fengshui(風水), Yun was understood as he had insisted the province Suwon(水原) for the site of Yeongleung in the determination process, and as he predicted the movement of the Yeonglueng to the new site after fifteen years. With the examination, I show that this understanding do not accord with the writings of Yun remained in the Gosanyugo. He recommended the site of province Yeoju, near by the tomb of King Sejong(世宗) in first, and Suwon in second for the tomb of King Hyojong. He was misunderstood as a main advocate for Suwon from that times. I show that the letters sent to the Shim Jiwon and Shim Kwangsu had purpose on the explanation his exact position. I also show that we can not find any evidences for his prediction about the movement of the Yeongleung to the new site after fifteen years. I show that his images as an advocate for Suwon and predictor of movement of royal tomb were made after his death by the persons such as Hong Wuwon(洪宇遠), Heo Mok(許穆), and King Jeongjo(正祖).

서경덕의 자연철학

박권수 국제고려학회 서울지회 2007 국제고려학회 서울지회 논문집 Vol.9 No.-

Generally speaking, the Confucian scholars of Joseon did not pay much attention to natural science. Their main interests lied on the ethical establishment in human society and the enhancement of morality. However, some Confucianists studied specialized fields, such as astronomy, calender, harmonics and arithmetics. In this paper, the researcher is to introduce the whole aspects of the natural philosophy of Kyoung-Deok Seo, and evaluate its historical meaning and role, by analyzing Seo's writings and poetry which have not been noticed so far. Seo considers that everything is composed of Chi (spiritual energy). According to Seo, the seemingly empty room is not empty at all, but filled with unseen Chi. In other words, the empty place is not a "nothing at all." Thus, there cannot be any place without Chi from the very first. Seo defines the empty space as a dynamic place which is full of Chi, where everything is born and gone. In addition to Chi-ilwonlon, a theory regarding Chi as the root of everything, another main branch of Seo's natural philosophy is Sangsuhak. Seo considers that universal change can be understood completely regardless of time or space through Sangsuhak. This ultimately means the attempt to account for the natural changes in numerological dimension. The natural philosophy of Seo, consisting with the above mentioned Chi-ilwonlon and Sangsuhak, is believed to play a crucial role in making Joseon Confucianists believe in the "possibility of reasonable explanation to the nature."

서명응(1716-1787)의 역학적 천문관

박권수 한국과학사학회 1998 한국과학사학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This article aims to review the interpretation on the astronomical knowledge in terms of Yoˇk-hak易學(the Studies related to Yijing易經) articulated by the Confucians of the Chosoˇn朝鮮 dynasty through the study of Soˇ Myoˇng-uˇng徐命膺(1716-1787)'s works, and to discuss what significance Soˇ's interpretation on astronomical knowledge in terms of Yoˇk-hak had in the process of Chosoˇn Confucian's receiving the Western astronomy in the 18th century, which started from the 17th century. For this purpose, I had analyzed Soˇn-ch'oˇn-sa-yoˇn先天四演, Pi-rye-jun비예준, and Soˇn-gu-je先句齊, which show Soˇ's astronomical ideas. As many Confucians of the Later Chosoˇn dynasty had thought of astronomy as associated with Yoˇk-hak, they tended to associate the astronomical knowledge with the philosophical thoughts of their own. This tendency had it's origin in two major traditions: The one is Sang-su-hak象數學 of the Han漢 dynasty, through which Yoˇk-hak began to be related with the knowledge of Ch'on-mun 天文 and of U-ju宇宙, the other is Do-soˇ-yoˇk-hak圖書易學 or Uˇi-ri-yoˇk-hak義理易學 of the Song宋 dynasty which constitutes one of the major components of Neoconfucianism with speculations on the T'ae-guˇk 太極. Soˇ's interpretation on astronomical knowledge represents these traditions revealed in the 18th century Chosoˇn. In Soˇn-ch'oˇn-sa-yoˇn, Pi-rye-jun, and Soˇn-gu-je, Soˇ had interpreted most of the astronomical knowledge in terms of Yok-hak, including Western astronomical knowledge. For example, he supported Chi-won-soˇl地圓設(the idea of the roundness of the earth) by using Ha-do河圖 and Nae-do內圖 of Soˇn-ch'oˇn-bang-won-do先天方圓圖, and he also interpreted Dong-suˇng-ji-ch'a同升之差 belonging to the specific knowledge of Yoˇk-poˇp曆法, as the arrangement of Ship-i-byoˇk-kwae十二壁卦 or P'al-sun-kwae八純卦 represented in the Soˇn-ch'oˇn-bang-won-do. Moreover, he proposed new Kwae-gi-soˇl卦氣設 which assigned some Kwae卦 of the Soˇn-ch'oˇn-bang-won-do to the weather of the each region of the earthly surface according to the latitude. It seems that Soˇ's Yok-hak-wise-interpretation intended to reduce the antipathy against the Western civilization, which prevailed over the intellectual environment of the Chosoˇn dynasty in the 18th century. This antipathy stemmed from Chon-ju-ron尊周論, together with Hwa-i-ron華夷論. Soˇ tried to makes it easy to receive the Western astronomical knowledge by his interpretation. For this purpose, he used the "theory of Saint-origin of the astronomy" as his principal argument, which insists that Ch'oˇn-mun and Yoˇk-poˇp had been created by Saint Fu His伏儀. It was the "theory of Saint-origin of the Western astronomy" that Soˇ applied such theory to the Western astronomy transferred from the 17th century. I think that it was for the intellectual justification that he had tried to elaborate the interpretation on the Western astronomy in terms of Sang-su-hak象數學, and that it was for the historical justification that he adopted the "theory of Saint-origin of the Western astronomy". We can see his efforts of the above-mentioned intellectual justification in his remark that the Ch'e-yong體用 relation is coming into existence between Soˇn-ch'oˇn-yoˇk先天易 and Western astronomy.

조선시대의 장거리 육상교통 수단과 박제가의 수레론

박권수 한국공학교육학회 2010 Ingenium(人材니움) Vol.17 No.3

『保晩齋叢書』 속의 자연과학 지식

박권수 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2008 규장각 Vol.32 No.-

徐命膺 (1716-1787)은 英祖와 正祖의 치세기를 통해 왕실 및 국가차원의 서적편찬 작업을 여러 차례 주도하거나 참여했던 18세기 후반의 중요한 학자관료이다. 그는 또한 여러 분야를 아우르는 방대한 저술을 남겼는데, 『保晩齋叢書』는 그의 주요한 저술들을 모아서 편집한 문헌이다. 『保晩齋叢書』에는 經史子集의 분야를 포괄하는 13종의 저술들이 60권 31책으로 수록되어 있는데, 그 중에는 천문학과 지리학, 농학, 음악학, 연단술, 기술학 지식들을 다룬 저술들이 포함되어 있다. 하지만 이와 같이 여러 과학 분야를 포괄하고 있는 『保晩齋叢書』는 아직 연구자들에 의해 충분히 분석되고 있지 못하다. 이러한 문제의식에서 출발하여 이 글에서 필자는 『保晩齋叢書』를 구성하고 있는 과학문헌들을 하나씩 검토하여 그 전체적인 특징과 서명응의 저술의도를 보여주고자 하며, 또한 조선 후기 과학사에서 『保晩齋叢書』가 지니는 의미를 평가해보고자 한다. 우선 필자는 『保晩齋叢書』에 수록된 과학지식의 분량을 조선 후기 유학자의 여타 저작들과 비교해 봄으로써, 서명응의 『保晩齋叢書』가 조선 후기 유학자들이 저술한 문헌들 중에서는 최대의 과학문헌임을 주장하고자 한다. 또한 필자는 『保晩齋叢書』에 수록된 천문학 저술인 『髀禮準』과 『先句齊』, 지리학 저술인 『緯史』, 농학저술인 『本史』, 煉丹術 혹은 參同契學 저술인 『參同攷』의 내용을 구체적으로 분석하고 그 전체적인 특징과 서명응의 저술의도를 드러내고자 한다. 『保晩齋叢書』 전체를 통해 줄곧 견지되고 있는 서명응의 생각을 한마디로 말하자면 ‘고대 聖人들의 遺制와 文化’를 자신의 당대에 새롭게 복구하는 것이었다. 이러한 ‘고대 성인의 지식’의 회복을 통하여 당대의 문화와 제도를 새롭게 재구축할 수 있다고 생각한 것이다. 그런데 그는 이와 같은 고대 성인의 완전한 지식의 단서가 先天易과 句股法에 내포되어 있다고 믿었다. 이러한 이유로 先天易과 句股法에 관한 圖象과 이론들을 철저히 탐구한다면, 고대 성인들의 시절에 완비된 형태로 존재하였던 세계와 인간에 대한 온전한 지식을 얻을 수 있을 것이라고 생각하였다. 그리고 이러한 관점에서 『保晩齋叢書』를 구성하는 자연과학 저술에서 그는 줄곧 先天易, 先天方圓圖, 句股法 등의 용어들을 강조하였으며, 이들 도서들과 이론들에 대한 지식을 이용하여 천문학과 지리학, 농학, 연단술 등에 관한 지식들을 象數學的으로 해석하는 작업을 수행하였다. 이런 점에서 『髀禮準』과 『先句齊』, 『緯史』, 『本史』, 『參同攷』 등을 포함한 『保晩齋叢書』는 그 자체로서 고대 성인이 남긴 완전한 지식의 회복과 새로운 재구축을 향한 서명응의 노력을 담고 있는 저술이라고 말할 수 있다.

조선시대 관상감의 曆書 편찬과 인쇄

박권수 조선시대사학회 2020 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.- No.94

In this article, I examine the process of calendar publication, especially focused on the change of printing method used by Gwansang’gam 觀象監 (The Office for Observation of Natural Phenomenon) in the late Joseon period. The copy numberAssistant professor, Department of History, Duksung University of calendars printed in Joseon had increased rapidly up to 380,000 copies after 18th century. With this rapid increase, the printing method for calendar publication was changed. I will explain that many kind of calendar was published and different printing methods were used. I also get in to shape of the process for calendar publishing required more than 1 year in Gwansang’gam. With this explanation, I will show that the wood printing method was used for Ilgwa’ryok 日課曆 (Civil calendar) after 1724 from metal type printing used before. While other calendars like ephemeris for Chiljeon 七政 (Seven heavenly bodies, that is Sun, Moon, and Five planets) and Cheonse’ryok 千歲曆 (Calendars for thousand years) were still printed with metal types until 19th century. I will describe the details of technical aspects of this calendar publication in the late Joseon period. 본 논문에서는 조선시대 曆書(冊曆)의 간행 과정과 인쇄 방식의 변화를 살펴보고 있다. 조선시대에는 관상감에서 여러 종류의 역서를 간행하였다. 역서는 종류에 따라서, 그리고 시기에 따라서 다양한 인쇄의 방법이 사용되었고 또한 복잡하게 변화하였다. 특히 18세기에 접어들면 역서의 인쇄와 배포부수가 급격하게 증가하였는데, 본 논문에서는 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 유포되었던 日課曆의 발행부수가 어떠한 과정을 거쳐서 증가하였는지를 구체적으로 규명하였다. 일과력의 경우 1724년(경종4)을 전후로 활자에서 목판으로 전환되어 인쇄가 이루어졌는데, 목판 인쇄와 관련된 기술적인 문제들을 질문하고 해답을 찾고자 하였다. 논문에서는 역서 인쇄의 기술적 문제를 살펴보는 것과 더불어 조선시대 관상감에서 이루어진 역서 간행의 전체적 과정을 일람하여 보여주고자 하였다. 이를 통해서 향후 조선시대 인쇄문화 전반에서 역서가 차지하는 위치와 역할이 어떠하였는지를 생각해볼 수 있을 것이다.

조선 후기 왕릉의 세 길지(吉地)

박권수 대한지리학회 2015 대한지리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.11