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김기우,이인정,현재욱,이용훈,박은우 한국식물병리학회 2010 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.26 No.1
Staining profiles and bacterial morphology were compared in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri by a transmission electron microscopy. Four types of negative staining regimes were employed depending on culture media and heavy metal stains. The bacterial cells grown on LB agar media often appeared clustered on the supporting film. Meanwhile, individual bacterial cells could be readily found on the preparations from LB broth media. Typical rod-shaped cells (ca. 1 μm in length) and their flagella were observed in either 2% uranyl acetate (UA) or 2% neutralized potassium phosphotungstate (PTA) staining. The UA-stained bacteria often showed relatively intact cell morphology and rather positively stained cells with a thin electron-dense stain depth around bacteria. The PTA-stained bacteria were characterized by the wrinkled cell surface where the stain was entrapped in grooves. In addition, distinct electron-dense stain depth was evident around the PTA-stained preparations. Numerous fimbriae could be mostly observed from the PTA-stained preparations of the two culture media, but not from the UA-stained preparations.
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1주 연장근로시간 산정기준의 변경에 관한 검토 - 대법원 2023. 12. 7. 선고 2020도15393 판결을 중심으로
김기우 노동법이론실무학회 2024 노동법포럼 Vol.- No.41
여기서 검토한 판결은 기존의 연장근로시간 산정기준을 1일 8시간 초과하는지에서 1주 연장근로시간 한도인 12시간을 초과하는지로 변경한 최초의 대법원판결이다. 이에 종전 해석대로 판단한 원심판결과 대법원판결의 내용을 토대로 그 타당성을 검토하였다. 우선 노동자의 건강권 보호, 노동자의 여가, 소비, 자기계발 활동 등을 위해 보장되어야만 할 노동자의 근로시간 선택권이라는 측면에서 살펴보았다. 이에 앞서 사실관계를 명확히 하였다. 그리고 국제노동기구(ILO), 유럽연합(EU) 근로시간 지침, 독일 등에서의 법정근로시간과 연장근로시간의 의미, 우리나라 근로기준법에서 정한 법정근로시간과 연장근로시간의 의미를 파악하고, 이를 기초로 위 대법원판결이 타당하다고 볼 수 있는지, 아니면 종전 연장근로시간 산정방법에 따른 1·2심 판결의 산정방식이 더 타당한 것인지를 검토하였다. 그 결과에 따라 대법원판결의 문제점을 살피고, 대법원판결을 보완할 수 있는 우리나라 근로기준법 관련 규정에 대한 입법론을 제시하였다. The judgment reviewed here is the first Supreme Court decision to change the existing standard for calculating overtime hours from exceeding 8 hours per day to exceeding the limit of 12 hours per week. Accordingly, the validity of the original judgment judged according to the previous interpretation was examined based on the contents of the Supreme Court judgment. First of all, it was examined from the perspective of workers' choice of working hours, which must be guaranteed for the protection of workers' right to health, their leisure, consumption, and self-development activities. Prior to this, the facts were clarified. In addition, the meaning of statutory working hours and overtime hours in the International Labor Organization (ILO), the European Union (EU) Working Hours Directive, Germany, etc., and the meaning of statutory working hours and overtime hours stipulated in the Labor Standards Act of Korea were identified. And based on this, the above Supreme Court judgment can be considered valid, or whether the calculation method in the judgments of the first and second instance according to the previous method of calculating overtime hours was more reasonable. Based on the results, it was examined the problems of the Supreme Court ruling and was presented a legislative trial on the relevant regulations of the Korean Labor Standards Act that can complement the Supreme Court ruling.
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김기우,이인정,Chang Soo Kim,In-Yong Eom,Joon-Weon Choi,이돈구,Eun Woo Park 한국식물병리학회 2010 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.26 No.4
Resin flow, symptom development, and lignin biosynthesis in response to wounding and fungal inoculation were investigated in Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora. The two-year-old seedling stems were subjected to three types of treatments: (i) wounding without inoculation,(ii) wound-inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium circinatum, and (iii) pre-wounding woundinoculation with the fungus 20 days after the initial wounding. Resin flow from wounding sites was more evident in P. rigida than P. densiflora in all treatments. The wound-inoculation with the fungus induced almost two-fold higher levels of resin flow than the other treatments in both species. The pre-wounding woundinoculation appeared to result in a decrease in pitch canker development in the two pine species. Some reductions in disease severity were observed in the prewounding wound-inoculated P. rigida, showing a mean disease severity of less than 85%, compared with approximately 100% in the wound-inoculated stems. Disease severity was approximately 50% in the woundinoculated P. densiflora, whereas 10% in the pre-wounding wound-inoculated stems. Higher amounts of lignin were found from bark (ca. 40%) than from xylem (ca. 30%). The wound-inoculated bark and the pre-wounding wound-inoculated bark exhibited higher amounts of lignin among the other treatments. These results suggest that the wound-inoculation apparently prompt the increase in resin flow and lignin biosynthesis from the two pine species, and the prior wounding may be involved in decreased disease severity against the further invasion of F. circinatum
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Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages
김기우 한국미생물학회 2017 The journal of microbiology Vol.55 No.12
Prokaryotic microbes possess a variety of appendages on their cell surfaces. The most commonly known surface appendages of bacteria include flagella, pili, curli, and spinae. Although archaea have archaella (archaeal flagella) and various types of pili that resemble those in bacteria, cannulae, and hami are unique to archaea. Typically involved in cell motility, flagella, the thickest appendages, are 20–26 nm and 10–14 nm wide in bacteria and archaea, respectively. Bacterial and archaeal pili are distinguished by their thin, short, hair-like structures. Curli appear as coiled and aggregative thin fibers, whereas spinae are tubular structures 50–70 nm in diameter in bacteria. Cannulae are characterized by ~25 nm-wide tubules that enter periplasmic spaces and connect neighboring archaeal cells. Hami are 1–3 μm in length and similar to barbed grappling hooks for attachment to bacteria. Recent advances in specimen preparation methods and image processing techniques have made cryo-transmission electron microscopy an essential tool for in situ structural analysis of microbes and their extracellular structures.
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김기우 한국식물병리학회 2015 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.31 No.3
Interaction of the the rust fungus Puccinia miscanthi with the biofuel plant Miscanthus sinensis during the teliospore phase was investigated by light and electron microscopy. P. miscanthi telia were oval-shaped and present on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Teliospores were brown, one-septate (two-celled), and had pedicels attached to one end. Transmission electron microscopy revealed numerous electron-translucent lipid globules in the cytoplasm of teliospores. Extensive cell wall dissolution around hyphae was not observed in the host tissues beneath the telia. Hyphae were found between mesophyll cells in the leaf tissues as well as in host cells. Intracellular hyphae, possibly haustoria, possessed electron-dense fungal cell walls encased by an electron-transparent fibrillar extrahaustorial sheath that had an electron-dense extrahaustorial membrane. The infected host cells appeared to maintain their membrane-bound structures such as nuclei and chloroplasts. These results suggest that the rust fungus maintains its biotrophic phase with most mesophyll cells of M. sinensis. Such a nutritional mode would permit the rust fungus to obtain food reserves for transient growth in the course of host alteration.
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