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Preparation of Epoxy-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
김강열,이연식 한국공업화학회 2002 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2002 No.0
Epoxy-clay nanocomposites were synthesised using Na+<sup>-</sup>montmorillonite clay (119meg/100g) ion-exchanged with different alkylammonuim salts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the chain length and substituent of the salts on the synthesis and structure of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. The intercalation of epoxy resin into the galleries of the organo-clay was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The relation between d-spacing expansion of the galleries effected by the influence of alkylammonium salts and nanocomposite spacing was studied. XRD data for the epoxy-days indicated that non-exfoliated layers were also present in addition to exfoliated ones. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhancement of the thermal stability of the nanocomposites relative to conventional composites. It was found that the addition of only a small amount of organo-clay was enough to improve the mechanical properties of epoxy.
조미김의 HACCP 시스템 구축을 위한 생물학적 위해도 평가 연구
김강열,윤성이,Kim, Kang-Yul,Yoon, Sung-Yee 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.3
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to apply the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to the production of seasoned laver products. The hazard analysis examined microbial evaluations and developed a HACCP management plan through the heating process. Methods: In this study we chose three companies and performed the analysis thrice. During this study, general bacteria along with other food poisoning bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, E.coil, O157:H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were studied at varying temperatures from 100 to $300^{\circ}C$. Results: The presence of general bacteria was detected in raw laver in the samples analyzed from all the three companies, and the number ranged from $10^5-10^7$. Bacillus cereus was detected in samples from only two of the three companies analyzed. However, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E.coil, O157:H7, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were all negative. General bacteria was reduced to $10^5$ after being subjected to temperatures of $100-250^{\circ}C$, but heating to over $270^{\circ}C$ reduced the number to below $10^3$, and the other microbes such as Bacillus cereus were not detected. Conclusions: In conclusion, the heating process ($270-280^{\circ}C$) along with RPM of 100-1200 were identified as CCP to reduce biological hazards.
MLLR 화자적응 기법을 이용한 새로운 화자확인 디코딩 알고리듬
김강열,김지운,정재호 한국음향학회 2002 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.21 No.2
화자확인에서 사용되는 디코딩 방법에는 음성인식에서 주로 사용되는 비터비 알고리듬을 사용하여 왔다. 그러나 화자확인에서는 화자의 특성을 최대한 발휘하여 같은 음소라도 화자마다 다르게 인식해야 하는 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 화자확인 디코딩에서 사용하는 비터비 알고리듬을 대신하는 새로운 알고리듬을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리듬은 음성인식에서 사용되고 있는화자 적응 알고리듬을 화자의 특성에 따라 모델 파라미터로 변환하는 것을 응용한 방법이다. 본 논문에서는 여러 적응 알고리듬중 MLLR(Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression)과 MAP (Maximum A-Posterior) 적응 알고리듬을 사용하였고 제안된 알고리듬이 기존의 비터비 알고리듬을 사용하였을 때보다 평균 30%의 EER (Equal Error Rate) 향상을 이루었다. In general, we have used the Viterbi algorithm of Speech recognition for decoding. But a decoder in speaker verification has to recognize same word of every speaker differently. In this paper, we propose a noble decoding algorithm that could replace the typical Viterbi algorithm for the speaker verification system. We utilize for the proposed algorithm the speaker adaptation algorithms that transform feature vectors into the region of the client' characteristics in the speech recognition. There are many adaptation algorithms, but we take MLLR (Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression) and MAP (Maximum A-Posterior) adaptation algorithms for proposed algorithm. We could achieve improvement of performance about 30% of EER (Equal Error Rate) using proposed algorithm instead of the typical Viterbi algorithm.