도시묘지의 법제도적 유형에 관한 연구

기세호,백진 대한건축학회 2024 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.40 No.1

묘지는 언제나 중요한 도시시설이었지만, 현재 우리 도시는 한편으론 묘지를 극렬히 거부하는 동시에 다른 한편으로는 그 설립을 지원하는 양가적 태도를 보이고 있다. 특히 1969년 제정된 장사법 시행령의 22조 4항 1호는 도시묘지를 직접적으로 금지하였고, 이후의 도시묘지들은 이 금지규정을 우회함으로써만 설립할 수 있게 되었다. 이에 따라 현재 우리의 도시묘지는 위 규정을 우회하는 방법에 따라 아래의 6가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있으며, 본 연구는 이들의 특성을 관련 법령의 성격(직접적, 간접적)과 층위(지역, 용도, 형태, 설립주체 및 이용대상)에 따라 분석하였다. 첫 번째로 국립묘지는 장사법보다 우선 적용한다는 규정으로 인해 설립의 제약이 가장 적은 유형이다. 다만 국가시설이라는 특수성 때문에 신설보다는 기존 시설의 도시와의 관련을 확대할 필요가 있다. 두 번째로 일반 장사시설은 녹지지역에 한해 설립이 허용되어 있지만, 현실의 제약으로 실제 설립은 거의 불가능하다. 이 때문에 기존의 시설들을 재생하여 묘지 공간을 수급하는 방안을 고민할 필요가 있다. 세 번째로 묘지공원은 도시 수목장림 및 종교시설 봉안당과 함께 장사법 시행령 22조 4항 1호 가목의 예외규정에 따라 설립될 수 있는 도시묘지이다. 주로 공원녹지법에서 관련 내용을 규정하며, 도시묘지의 가장 대표적 유형으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 과거에 머물러 있는 설립 기준 및 그동안의 도시공원의 역할 변화로 현재는 제 역할을 하지 못하고 있기에, 주제공원의 하나가 아닌 생활권공원의 하나로 그 용도를 변경하는 것을 고려해볼 필요가 있다. 네 번째로 도시 수목장림은 숲과 자연을 보존한다는 취지를 살려 개발제한구역과 도시자연공원구역 안에 설립이 허용된 묘지이다. 다만 다양한 장점에도 불구하고 아직 사례가 적으며, 다양한 산림 프로그램과의 결합을 통해 도시와 좀 더 긴밀히 연결될 필요가 있다. 다섯 번째로 종교시설 봉안당은 건축법에 따라 도심 종교시설의 일부로 설립할 수 있는 묘지로서, 가장 많은 수가 설립되었다. 그러나 내부공간에 대한 형태적 기준 및 부가적 제약들에 대한 재검토가 필요하다. 여섯 번째로 개인가족 자연장지는 장사법 시행령 22조 4항 1호 나목의 예외규정에 따라 설립될 수 있는 유형으로, 최소한의 사적 도시묘지이다. 때문에 설립이 수월하다는 장점은 있지만, 도시시설로서의 의미는 약하고, 앞으로의 추이를 더 지켜볼 필요가 있다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 이상의 6가지 유형에 대한 고찰을 통해 앞으로 우리 도시묘지의 장기적 정착을 위한 시사점을 제시하였다. Cemeteries have always been an important urban institution. However, our cities exhibit a dual attitude, on one hand strongly opposingcemeteries, and on the other supporting their establishment. In particular, Article 22, (4) 1. of the Enforcement Decree of the Act On FuneralServices, enacted in 1969, directly prohibited urban cemeteries. Following this, the establishment of urban cemeteries became possible onlythrough approaches that circumvent this prohibition. Accordingly, our current urban cemeteries can be categorized into six types based onapproaches that circumvent this provision. This study has analyzed these types based on the nature(direct, indirect) and characteristics(area,use, form, establisher & user) of the related laws. Firstly, national cemeteries are the type with the fewest constraints on establishment,thanks to the provision of the Act On The Establishment And Management Of National Cemeteries, which takes precedence over the Act OnFuneral Services. However, owing to their uniqueness, there is a need to expand their relationship with the urban environment. Secondly,general funeral service establishments are permitted in green areas, but due to practical constraints such as resident opposition, theirestablishment is nearly impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to consider options for regenerating existing facilities to meet the demand. Thirdly, cemetery parks, established under the exception provision of Article 22, (4) 1. (a) of the Enforcement Decree of the Act On FuneralServices. They are regulated by the Act On Urban Parks And Green Areas and are well-known type of urban cemetery. However, theycurrently cannot fulfill their intended role due to outdated criteria and changed programs of the urban park. Hence, there is a need toconsider reclassifying cemetery parks as living-zone parks rather than theme parks, making them more accessible to the citizens. Fourthly,urban woodland burial sites are cemeteries established within development restriction zones and urban natural parks zones with the intentionof preserving nature. Despite their various advantages, there are few cases. Therefore, there is a need to connect them to the city through avariety of forest programs. Fifthly, charnel houses installed within religious assembly facilities are cemeteries that can be established as partof religious facilities in accordance with the provision of the Building Act. Although it is the most widely established type, there is a needfor formal standards for interior spaces and a reconsideration of unnecessary constraints. Lastly, natural burial grounds for an individual or afamily are the type allowed to be established under the exception provision of Article 22 (4) 1. (b) of the Enforcement Decree of the ActOn Funeral Services. While they have the advantage of being relatively easy to establish as private spaces, they lack significance as urbaninstitutions. By examining these six types, this study has tried to provide insights for the long-term settlement of our urban cemeteries.

도시묘지 관련 법제도의 변천 과정에 대한 연구

기세호,백진 대한건축학회 2023 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.39 No.9

도시에서 묘지의 배치는 그 장소가 갖는 의미로 인해 언제나 중요한 문제였다. 이 때문에 서구 도시의 묘지들은 근대화로 인한 갈등 과정에서도 도시에서 완전히 사라지지 않았고, 제도적 합의를 통해 묘지공원과 같은 새로운 모습으로 도심에 정착하였다. 그러나 우리는 식민지배, 전쟁, 독재 등으로 인해 도시묘지에 대한 제도적 합의를 이루지 못했고, 그 갈등 양상이 더욱 복잡해지며 현재까지 이어지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제의 해결을 위한 기초 작업으로서, 일제강점기부터 현재에 이르기까지 도시지역 묘지와 관련된 법제도 전체의 내용을 조사하였다. 일제강점기의 묘지규칙부터 최근의 공원녹지법 개정안까지 약 100년 동안의 묘지 관련 법령들을 '도시와의 관련성 하에서' 조사하였고, 그 성격과 층위를 기준으로 분석하였다. 그리고 그 결과, 1) 우리 역시 도시묘지 설립을 제도적으로 지원하는 방향으로 제도가 점차 바뀌고 있다는 것, 2) 그러한 변화가 장사법과 같은 직접적 법령보다 각종 간접적 법령의 매개를 통한다는 것, 3) 마지막으로 과거와 같은 봉분형의 분묘가 아니라 용도, 형태, 대상 등에서 다양한 특성을 가진 묘지들이 도입되고 있다는 것을 알게 되었다. The arrangement of cemeteries in urban areas has always been a significant issue due to the meaning associated with them. Because of this,cemeteries did not completely disappear from cities during the conflicts caused by modernization, and through legal and institutionalconsensus, they have found a new presence in urban areas in the form of cemetery parks. However, due to colonial rule, war, dictatorships,and other factors, we have been unable to achieve sufficient consensus on urban cemeteries. This conflict has become increasingly complexand persists until the present day. In this study, as an initial effort to address these issues, we investigated the historical changes of lawsrelated to urban cemeteries. By analyzing various cemetery-related laws spanning approximately 100 years, from the Regulation of Cemetery,Burial, and Cremation during the Japanese colonial period to recent amendments to the Creation And Management Of Forest Resources Act,we examined whether these laws directly or indirectly regulate cemeteries. Additionally, we investigated the characteristics of urban cemeteriesacross four layers: area, use, form, and establisher&user. We have become aware of three tendencies in this regard. First, there is a gradualshift in our laws towards providing institutional support for the establishment of urban cemeteries. Second, these changes are channeledthrough various indirect laws rather than direct laws. Third, there is an introduction of cemeteries with diverse characteristics in terms ofarea, use, form, and establisher&user. However, we have also recognized certain limitations. Some regulations from the past continue to exist,and due to the negative image of the cemeteries among the public, new legal restrictions and practical obstacles are arising. As a result, thelong-term settlement of our urban cemetery requires further observation from a broader perspective.

ZrO₂-Ti합금의 활성금속 브레이징

기세호,박상윤,정재필,김원중,Kee, Se-Ho,Park, Sang-Yoon,Jung, Jae-Pil,Kim, Won-Joong 대한용접접합학회 2012 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.30 No.3

In this study, active metal brazing methods for $ZrO_2$ and Ti alloy were discussed. To get a successful metal-ceramic bonding, various factors (melting temperature, corrosion, sag resistance, thermal expansion coefficient etc. of base materilas and filler metal) should be considered. Moreover, in order to clarify bonding between the metal and ceramic, the mechanism of the interfacial structure of the joints should be identified. The driving force for the formation of metal and ceramic interfaces is the reduction of the free energy which occurs when their contact becomes complete. Interfacial bonding depends on the material combinations and the bonding processes. This study describes the bonding between ceramic and metal in an active metal brazing.

상악 전치부 견인시 치근 흡수 발생양상에 관한 연구

기세호,차경석 단국대학교 치의학연구소 1995 논문집 Vol.7 No.1

This study was carried out in order to find out the pattern of the root resoptioin following maxillary incisor retraction after maxillary first bicuspid extration in maxillary protrusion patients. For this study, thirty two patient who received orthodontic treatment were chosen. The results were as follows; 1. Of the total 192 teeth, 61 teeth(31.77%) showed no apical root loss, 64 teeth(33.33%) fell into the class "slight", 46 teeth(23.96%) fell into the class "moderate". Only 21 teeth(10.94%) were classified as "excessive". 2. No correlation was noted between the amount of apical root loss and the types of tooth movement of the maxillary central incisors. 3. The patients who were treated with standard brackets had more change in tooth axis and less movement of root apexes, but the patients with straight brackets had less changs in tooth axis and more movement of root apexes. 4. Comparing the degree of root resorption between bracket types, patients who had used standard brackets showed more apical root loss than patients who had used straight brackets. 5. The most frequent degree of root resorption observed in standard bracket patients was second degree, followed by first degree and third degree. The most frequent degree of root resorption observed in straight bracket patients was zero degree, followed by first, second degree and third degree.

금속과 세라믹의 접합기구와 접합강도

기세호,정재필,김원중,Kee, Se-Ho,Jung, Jae-Pil,Kim, Won-Joong 대한용접접합학회 2014 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Bonding technology and bonding mechanism of metal to ceramic including brazing, diffusion bonding, friction welding and etc were reviewed in this study. Various factors should be considered from a bonding design step to acquire a good bonding joint because of a large difference between metal and ceramic in crystal lattice, coefficient of thermal expansion and various properties. In addition, metal and ceramic bonding technologies are constantly being developed according to precise components, multi-function and application to harsh environment. However, improvement of bonding properties and bonding reliability also should be accompanied. Bonding of ceramics, such as $ZrO_2$, $Ti_3AlC_2$ and SiC, to metals like Ti-alloy, TiAl and steel were described in this paper.

Through silicon via의 피치에 따른 Cu의 도금특성에 관한 연구

기세호,이순재,장영주,김원중,정재필 한국표면공학회 2014 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.5

Cu 전해도금을 이용한 TSV 충전 기술

기세호,신지오,정일호,김원중,정재필,Kee, Se-Ho,Shin, Ji-Oh,Jung, Il-Ho,Kim, Won-Joong,Jung, Jae-Pil 대한용접접합학회 2014 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.32 No.3

TSV(through silicon via) filling technology is making a hole in Si wafer and electrically connecting technique between front and back of Si die by filling with conductive metal. This technology allows that a three-dimensionally connected Si die can make without a large number of wire-bonding. These TSV technologies require various engineering skills such as forming a via hole, forming a functional thin film, filling a conductive metal, polishing a wafer, chip stacking and TSV reliability analysis. This paper addresses the TSV filling using Cu electrodeposition. The impact of plating conditions with additives and current density on electrodeposition will be considered. There are additives such as accelerator, inhibitor, leveler, etc. suitably controlling the amount of the additive is important. Also, in order to fill conductive material in whole TSV hole, current wave forms such as PR(pulse reverse), PPR(periodic pulse reverse) are used. This study about semiconductor packaging will be able to contribute to the commercialization of 3D TSV technology.

ZrO2-Ti합금의 활성금속 브레이징

기세호,박상윤,정재필,김원중 대한용접접합학회 2012 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.30 No.3

In this study, active metal brazing methods for ZrO2 and Ti alloy were discussed. To get a successful metal-ceramic bonding, various factors (melting temperature, corrosion, sag resistance, thermal expansion coefficient etc. of base materilas and filler metal) should be considered. Moreover, in order to clarify bonding between the metal and ceramic, the mechanism of the interfacial structure of the joints should be identified. The driving force for the formation of metal and ceramic interfaces is the reduction of the free energy which occurs when their contact becomes complete. Interfacial bonding depends on the material combinations and the bonding processes. This study describes the bonding between ceramic and metal in an active metal brazing.

활성금속 브레이징을 사용한 세라믹과 금속의 접합

기세호,허증봉,정재필,김원중,Kee, Se-Ho,Xu, Zengfeng,Jung, Jae-Pil,Kim, Won-Joong 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2011 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Active brazing of ceramic to metal is reviewed in this paper. As one of the key aspect in joint techniques, active brazing has been developed to simplify the manufacturing procedure of brazed joints between ceramic and metal. The active filler metal includes Ag-Cu-Ti series, Cu-Ti series, Co-Ti series and so on. The active filler metal which supplies the chemical bonds between ceramic and metal, enhances the wetting of filler metal on ceramic surface and eliminates the need for metallization treatments. The residual stress caused by difference of coefficient of thermal expansion between ceramic and metal, holds a direct influence on the bonding strength and even results in a fracture. Good joints of ceramic to metal promote the miniaturization and simplicity of electronic components with multifunction.

브레이징 온도 변화에 따른 ZrO2와 Ti-6Al-4V의 접합 특성

기세호,박상윤,허영구,정재필,김원중 大韓齒科補綴學會 2012 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.50 No.3

Purpose: In this study, brazing characteristics of ZrO2 and Ti-6Al-4V brazed joints with increasing temperature were investigated. Materials and methods: The sample size of the ZrO2 was 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm (thickness), and Ti-6Al-4V was 10 mm (diameter) × 5 mm (thickness). The filler metal consisted of Ag-Cu-Sn-Ti was prepared in powder form. The brazing sample was heated in a vacuum furnace under 5 × 10-6 torr atmosphere, while the brazing temperature was changed from 700 to 800℃ for 30 min. Results: The experimental results shows that brazed joint of ZrO2 and Ti-6Al-4V occurred at 700 - 800℃. Brazed joint consisted of Ag-rich matrix and Cu-rich phase. A Cu-Ti intermetallic compounds and a Ti-Sn-Cu-Ag alloy were produced along the Ti-6Al-4V bonded interface. Thickness of the reacted layer along the Ti-6Al-4V bonded interface was increased with brazing temperature. Defect ratios of ZrO2 and Ti-6Al-4V bonded interfaces decreased with brazing temperature. Conclusion: Thickness and defect ratio of brazed joints were decreased with increasing temperature. Zirconia was not wetting with filler metal, because the reaction between ZrO2 and Ti did not occur enough. 연구 목적: 온도 변화에 따른 ZrO2와 Ti-6Al-4V의 접합 특성에 대해 알아보기 위하여 새로운 브레이징 합금을 제조하고, 브레이징 온도가 접합 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 본 연구에서 사용된 시편으로는 실험용 ZrO2 모재(ZirBlank-PS, Acucera, Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Korea)는 소결 전의 블록형태(65 mm × 36 mm × 12 mm (t))이며, 이를 잘라 사포(#2400)로 표면연마 후 소결하였다. 소결된 ZrO2 시편의 크기는 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm (t) 이다. Ti-6Al-4V 모재(Ti 6Al 4V ELI CG Bar, TMS, Washington, USA)는 직경 10 mm × 5 mm (t)를 사용하였다. 소결된 ZrO2와 Ti-6Al-4V의 접합을 위하여 브레이징 합금을 제조하였다. 시편을 3군으로 나누어A군은 700℃에서, B군은 750℃에서, C군은 800℃에서 각각 브레이징 하였다. 브레이징 부의 두께와 결함율의 측정은 각 군당 하나의 시편으로 각 시편 당 5회씩 반복 측정하여 평균값을 취하였다. 결과: 브레이징 합금을 사용하여 진공 브레이징을 수행한 결과 ZrO2 와 Ti-6Al-4V 는 700℃ - 800℃에서 양호한 접합을 보였다. 브레이징 후 브레이징 온도 변화에 따른 브레이징 부의 두께 및 결함율의 변화는SEM을 사용하여 측정하였다. 브레이징 온도가 700℃에서 800℃로 증가함에 따라 CuTi 금속간 화합물 층 및 Ti-Sn-Cu-Ag계 화합물 층의 두께는 각각 4.5 ㎛에서 10.3 ㎛로, 3.1 ㎛에서 5.0 ㎛로 증가되었다. 또한 브레이징 온도가 700℃에서 800℃로 증가함에 따라 브레이징 접합계면의 결함율은 ZrO2 및 Ti-6Al-4V 계면에서 각각25%에서 16.3%, 5%에서 1.5%로 감소되었다. 결론: 브레이징 온도가 700℃에서 800℃로 증가됨에 따라, 브레이징 접합계면의 결함율은 ZrO2 및 Ti-6Al-4V 계면에서 모두 감소되었다. 이는 결함부에서 ZrO2와 활성원소인 Ti과의 반응이 충분히 일어나지 않아서 브레이징 합금이 ZrO2에 웨팅되지 않은 것이 원인이라고 사료된다.