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경제대공황기 브라운스 위원회(Brauns-Kommission) 활동에 대한 역사적 평가
권형진 한국서양사연구회 2009 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.41
The Great Depression that began in 1929 had a fatal effect on the Weimar Republic. The twenty-six-month-long tenure of Heinrich Brüning's Cabinet, which came into power in 1930 amidst rapidly rising unemployment, was a decisive moment in the fate of the Weimar Republic. However, the Brüning government's policies, which exhibited authoritarian practices through presidential rights of emergency, resulted in a failure. This paper is about the deflation policies of the Brüning government, which declared in 1930 that the "most urgent task of my policies is the reform of state finances" (die Sanierung der Finanzen als das Dringendste seiner Politik). The aim is to refute the thesis of Knut Borchardt, that the Brüning government had no choice but to choose the policy of deflation. In particular, by analyzing the activities and reports of the Brauns Commission, formed at a point when the failures of Brüning government's "dual policy" became apparent, I examine whether or not the Brüning government had an intention of creating jobs though the policy of financial deficit. The analysis of and solution to the economic situation of the period, as found in three reports of the Brauns Commission, are as follows. The first report recognizes economic situation of the period, especially the rapid rise of unemployment, and proposes the implementation of measures that can indirectly result in employment. A few examples are the creation of jobs by reducing the weekly work time from 48 hours to 40 hours and the ban on dual labor. The second report investigates in detail job-creating measures in various sectors but makes no suggestion on how to secure the needed budget. The third report examines various ways to resolve the finance problems of unemployment insurance, made difficult by the rise of unemployment. However, by analyzing the reports of the Brauns Commission, we cannot help but to doubt that the Commission fully recognized the economic situation of the period and adequately examined the possibilities. This leads us to ask whether the Brauns Commission was created to evade the political attacks faced by the Brüning Government confronted with a difficult economic situation. 4~6 months were thus wasted in the name of economic recovery. Along with the "size of the budget," a critical element in the success of job creation through public projects is "timing." Key words: Great depression, Heinrich Brüning, Dual policy, Brauns commission, Job creation policy
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영제국의 확장에서 뉴질랜드 식민이민의 성격 - 1차 대전 이전까지의 인구구성의 변화를 중심으로 -
권형진 이주사학회 2020 Homo Migrans Vol.22 No.-
In the 19th century, the British Empire developed into a greatest empire in the world. The British Empire was not a continental empire, but a loose empire composed of self-governing colonies(dominions) with independent governments based on a network connecting important naval and shipping routes, and colonies with a handful of officials and indigenous ruling powers dispatched from their home countries. However, in terms of ‘migration’, ‘British identity (britishness)’ and ‘identity of England (englishness)’, the colonization of Australia and New Zealand among British colonies is the persecution and slaughter of indigenous peoples and an immigration policy that focuses somewhat on England / Wales, Scotland and Ireland together: building a white society. At the end of the 19th century, urban areas such as Sydney and Melbourne were formed in Australia, creating an environment for immigrants, while New Zealand still did not develop into a large city in the early 20th century. It was not until 1910 that the total population of New Zealand exceeded one million. Therefore the impact of New Zealand's immigration policy was very limited. Until the World War I, the British Empire and the New Zealand self-government adhered to immigration policies that insisted only on British origin. Immigrants from Asian colonies in British Empires such as Chinese and Indians was thoroughly excluded and discriminated against. However, due to the high cost of immigration, anxiety about the future, and prejudice against climate and indigenous people, it was practically impossible for the English/Welsh, Scottish and Irish to decide on immigration. To solve this problem, the British Empire and New Zealand's self-government were providing assistance to British immigrants. Immigration support policies of the 1870s and after 1904 have made possible the greatest number of immigrants in New Zealand's history. After all, through the intensive influx of British immigrants through closed and racist immigration policies, New Zealand became the ‘most british’ colony before World War I. 19세기 들어 영제국은 거대 제국으로 발전했다. 영제국은 대륙 중심의 제국이 아닌 중요 항로를 연결한 네트워크를 기반으로 독자적인 정부를 갖는 자치령과 본국에서 파견된 소수의 관리와 토착 지배세력이 상당한 권한을 행사하는 식민지로 구성된 느슨한 제국이었다. 그러나 영제국의 식민지들 중 호주와 뉴질랜드는 ‘식민이주’를 중심으로 원주민들에 대한 박해와 학살, 잉글랜드/웨일스, 스코틀랜드와 아일랜드인 중심의 이민정책을 통한 백인주의(Whiteness) 사회 건설이라는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 19세기 말 오스트레일리아에 시드니, 멜버른과 같은 도시 지역이 형성되고 해외로부터 이민자들이 들어 올 수 있는 환경이 만들어진 반면 뉴질랜드는 20세기에 들어서도 여전히 대도시로 발전한 지역이 없었다. 전체 인구가 100만 명 선을 넘어선 것도 1910년에 가서야 가능했던 뉴질랜드의 이민정책의 효과는 인구증가라는 차원에서 매우 제한적이었다. 1차 대전 이전까지 영제국과 뉴질랜드 자치정부는 영국 출신만을 고집하는 이민정책을 고수했다. 영제국 내의 아시아 식민지에서의 이민은 철저하게 배제되고, 차별받는 존재였다. 그러나 비싼 이민비용과 미래에 대한 불안, 기후와 원주민에 대한 편견으로 잉글랜드/웨일스, 스코틀랜드, 아일랜드인들이 이민을 결정하는 것은 현실적으로 거의 불가능했다. 영제국과 뉴질랜드 자치 정부가 영국으로부터 이민자가 들어올 수 있도록 만드는 방법은 이민자들에 대한 지원이었다. 1870년대와 1904년 이후의 이민지원정책은 뉴질랜드 역사에서 가장 많은 이민인구가 늘어난 시기를 가능하게 만들었다. 결국, 폐쇄적이고 인종주의적인 이민정책과 지원정책을 통한 영국계 이민자의 집중적인 유입을 통해 1차 대전 이전에 뉴질랜드는 인구구성에서 가장 영국적인 식민자치령이었다.
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이제, 그 바다에는 고래가 없다! - 독일의 북극해 포경산업을 중심으로 -
권형진 한국독일사학회 2012 독일연구 Vol.- No.24
Whaling in the arctic regions began in the early 17th century following the discovery of Spitzbergen by the Dutch explorer William Barents. Before the German was dispatching whaling ships to the arctic sea, the British and Dutch were the dominant nations in the arctic whaling. German whaling in the arctic regions began by the Hamburg Ships of Johan Been in the year 1645 in a bay(Hamburg bay) of the west coast of Spitsbergen. In 1648 Christian Müller reported a whaling voyage of the ship ‘Schwarzer Adler(Black eagle)’ to Spitzbergen. He and Friedrich Martens, sailed to Spitzbergen in 1671, wrote of large number of bowhead whales they had seen in the waters of the Greenland. In 1669 already 37 Hamburg ships were on Greenland, especially in the waters of Svalbard. So began the German commercial whaling in the arctic seas and over the next two hundreds years whalers of Hamburg and Bremen had flourishing days. The whale population off the shore of Spitzbergen had been wiped out, forcing whalers to voyage into 'West Ice'(the pack ice off Greenland's east coast). And they had reached the Davis Strait. The sea around Greenland was a popular whaling ground for European and German whalers in the eighteenth century. Already in the year 1669 37 German whaling ships sailed off the coast of Greenland, 58 ships in 1678, and 43 ships in 1689. The Hamburg and Bremen sent more than 3,300 ships to the Greenland whaling between 1700 and 1789. About 7,900 right whales and bowhead whales they killed in those years brought them 357,270 quarteel(1 quateel=202kg) of blubber. Through the English Continental blockade during the Napoleonic wars, the German whaling was seriously damaged and could not recover. After 1815, German cities as Hamburg and Bremen began to equip their vessels. But their efforts remained sporadic and could no longer reach the pre-war level. In 1873 last German whale ship sailed to the Greenland. The technique used by the German and European fleets until the early 20th century was to hunt by having the ships dispatch small boats rowed by teams of men. A harpoon attached to a rope would be thrown into a whale, and when the whale was killed it would be towed to the ship and tied alongside. A grisly "cutting in" process would then begin in which the whale’s skin and blubber would be peeled off in long strips and boiled down to make whale oil. But around 1850 the Americans were becoming the world’s dominant whaling nation, and both they and the British were far ahead of other nations in technical development. In the USA and in England there was a greater demand for whale oil and sperm oil, for technical processes. Early harpoon guns were unsuccessful until Norwegian Svend Foyn invented a new, improved version in 1863. With this new harpoon system began the Era of the modern commercial whaling. Cannon-fired harpoons, strong cables, and steam winches were mounted on maneuverable, steam-powered catcher boats. They made possible the targeting of large and fast-swimming whale species that were taken to shore-based stations for processing. These highly efficient devices were too successful, for they reduced whale populations to the point where large-scale commercial whaling became unsustainable. Finally the dominant whaling nations as England and Norway sent their modern whaling fleets with whale catchers and floating factories to the antarctic seas just because there were no more whales in other oceans.
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권형진,진형종,김수언,이계준,서주원 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 1995 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.23 No.2
Streptomyces albus wild type ATCC 21838 produced salinomycin, polyether antibiotic. To clone genes related salinomycin production, a genomic library was screened using actI as a DNA hybridization probe. pWHM 210 was isolated, which contained an approximately 24 kb of insert DNA. A 3.8 kb region in the 24 kb insert DNA was hybridized to actI and the nucleotide sequence of this region was determinied. Two open reading frames found in the same direction were homologous to genes for $\beta$-keto acyl synthase/acyl transferase and chain length determining factor in type II PKS (polyketide synthase). The genes were components of minimal type II PKS genes, highly conserved and showed the strong simiarity to other type II PKS genes known today.
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