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강공언,전종남,김희강 한국환경보건학회 1996 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.22 No.4
Precipitation samples were collected by the wet-only event sampling method at Seoul from September 1991 to April 1995. Concentrations of samples for the ion components($NO_3^-, NO_2^-, SO_4^{2-}, Cl^-, F^-, Na^+, K^+, Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}$ and $NH_4^+$) were measured in addition to pH and electric conductivity. During the sampling period, 182 samples were collected, but only 163 samples were identified as valid. The pH, calculated from the volume-weighted $H^+$ concentration, was found to be 4.7, indicating a relatively intensive acidity compared with data from other regions of the world, where acid deposition was known to be a problem. Above all, the concentration of non-seasalt sulfate was $84 \mu eq/L$, which was the highest compared to that measured in other regions of the world. The major acidifying ions in the precipitation at Seoul were identified as sulfate and nitrate except for chloride, because the Cl/Na ratio in the precipitation was close to the ratio in seawater. If all of the non-seasalt sulfate and nitrate existed in the form of sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively, the average pH in the precipitation was calculated as 3.7, lower than the measured value. Consequently, the difference between the calculated and measured pH suggest that the acidity of precipitation was neutralized by alkaline species, not due to the low contribution of an anthropogenic air pollutants to the precipitation. The equivalent concentration ratio of sulfate to nitrate was 3.5, which indicated that the contributions of sulfuric and nitric acids to the precipitation acidity were 78% and 22%, respectively.
강공언,조기철,김희강 건국대학교 1995 대학원 학술논문집 Vol.42 No.-
Precipitation samples to investigate the chemical composition of rain water were collected at the two sites, Kangwha island on the western coast and Yangyang on the eastern coast, through March 1991 until February 1993. The anaIytical parameters were as follows: pH, electic conductivity, SO₄²-,NO₃-,Cl-, NH₄+,Na+,K+,Ca₂+ and Mg²+. The accuracy of the analytical results was checked by comparing the ratio of equivalent of cations to anions, and the ratio of the observed to calculated electrica1 conductivity. The volume-weighted mean pH was oh served 5.1 at both sites. A total of 59% and 45% of the samples at the Kangwha and Yangyang ranged below the volume weighted annual mean pH 5.1 at both sites. The monthly variation of pH vlaues exhibited a similar pattern at the two sites but the regional pH were generally higher at Yangyang than Kangwha. In comparison with the difference in the chemical compositions of precipitation samples between the two sites, the concentrations of Ca²+, NH₄+, NO₃- and SO₄²- were higher at Kangwha, but those of Mg²+, Na+ and Cl-were higher at Yangyang-Especially, Na+, Cl-and NH₄+ showed the much diffeFence of concentrations more than 1.5 times but K+ and H+ were about equal at the two sites. The abundance of cations in precipitation samples weTe in oTder of NH₄+>Na+>Ca²+>Mg²+>K+>H+ at Kangwha and Na+>NH₄+>Ca²+>Mg²+>K+=H+ at Yangyang, respectively. The abundance of anions were in order of SO₄²->Cl->NO₃- at Kangwha and Cl->SO₄²->NO₃- at Yangyang. Although both Kangwha and Yangyang are situated at coastal area, Kangwha appears to be dominant in NH₄+ and SO₄²- which contributed 43% to cation concentrations and 52% to anions but Yangyang Na+ and Cl-which contributed 41% and 48%, respectively. This suggests that the chemical composition of precipitation is different at two coastal sites collected precipitation samples. The contribution of seasalt to the ion composition of precipitation was founded to be 34% and 53% at Kangwha and Yangyang, respectively. This indicates that Yangyang which is situated in the eastern mast was more influenced by sea spray than Kangwha in the western coast. The concentrations of non-seasalt SO₄²- and NO₃-, acidifing components, derived from other sources except for seasalt we% 82μeq/L and 62μeq/L at Kangwha and Yangyang despite no anthropogenic source at the two coastal sites. From the above statement, it can be estimated that Kangwha has been affected by the transport of atmospheric pollutants emitted in source of other places. Although the concentrations of acidic component except for oceanic origin were higher at Kangwha than Yangyang, the acidity of precipitation were about equal at the two sites. From this result, it was estimated that the acids in precipitation have been neutralized by some cations, especially ammonia and calcium as major alkaline species observed high levels in precipitation samples.
강공언,신대윤 조선대학교 환경연구소 1992 環境公害硏究 Vol.9 No.-
In order to investigate the chemical components of acid precipitation at Seoul in Korea, the precipitation samples were collected by wet-only precipitation sampler from February 1991 to January 1992, and pH, electric conductivity(EC) and major water-soluble ionic components were analyzed. Significant negative linear correlations were observed between the rainfall amount and the major water-soluble ionic components in mg/l. The major water-soluble ionic components also correlated negatively with the rain intensity. Average value of volume-weighted pH was 5.09. The ionic abundance(μeq/l) in rainwater showed the general trend NH_(4)^(+)H^(+)>Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)>Mg^(2-)>K^(-) for cations and SO_(4^(2-))>NO_(3^(-))>Cl^(-) for anions. The contribution rate of seasalt to the composition of precipitation mere 15.7%. Ammonia and calcium species in rainwater are interpreted to have neutralized approximately 91.6% of the original sulfuric and nitric acids. Provided that the precipitation acidity originates primarily from sulfate and nitrate, sulfate was found to contribute about 74.9% of the free precipitation acidity.