전자적 대리인에 의한 계약성립의 법적 문제

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo) 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2007 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.7 No.3

The object of this paper is to discuss a legal issues on formation of contract by electronic agents. Electronic agents are a new emerging technology that allows for machine-to-machine contract formation. Agents equipped with a set of rules instructed by humans, and take decisions forming agreements in an autonomous way. In the future, electronic agents may truly facilitate electronic commerce by fostering a global and digital economy. However, for this to happen, the business community and consumers must first become comfortable with the phenomenon of electronic agent systems. In contrast to traditional contracts where the legal framework is built upon face-to-face transactions. Despite recent legislations on electronic contracting, there are no legislations governing automatic agent transactions except one preliminary attempt in the USA. Therefore, this article reviews the existing approaches and the existing legal framework. This study gives an overview of the existing legal issues and also of problems that are eminent to come. Finally, this article propose a solution about agents with the practice.

통상법,제도 : 전자상거래에서 전자대리인의 법적 문제점과 개선방안

우광명 ( Kwang Myung Woo ),조현숙 ( Hyun Sook Cho ) 한국통상정보학회 2011 통상정보연구 Vol.13 No.1

Computer technology has enhanced a new transaction between device or software not just between humans. It offers users agent-like functionality and becomes increasingly common. It`s roles diverse from gathering informations to automated trading. However, the use of new technology challenges to traditional legal systems and makes issues in adjusting the legal systems. Contract with electronic agents makes some issues such as whether the contract is enforceable or what principle`s responsibility about the operation of electronic agents is. This paper analysis these issues and provides some solutions. First of all, we should make a legal act or revise previous laws. It is better that new civil law establishes for electronic communications and approach the law of agency for attribution of the responsibility issue. Secondly, in practice, website such as shopping mall should provide the terms of conditions to bind a contract.

전자약식절차의 효율성을 제고하기 위한 시스템 구축방안 -문서자동작성 에이전트 프로그램과 의사결정지원 전문가 시스템의 구현을 중심으로-

양종모 ( Jong Mo Yang ) 한국법정책학회 2011 법과 정책연구 Vol.11 No.3

The E-government activity motivated and encourged changes in administrative and bureaucratic behavior. The advent of the electronic procedure era shows several signs of changes in korean legal practice. E-filing will be marching on quickly through the court. Civil procedure court systems have now moved almost entirely to e-filing, a process that lets lawyers file court documents over the internet. But E-filing in the criminal procedure are lagging. The KICS (Korea Information systems of Criminal Justice Service) enabled the defendant or the suspect to directly access, view the information of his case. The E-filing in the Summary Order Procedure is now available. But it is restricted to violation of the road traffic act only for DUI charge and driving without a valid license charge. When the Judicial police officer interrogates a suspect, the statement of a suspect shall be entered in the electronic protocol. The electronic filings shall be transferred to the relevant Prosecutor`s office on line. The filings can be sent to the criminal court on line, provided the prosecutor decide to institute a public prosecution. But the judicial police officer didn`t really welcome this system, because this process does not save much time. Those judicial police officers who have experienced e-filing found that it may only be slightly time-saving than traditional, but would mean troublesome. This article explores the legal issues raised in the E-filing in the summary order procedure. It Also proposes the Automated document writing system using the concept of Personal Assistant Agent and Decision Support System with the concept of Expert system. Expert System is systems that contain representation of knowledge which can be deployed in solving of given problems. It is more precisely, a type of Intelligent Knowledge-Based Systems are computer programs that have been constructed in such a way that are capable of functioning at the standard of experts in given fields. An Agent program is a piece of software the purpose of which is to help some human user-its master-to do a better job. An Agent is usually implemented as intelligent agent. It is used to help its master to do one particular task. The agent must construct and maintain models to record the user`s interests and to refine and facilitate his work. The deliberative behavior of the agent is composed of task and project. The automated document writing system can automatically produce formal electronic document by completing input forms. The technical side of this system is relatively simple. This system will help the judicial police officer and the public prosecutor to reduce the burden. Their work could be simplified using easy to complete input forms with useful boxed segment and roll-down menus. Shortened time frames for more valuable task like decision-making coupled with expert system. If officials felt that this system decreased their work-load, they prefer to use this e-filing system than using ordinary summary order procedure. This will result in an increase in an utilization ratio. The Decision Support System will also help public prosecutors and judges in the decision-making`s process with decision support System. Fortunately, it doesn`t take a huge technology investment to launch this systems. This Systems will help increase the efficiency and productivity of criminal procedure remarkably.

판매지원 에이전트에서의 사례기반추론 방법

成百均 충주대 산업과학기술연구소 2000 産業科學論文集 Vol.8 No.-

In this paper, We describe a design of sales agent for negotiation during sales support on the Internet within Case-Based Reasoning(CBR) solutions. First, We propose an multi-agent system which can effectively search complex product on the WWW. And we represent databases and case-bases and propose a CBR cycle for sales agent. We then implement some of them in a prototype for a sales agent and a case study is shown where preliminary approaches are used to negotiate with a customer about his demands and available products in a CBR-based Electronic Commerce solution.

경쟁적 비즈니스 환경에서의 소프트웨어 에이전트 활용에 관한 연구

김중한(Joong Han Kim) 한국IT서비스학회 2006 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.5 No.1

  Electronic commerce has many advantages compared to the traditional way of doing business such as up to date information and rich service for less cost. There is a growing number of electronic commerce applications on the Internet. Using software agent technology, the market framework offers timesaving automation of auctions and flexibility through negotiations among the agents. In this research, we attempt to evaluate the performance of a negotiation decision function that considers the potential competitors in competitive market environment as well as that of a negotiation decision function that does not. For this evaluation, this study adopts the electronic marketplace as an application domain in which many sellers and buyers compete for limited resources in the marketplace.

인공지능과 계약법

이상용(Sang Yong Lee) 한국비교사법학회 2016 비교사법 Vol.23 No.4

최근 급속히 이루어지고 있는 인공지능 기술의 발전은 계약법 분야에 커다란 충격을 가져오고 있다. 인간의 정신과 구별할 수 없는 이른바 강인공지능(strong A.I.)이 개발될 경우 생길 수 있는 근본적인 문제를 논외로 하더라도, 현재의 약인공지능(weak A.I.) 단계에서도 수많은 난제들이 발생한다. 이 문제들은 인공지능이 갖는 자율성과 특정 영역에서 인간을 넘어서는 합리성에서 비롯된다. 이러한 특성은 계약법 분야에서, 특히 인공 에이전트에 의한 계약체결의 사안에서 가장 명확하게 드러난다. 인공 에이전트에 의하여 계약이 체결되는 경우 인공지능의 자율성으로 인하여 경우에 따라 이용자가 의도하지 않았거나 이용자의 의도에 반하는 결과가 생길 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 인공지능의 자율성에도 불구하고 이용자에게 책임을 귀속시킬 수 있는 법적 근거가 설명될 필요가 있다. 또한 책임 귀속의 근거가 밝혀진 뒤에도 당사자들의 이해 조정의 문제가 남는다. 이용자의 의도에 반하는 법률행위가 이루어진 경우 그로 인한 위험은 당사자들 사이에 적절히 배분되어야 하는데, 이와 관련하여 정당한 위험 배분기준은 무엇인지 그리고 이를 위하여 활용될 수 있는 법제도는 무엇인지 문제되는 것이다. 본고는 인공지능의 자율성에도 불구하고 그에 의한 계약의 정당성 근거로서 사적자치의 원칙이 견지될 수 있다는 점과 표현대리의 유추적용을 통하여 적정한 위험배분이 이루어질 수 있음을 보여주고자 하였다. 한편 인공지능은 특정 영역에서 인간을 넘어서는 합리성을 지닌다. 이러한 현상은 오래 전부터 우리 생활의 곳곳에서 찾아볼 수 있었으나, 최근 들어 인공지능의 자율성과 결합하여 계약법 영역에서 합리성 격차 라는 비대칭성의 문제를 새롭게 제기하고 있다. 발전된 인공지능 기술을 이용하여 계약을 체결하는 사람과 그렇지 않은 사람 사이에 구조적인 불균형이 자리잡게 되는 것이다. 이는 인공지능 이용자의 상대방 보호를 위한 법적 장치에 대한 연구 필요성을 촉발한다. 본고는 철회권의 확대와 신의성실의 원칙을 인공 에이전트에 내재화하는 것을 통하여 이 문제를 해결할 수 있음을 논증하려 하였다. 인공지능의 자율성과 합리적 격차라는 비대칭성의 문제는 사적자치의 원칙에 대한 도전이라는 관점에서 해석될 수 있다. 계약법과 관련하여 인공지능 기술의 발전은 인공지능 이용자의 의도에 반하는 결과에 대하여 이용자가 책임을 부담하는 것이 자기결정권에 반하는 것은 아닌지, 그리고 인공 에이전트 이용자와 거래하는 상대방의 자기결정권은 합리성 격차로 인하여 사실상 형해화되는 것은 아닌지 하는 의문을 낳는다. 이러한 의문들은 근대법의 기본원리인 사적자치의 원칙이 인공지능의 시대에도 여전히 유효할 것인지 여부와, 그 원리적 힘이 유지되려면 어떠한 보완장치가 필요한지에 관한 질문으로 다시 진술될 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 질문에 답하는 것을 목표로 한다. The rapid development of A.I. technology impacts greatly on law of contract. Beside the fundamental issues which could arise if so-called strong A.I. comes into existence, there are many difficult issues even in the present phase of weak A.I. These issues arise from the autonomous feature of A.I. and super-rationality of A.I. in certain areas. These features stand out most in the contract formation cases by artificial agents. When contracts are concluded by artificial agents, the autonomous feature of A.I. could bring out such results that were not intended or even opposed by users of them. This precipitates the need for legal explanation for attributing the liability to the users. There is also the issue of adjustment of conflicting interests of the parties. When legal acts are conducted which are opposed by the users, the resulting risk should be appropriately apportioned between parties. So it should be examined what the adequate criterion of risk apportionment is and what kind of legal princple could be resorted to for this purpose. This paper tried to demonstrate that the good old principle of private autonomy could hold fast as the basis for justification of contracts by artificial intelligence and that appropriate risk apportionment could be achieved by analogy of the apparent agency authority. A.I. features rationality that surpasses that of human in some areas. These phenomena have long been around us, but raise new problem of asymmetry, which is rationality gap in the area of law of contract as a result of combination with the autonomous feature of A.I. There is structural asymmetry between people who use advanced A.I. for contract and people who don t. This prompt the need for the study of legal apparatus for the protection of the counterpart of the A.I. user. This paper attempted to show that the expansion of right of withdrawal and internalization of the principle of good faith into artificial agents could help solve this problem. The problem of autonomous feature of A.I. and rationality gap could be interpreted as challenge to the principle of private autonomy. The development of A.I. technology concerning law of contract raises questions whether the fact that artificial agent user is liable for the result which does not correspond to his intention infringes his self-determination, and whether the self- determination of the other party who transacts with artificial agent user reduces to emptiness. These questions can be rephrased into the question whether the principle of private autonomy can remain valid in the age of A.I. and what kind of complementary measures are needed for its doctrinal power to be maintained. This paper aims at answering properly to these questions.

전자 상거래를 위한 사례기반추론의 판매지원 에이전트

성백균(Baek Gyoon Sung),김상희(Sang Hee Kim),박덕원(Duk Won Park) 한국정보처리학회 2000 정보처리학회논문지 Vol.7 No.5

In this paper, We describe a design of sales agent for support for negotiation during sales support on the Internet within Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) solutions. First, We propose an multi-agent system which can effectively search complex product on the WWW. And we represent databases and case-bases and propose a CBR cycle for sales agent. We then implement some of them in a prototype for a sales agent and a case study is shown where preliminary approaches are used to negotiate with a customer about his demands and available products in a CBR-based Electronic Commerce solution.

2P-520 Improved Performance of Inverted Organic Photovoltaics by introducing Electron Transporting Layer with Chelating Agent

최란희,한용운,문두경 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.1

Inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have been reported the power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 12% due to their high internal built-in potential and high stability. Metal oxides are usually introduced as electron transporting layer (ETL) in inverted OPVs because they have better conductivity and higher optical transparency than other materials. However, these ETL have some defects on the film surface such as oxygen vacancies, these defects can cause performance degradation of devices. So, it is essential to remove these defects for achieving high performance devices. Chelating agent is chemical compound that react with heavy metal ions to form stable metal complexes. Therefore, vacancies in ETL can be removed by treatment with chelating agent. In this study, we fabricated OPVs introducing ETL with chelating agent for passivation surface vacancies. As a results, device performances were improved by eliminating the defects existing in the ETL.

조직유효성이 기계경비 출동요원의 서비스태도에 미치는 영향

홍태경(Hong, Tae Kyung) 한국민간경비학회 2012 한국민간경비학회보 Vol.11 No.1

Although the original literal meaning of the machine security system includes word “machine", generally, the machine security is a merchandise accompanied with the human service of customer service agent. In other words, typical machine security merchandise provides not only the machine equipment but also the human service such as patrol and dispatch of agents. Therefore, the job performance and attitude of customer service agent will be associated with the achievement of purpose of machine security and customer satisfaction. Based on this idea, this study will examine factors that influence on service attitude of customer service agent. The independent variable is an organizational effectiveness (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intention of turnover) and the dependent variable is a service attitude (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, empathy). Individual characteristics such as marriage and age were also considered as control variables. The customer service agent in Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Daegu, Pusan were asked to complete a questionnaire. Finally, 235 questionnaires were used for analysis. The regression analysis was conducted to test hypotheses. The result of analysis is following. First, individual characteristics, such as marriage, education, work period, have no influence on the service attitude of customer service agent. However, previous working experiences are positively related with the service attitude of customer service agents. Second, the job satisfaction and turnover intentions among the organizational effectiveness do not have any impact, but the organizational commitment does have consistent influence on the service attitude regardless types of service attitude. Therefore, this study found that the service attitude of customer service agent are closely related with organizational commitment that are measured by equation with company and voluntary efforts for development of company. 기계경비는 ‘기계경비’라는 용어의 사용에도 불구하고 대개는 출동요원에 의한 인적서비스가 동반되는 상품이다. 즉 일반적인 기계경비 상품은 업체가 제공하는 기계·설비뿐만 아니라 직원들의 순찰과 출동과 같은 인적서비스가 동반되는 상품으로 구성된다. 따라서 출동요원들의 업무능력과 태도는 기계경비의 목적달성 및 고객만족과 매우 밀접한 상관관계가 있을 것이다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 이 연구에서는 출동요원의 서비스태도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 검증하고자 하였다. 독립변인으로는 조직유효성(직무만족, 조직몰입, 이직의사)을, 종속변인으로는 서비스태도(유형성, 신뢰성, 응답성, 공감성)를 설정하고 결혼유무나 연령 등의 개인적 특성은 통제하였다. 설문조사는 경북, 경남, 대구, 부산 지역의 출동요원들을 대상으로 이루어졌으며, 235부의 설문지를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 주요 가설들을 검증하기 위해 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 결혼이나 학력, 근무년수나 연령과 같은 개인적 특성은 출동요원의 서비스태도에 별다른 영향을 주지 못하였다. 다만 이전의 직장경험은 서비스태도에 긍정적으로 작용하는 것으로 검증되었다. 둘째, 조직유효성 중 직무만족과 이직의사는 서비스태도에 영향을 미치지 못하였고, 조직몰입은 서비스태도의 유형에 상관없이 일관되게 강한 영향을 미치는 것으로 검증되었다. 따라서 출동요원의 서비스태도는 회사에 대한 동일시, 회사발전을 위한 자발적 노력의지 등으로 측정된 조직몰입도와 매우 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

SCM환경에서 MEDA 시스템 설계에 관한 연구

임상환(Sang-hwan Leem),엄완섭(Wan-sup Um),이영식(Young-sig Lee) 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2008 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.8 No.4

Internet has a profound influence on the way in which organizations manage their supply chains. Web-based trading systems would enable companies to more efficiently buy, sell, and manage their supply chain processes on a global scale. Supply chain management(SCM) is now a core business improvement effort for most companies. Supply chain optimization(SCO) has emerged as the central objective for these initiatives - an organized effort to enhance profitability and increase shareholder value as emphasis on cost cutting and quality moved logically to logistics and distribution, and then to total supply chain performance. In order to optimize performance, supply chain functions make this operate in a coordinated manner. But the dynamics of the enterprise and the market make this difficult, for example, materials do not arrive on time, production facilities fail, workers are ill, customers change or cancel orders, and so forth, causing deviations from the plan. In some cases, these events may be dealt with locally; that is, they lie within the scope of a single supply-chain function. In other cases, the problem cannot be "locally contained" and modifications across many functions are required. To solve this problem, this research suggests coordination system of SCM with mediator agent.