Critical factors affecting adoption of big data system for improving public policy making in Ecuador

하로 바카실비아 엘리자베쓰 숭실대학교 정보과학대학원 2017 국내석사

The most important characteristics of big data are volume, variety and velocity which permit create better business insights adding more value to services and products that organizations weren’t able to do before, not only in technology development but also in knowledge creation. This approach can also be used in public administration field for developing public policy, even though using data for making public policy is not new, the effective use of this data will be the key clue for improving government decision process, and increase efficiency and effectiveness of public policies. Considering big data analysis could be a enhance tool for public policy making, this research aims to find the factors affecting the adoption of big data system in public administration for improving public policy making in Ecuador. Based on TOE framework the theoretical research model was formulated with one main dependent construct and nine independent constructs that belongs to three main context of TOE, namely: technological, organizational, and external environment. In order to find the main factors affecting big data adoption a questionnaire was settled to collect data from public institutions of Ecuador. The results of data analysis principally showed that the adoption of big data in public institutions will be successful to the extent that top management has a clear vision of the big data value, government bodies support the decision, and the regulation manage issues related to using data from many sources such as security, privacy and data owner. 빅 데이터의 가장 중요한 특징은 용량, 다양성, 그리고 속도이다. 이 특징들은 기관들로 하여금 기존에는 얻을 수 없었던 비지니스 통찰력을 구축할 수 있게 해 주며, 더 높은 가치를 지닌 서비스와 상품을 가능하게 해 준다. 이러한 접근법은 공공 행정 분야에서 공공 정책을 발전시키는 데 사용될 수도 있다. 비록 공공 정책을 수립하기 위해 데이터를 이용하는 것이 새로운 일은 아닐지라도, 데이터를 효율적으로 이용할 수 있다는 것은 정부의 의사 결정 과정을 개선하는 데 중요한 실마리가 될 것이며, 공공 정책들의 효율성과 유효성을 증가시킬 것이다. 빅 데이터를 분석하는 것이 공공 정책 수립을 향상시키는 도구일 수 있다는 점에 착안하여, 이 연구는 공공 정책 수립을 개선하기 위한 목적으로 에콰도르의 공공 행정 분야에 빅 데이터 시스템을 들여온다고 할 때 그에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 찾아내는 것을 목적으로 한다. 하나의 주요 의존 구조 및 9개의 독립적 구조들로 구성된 이론적 연구 모델이 TOE 체계를 기반으로 만들어졌으며, 이는 TOE의 세 가지 주요 맥락, 즉 기술적 환경, 조직적 환경, 그리고 외적 환경에 속한다. 빅 데이터 시스템 채택에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인들을 찾아내기 위해, 에콰도르의 공공 기관들에서 데이터를 수집할 용도로 설문지가 만들어졌다. 데이터 분석 결과는 공공 기관들에 빅 테이터를 들여오는 것이 다음과 같은 조건 하에서라면 성공할 것이라는 것을 보여주었다: (1) 최고 운영진이 빅 데이터의 가치에 대해 분명한 구상을 갖고 있을 것, (2) 정부 조직들이 a) 그 결정을 지지하는 동시에, b) 보안, 사생활 그리고 데이터 소유주와 같은 다양한 출처로부터 데이터를 이용하는 것과 관련된 규제 관리 사안들을 지지할 것.

Philippine NGOs' Influence on Environmental Policy-Making

Abraham Sumalinog 고려대학교 국제대학원 2011 국내석사

Environmental degradation is a growing concern in the Philippines. This thesis focuses on the five categories of activity being carried out by the Philippine environmental NGOs that eventually led to the establishment of greater laws and policies. The three main aims of this research have been met through extensive research on social movements and literature which particularly illustrate NGO activities? influence on governance, democratization, and environmental law and policymaking process. The online research method employed has been highlighted through the case study of Haribon Foundation, which exhibited a remarkable amount of influence on environmental policymaking. This study produced a number of major findings including: the increasing number of environmental NGOs parallel the increasing number of environmental laws established; environmental NGOs and laws increased in numbers after the post-authoritarian era; environmental NGOs have a myriad of activities (including: environmental education, direct participation, media, collaboration, etc.); factors (such as political opportunities, mobilization, framing issues) are critical to NGOs? activity advancement. The main conclusion drawn from this thesis is that the said NGOs have been successful in influencing policy results, thus, making the country replete with environmental laws. This thesis has argued that the Philippine government should equip itself with political will and other relevant facilities that would secure proper and effective implementation of the laws and policies in consultation and collaboration with the government agencies, private institutions, communities, civil society groups, and NGOs.

청탁금지법 결정요인 분석 : 정책아이디어와 행위자 선호, 전략의 상호작용을 중심으로

최슬기 연세대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

This study seeks to provide an alternative explanation of what are the k ey variables that affect public policy decisions and how they affect the dec isions through what channels. It concentrates on the case of the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act(the anti-graft law) which demonstrates a policymaking process that is difficult to understand with existing approaches bas ed on the conception of self interested behaviour. Although the anti-graft l aw was a public policy that regulate the lawmakers themselves, the anti-g raft law was passed at the plenary session of the National Assembly with the approval of an absolute majority of lawmakers. This study noted that public sentiments can affect public policy decisions by changing specific pr ogram ideas that reflect the preferences, strategies, preferences and strategi es of individual or group actors involved in policy-making. In the beginning, contrary to public support for the anti-graft law, lawm akers had a strategy to delay legislation of the law, which would regulate their actions. Even after the Sewol Ferry disaster and resultant Guanpia fr ame became popular in 2014, the delay and avoidance was maintained and the government and legislators only used the anti-graft legislation as a pol itical rhetoric. However, with the release of Lee Wan-koo's transcript, publ ic sentiment turned into a frame that links the objection to the anti-graft l aw to corrupt acts seeking private interests, which was perceived as a poli tical threat to the next election. Both the ruling and opposition parties shift ed their strategy to quickly legislate the anti-graft law through a negotiati on between the leader, and in the process, issues of content were ignored or decided in a way that can avoid immediate responsibility. Opposition from media companies and private schools was expressed, but it was impossible for them to practically oppose the law, since they could not form a coalition with policy-makers in the system due to the overwhel ming public sentiment that emphasizes publicness and fairness. As a result, the conflict over the issues of the anti-graft law, which required social dis cussion and agreement, was also settled only temporarily. 본 논문은 공공정책 결정에 영향을 미치는 핵심 변수가 무엇이며, 어떤 경로를 통해 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 설명을 제공하고자 하였다. 청탁금지법의 정책결정과정에서 정책 아이디어로서 공공의 정서와 주요 행위자들의 선호, 아이디어가 상호작용하고 변화하는 양상과 정책 프로그램 아이디어의 변화를 분석함으로써 공공정책 결정의 핵심 변수로서 공공의 정서의 역할에 대한 통찰을 제공하고자 하였다. 입법 과정과 법 내용과 체계 등에 대해 졸속 입법, 과잉입법이라는 비판이 만연했던 것에 비해 실제 청탁금지법의 입법 과정에서 절차적 합법성이나 정치적 합리성을 저해하는 국정 파행 없이 국회의원 다수의 찬성으로 국회본회의에서 가결되었다. 본 연구는 청탁금지법 입법 과정에서 정책 아이디어로서 공공의 정서가 정책결정에 참여하는 개인 또는 집단 행위자들의 선호와 전략과 상호작용하며, 선호와 전략을 반영하고 있는 구체적인 프로그램 아이디어를 수정변화시킴으로써 공공정책의 결정에 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 보았다. 공공의정서를 포함한 정책 아이디어들은 담론화되어 행위자들에게 인지되는데 정책을 둘러싼 담론은 언론 보도를 통해 대중에 전달되고, 정책결정 참여자들 또한 공공의 정서와 여론을 인지함으로써 이 과정에서 언론매체가 매개 역할을 하게 된다. 정부와 국회의 공식 문건, 언론 매체 보도 등의 문헌조사를 통해, 공직사회 부패를 사회문제로 인식하고 이를 해결하기 위해 엄격한 처벌과 감시의 도입을 골자로 하는 반부패 제도 개혁이 필요하다는 공공의 정서를 반영한 프로그램 아이디어로 청탁금지법이 제시되었으나 폐쇄적인 한국 입법 제도 내에서 프로그램 아이디어의 수정과 채택, 결정에 실질적인 권한이 집중된 국회의원들이 자신들의 행위를 규제하게 될 해당법의 입법을 지연하는 전략을 가지고 있었음이 확인되었다. 2014년 세월호 사건의 책임론과 관피아 프레임이 확산될 때까지도 청탁금지법 입법을 여론을 인식한 정치적 수사로서만 활용하는 지연과 회피 전략은 유지되었다. 이완구 총리후보의 녹취록 공개를 계기로 공공의 정서는 입법 지연의 고의성에 초점을 맞추어 청탁금지법 입법을 반대하는 정치인은 사익을 추구하는 부패 정치인이라는 프레임으로 변화하고 나서야 차기 선거 낙선과 정당 지지도 상실의 잠재적 위험을 회피하는 것을 선호한 여당과 야당 모두 합의를 지도부 합의를 통해 입법을 강행하는 전략을 추구하게 되었다. 공공성, 공정성의 가치를 강조한 압도적인 공공의 정서가 프로그램 아이디어를 압도하면서 법 적용 대상으로 포함된 직능집단들의 반발과 비판들은 수용되지 못했고, 제도 내 정책결정자들과 연합을 형성하지 못하여 조직적인 반대도 불가능해지면서 사회적 논의와 합의가 필요했던 법안의 쟁점들도 봉합되었다. 본 연구를 통해 공공정책, 특히 물질적 이익이 연관되지 않은 규제적 성격의 공공정책 결정과정에서 정책의 결정에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 규범적 프레임의 공공의 정서가 중요한 역할을 하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 정책결정과정에서 대중의 정책 아이디어와 정책결정자들의 아이디어, 선호의 상호영향력을 확인함으로써 사적 이익에 비해 부차적인 것으로 간주되던 정당성, 규범성 등 가치 변수의 영향을 재고할 수 있었다.

公共政策決定과 住民抵抗에 관한 硏究 : 廢棄物處理施設立地選定에 관한 事例分析

허석 建國大學校 1996 국내박사

Philippine NGOs' influence on environmental policy-making

Sumalinog, Abraham K Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2011 국내석사

Broadening the Understanding of What Enhances or Impedes the Impacts of Sustainability Certification of Smallholder Farmers

Ansah, Ebenezer Offei Michigan State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

지방정부 정당구도가 지방의회 의정활동에 미치는 영향 : 정책결정과 정책견제를 중심으로

정명은 연세대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

관료정치와 여론 : 2012년 한일정보보호협정 추진과정과 연기결정의 외교정책론적 분석

김신의 연세대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

Along with expansion of democracy, studies on correlation of the decision making process and public opinion has increased. Since the democratization of South Korea, public opinion emerged as an important variable in the foreign policy-making process. The purpose of this paper is to reinterpret the political dynamics between public opinion and bureaucratic politics. The bureaucratic politics do not occur in a vacuum free from external factors. It is exposed to various environmental factors, and we are especially interested in examining how public opinion influences bureaucratic politics. Previous studies have assumed that the conflict of ‘interests’ between the bureaucratic organizations is essential to our understanding of the bureaucratic politics. As an alternative model, we try to explain that the conflict between the organizations is also based on ‘fear.’ This paper analyze the decision making process of the Agreement on the Protection of Classified Information between Korea and Japan which was adjourned twice in 2012. Taking the perspective of Graham Allison’s bureaucracy model that foreign policy-making process is done through the negotiation game between actors, we assume the conflicts between government organizations are caused by negative framing which spark public opposition. We refer to the existing view of Allison’s bureaucracy model as an ‘interest mechanism’ and suggest a ‘fear mechanism’ as its complementary concept. In a similar fashion to the Allison’s “interest mechanism,’ the bureaucrats are triggered into the ‘fear mechanism’ because of their democratically accountability and responsiveness to the public opinion. When the bureaucratic organizations are thrust in to this ‘fear mechanism,’ conflicts become amplified, and the decision-making become difficult. 본 논문의 목적은 민주화 이후 한국의 외교정책 결정과정의 중요한 변수로 등장한 여론과 관료정치현상간의 정치적 역학관계를 재해석하는 것이다. 관료정치현상이 외부의 요소로부터 격리된 채 진공적 상태에서 일어나는 것이 아니라 다양한 환경적 요소에 노출되어있다는 공간적 이해를 바탕으로 여론의 영향력을 본다. 또한, 관료정치모델을 조직간의 이익의 갈등과 대립의 산물로만 보는 기존 연구의 한계를 지적하고 ‘두려움’을 통해 조직간의 갈등을 설명해보는 시도를 하였다. 본 연구에서는 외교정책 결정과정이 행위자간의 협상게임을 통해 이루어 진다는 앨리슨의 관료정치 모델의 기본 관점을 바탕으로, 관료조직간의 협상게임의 과정에서 부정적 프레임으로 촉발된 여론이 미치는 영향력이 존재함을 가정하고, 그것이 정책결정과정에 어떻게 변화를 가져오는지 본다. 앨리슨이 주장한 조직의 이익을 바탕으로 한 정책조정과정을 ‘이익 매커니즘’이라 개념하고, 그것의 보완적 개념으로 ‘두려움 매커니즘’을 제시하였다. 관료조직이 가지는 두려움이라는 요소는 측정할 수 있는 실체를 가진 것이 아닌 감정적인 개념이라는 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 관료조직이 두려움을 느낄 때 나타나는 특정 행동을 두려움의 작용이라 설정하고 다섯 가지 지표를 제시하였다. 절차무시, 눈치보기, 책임회피, 상대측 비난, 꼬리자르기 행태가 그것이다. 이 요소를 사례에 적용하여 ‘두려움 매커니즘’의 작동을 확인한다. 또한, ‘두려움 매커니즘’의 촉발 요인으로는 관료의 민주적 책임성과 여론 민감성을 제시하였다. 언론의 부정적 프레임과 반대여론이 대규모로 존재하였을 때 관료의 민주적 책임성과 여론 민감성에 기인한 두려움이 차지하는 비중이 이익을 넘어서게 되고, 이는 조직간의 갈등을 증폭시켜 정책결정과정의 파행을 가져오게 된다는 것이 본 연구의 핵심이다. 분석 사례로는 2012년 한일정보보호협정 체결의 추진과정에 드러난 두 차례의 연기결정과정으로 선정하였다. 두 번의 연기과정을 통하여서, 여론의 부정적 프레임이 똑같이 존재한 상황에서 연기결정의 결과가 상이하게 나타난 것에 대한 변수로 관료조직이 가지는 여론 민감성과 시기적 요인에 의한 두려움 촉발이라는 것을 확인 한다. 이를 통해 외교정책 결정과정에서 관료정치와 여론의 역학관계를 ‘이익’만이 아닌 ‘두려움’의 요소로 접근하여 분석함으로써, 보완적 분석모델을 제시하고자 한다.

Local Government Decision Making

Cannizzaro, Vincent ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Mary 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Most of the theoretical foundations related to the public policy process and public policy decision-making are rooted in the experiences and processes within the federal government. While some theorizing is based on state-level systems, there has been little to no theorizing based on local governmental structures. This three-paper dissertation aims to add evidence, information, and context to the literature on the public policy and decision-making process of local governments.Through a systematic literature review using the Cochrane-Campbell procedure, Understanding Local Government: A Systematic Review of Political Decision-Making distills the published research on political decision-making of local governments to create a more unified understanding of the factors influencing local governmental policy action in the United States. In addition, this paper provides an analysis of the application of these themes to common theoretical public policy frameworks and models, creating a new theoretical model to define and predict local government policy action—the Municipal Action Framework.Utilizing an autoethnographic methodology, The Heavy Weight of Policy Inaction: An Autoethnographic Analysis of a Lead Hazards Ordinance provides a first-hand account of attempted policy action at the local level. Through the personal experiences of the author, this paper retells the events and circumstances creating both a hospitable, and eventually unhospitable, policy environment for momentous policy change. Through this writing, this paper applies the theoretical model of the Municipal Action Framework to better understand its applicability and practicality.Through quantitative methodologies, Showing Up: An Analysis of Uncontested and Write-In-Only Elections on Local Policy Action seeks to understand the policymaking implications of uncontested, write-in-only, and write-in winner elections for either executive or legislative seats within small local governments in York County, Pennsylvania. Findings suggest that winners of uncontested elections may increase the likelihood of policy actions, while winners of write-in-only elections have a decreased or null-level effect.

Understanding Consumer Health Insurance Decision-Making Under the Affordable Care Act

Rasmussen, Petra Willis ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Following the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), millions of Americans have gained coverage, many for the first time in their lives. The law has created more options for affordable coverage and put millions into the driver seat when it comes to selecting their coverage and enrolling in a health plan. The individual health insurance market has undergone significant changes under the ACA, including the creation of state-based and federally facilitated marketplaces where individuals in all states can go to shop for and enroll in potentially subsidized individual market coverage. This dissertation seeks to improve our understanding of consumer decision-making in this new health insurance landscape. Through three sets of analyses of consumer behavior during the insurance decision-making process, this dissertation will provide needed updates to the literature on this topic. It also highlights key considerations for policymakers and agencies to weigh when evaluating how consumers might respond to policies that change their available coverage options.The first paper examines two key components of health plans that individuals weigh when making enrollment decisions - cost and quality. The ACA requires both federally facilitated and state-based marketplaces to provide easy to understand plan quality information to customers shopping for coverage. Through two hypothetical choice experiments, this paper examines how consumers weighed health plan costs and quality in different choice environments and explored the consumer characteristics associated with a preference for high quality plans as well as with the selection of inferior plans. In each experiment, participants responded to a series of choice scenarios that asked them to choose between five health plans that differed only in their costs and quality ratings, represented by stars. Overall, between scenarios individuals were willing to pay more for higher quality plans when the quality ratings of all available plans were lower, when the higher quality plan’s rating was two stars higher rather than one star higher than other plans, and when the price differential was lower. More risk averse participants had higher predicted probabilities of consistently choosing the higher quality, more expensive plan. However, a significant portion of the study population made poor decisions: more than a third of participants chose a dominated plan at least once. The less numerate, those with higher risk-seeking tendencies, and those with low health insurance literacy had the highest predicted probabilities of choosing poorly. The second experiment also found that individuals are more likely to choose a dominated plan when the quality star ratings are similar across plans. The second and third papers use data from California’s health insurance marketplace, Covered California, to examine consumer behavior following the implementation of silver loading in 2018. Silver loading is a policy California and other states put into place after the cancellation of federal funding for a set of subsidies included in the ACA that reduce the amount of cost-sharing required by low-income enrollees in silver tier marketplace plans, known as cost-sharing reductions (CSRs). Silver loading placed the cost of providing CSRs in the absence of federal funding onto the premiums of silver plans, subsequently raising premium subsidies which are tied to the cost of silver coverage. The second paper focuses on enrollment in silver plans that became dominated because of silver loading. This paper looks at enrollment in these plans over time (both before and after they became dominated) and by enrollees’ prior year enrollment decisions to examine differences in enrollment by pre-existing biases regarding metal tier labeling and the potential role of status quo bias. Overall, more than 60,000 Californians enrolled in a dominated plan in 2018 and, on average, households enrolled in dominated plans in 2018 spent an additional $38.87 per month in premiums. Households that were enrolled in silver coverage in the year before the examined silver plans became dominated had the highest predicted probability of enrolling in a dominated plan in 2018. The third paper examines Covered California consumers’ decisions to switch health plans during open enrollment over the first four open enrollment periods where individuals could renew their coverage (2015-2018). Under the ACA, switching rates in the individual market have been much higher than those previously seen in other markets. Looking at re-enrollees in Covered California, this paper provides data on consumer switching behavior over time and identifies the consumer, plan, and choice environment characteristics associated with consumers’ decisions to change their coverage during open enrollment. The percentage of re-enrollees in Covered California who made changes to their coverage steadily increased between the 2014-15 and 2017-18 open enrollment periods. Following the implementation of silver loading the proportion of consumers who moved into gold plans during the 2017-18 open enrollment period drastically increased, compared to previous years. Among bronze or silver plan enrollees who switched metal tiers during open enrollment, those who could enroll in gold plans that were no more than $49 per month more expensive than their initial bronze or silver plan had a significantly higher probability of switching into gold coverage than those who faced larger premium differences.The results of this dissertation identify several consumer, health plan, and choice environment characteristics that can influence consumer health insurance decision-making. Policymakers and marketplace regulators can use this work to help inform the decisions they make around marketplace choice architecture, policies aimed at retaining enrollees and recruiting new consumers, and decisions about re-enrollment for consumers who do not actively renew their coverage during annual re-enrollment periods.