Measuring and Improving Strategic Performance of Contractors : 건설계약자들의 전략적 수행을 위한

LUU TRUONG VAN 부경대학교 대학원 2009 국내박사

The current business environment in construction is characterized by fast change and severe competition. This research reports on the design, implementation and evaluation of a dynamic performance measurement framework, as an attempt to better match the business environment. System dynamics (SD) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is integrated to meet research objectives. The development of a dynamic BSC (DBSC) is a logical extension to the Balanced Scorecard to address above problems. The major objective of this research is to describe how the BSC and Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Thread (SWOT) matrix can be used to formulate the business strategies and to measure the strategic performance of construction. Angiang Construction Enterprise (ACE) is selected as a case study to measure the strategic performance. An applicable simulation model of a construction enterprise was built using system dynamics methodology. The DBSC model was calibrated to a construction enterprise to measure the strategic performance and to formulate and evaluate practical policies to improve its performance. In order to considerably improve performance, some integrated policies combining the separate policies having the most effects were evaluated. This research reveals that the DBSC model should be considered as a promising tool for the construction enterprise to experiment with the effects of its strategies and policies prior to implementing them in the real project. This also proves that the integration between SD and BSC has enormous potentials in the performance measurement of construction organizations. The findings imply that the low training frequency of human resource and high proportion of direct costs and administrative expenses to turnover are generally “Achilles’ heel” of medium-sized construction enterprises in Vietnam and very likely in other developing countries. The findings from this case study provide valuable lessons for practitioners in the application of new management frameworks (i.e. BSC and SWOT) in managing their strategic performance in other developing countries and region. The integration of BSC approach and SWOT analysis can help medium-sized construction enterprises in developing countries identify short-term objectives and long-term strategies, establish the performance measurement. As the Asian saying goes, “to know oneself is true progress”. Therefore, based on the research findings, Korean construction firms can gain insights into Vietnamese construction firms. As a result, thorough understanding of competitors in Vietnam is the best way so that Korean construction firms can win construction contracts in Vietnam. For that reason, the research findings are very useful for Korean construction industry. Since a medium construction firm from a country to the other country may have the same principles to formulate their strategies, the research framework and the model in this study can be applied to medium construction firms in Korea with minor adjustment. For those reasons, this study is useful not only to practitioners, researchers, and clients in Vietnam but also to those in Korea.

Measurement-device-independent verification of quantum steering and quantum channel steering

전인우 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

본 논문은 손실을 견딜 수 있는 양자조정과 양자 채널조정에 대해 측정기기에 무관한 검증방법을 제공하는 것을 목표로 삼고 있다. 본 논문에서는 양자 비국소성의 개념들과, 검증과정에 있어서 가정되는 신뢰성의 여부에 따라 비국소성의 범주를 분류할 수 있음을 살펴본다. 검증에 참여하는 모든 검증자를 신뢰할 수 있을때 검증하는 양자 비국소성을 양자얽힘이라고 하고, 모든 검증자를 신뢰할 수 없을 때 검증하는 양자 비국소성을 벨 비국소성이라고 하며, 몇몇 검증자는 신뢰할 수 있으나 나머지 검증자는 신뢰할 수 없는 경우에 검증하는 양자 비국소성을 양자조정이라고 한다. 이러한 관점에서 양자조정은 벨 비국소성과 양자얽힘의 가운데에 위치하는 비국소성이다. 비국소적 현상을 보여줄 수 있는 양자상태의 관점에서 말한다면, 양자조정이 가능한 상태들의 집합은 벨 비국소적 상태들의 집합보다 크고, 양자 얽힘이 있는 상태들의 집합은 양자조정이 가능한 상태들의 집합보다 크다. 어떠한 이유로 인해 모든 검증자를 신뢰할 수는 없는 상황이라면 양자얽힘의 검증은 불가능하고, 따라서 남게되는 선택지는 양자조정이나 벨 비국소성으로 좁혀진다. 따라서 양자조정은 특정 검증자를 신뢰할 수 없는 상황에서 최대한 많은 양자상태를 선택지로 확보하고 싶을 때 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 비국소성의 범주이다. 한편 양자얽힘과 양자조정의 검증에 있어 특정 검증자를 신뢰할 수 있어야 한다는 요구조건을 완화하여, 특정 양자상태를 잘 생성할 수 있어야 한다는 요구조건으로 대체하는 검증 방안이 존재한다. 측정기기에 무관한 검증이라고 불리는 이러한 검증 방법은 비국소성 놀이에서 입력값을 고전 정보가 아닌 양자 상태로 바꾸는 방식으로 이루어진다. 놀이의 참여자들은 입력된 양자상태를 명확하게 구분 할 방법이 없으므로, 비국소적 양자상태를 공유하지 않는다면 놀이에서 높은 점수를 얻지 못하게 되고 따라서 비국소성의 검증을 통과할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 측정기기에 무관한 검증방법을 손실을 견딜 수 있는 양자조정에 접목하였다. 이렇게 구성된 양자조정의 검증은 손실을 견딜 수 있는 특성과 측정기기에 무관한 특성을 모두 가지며, 조정되는 검증자에게서 조정하는 검증자에게 정보 전송을 허용하더라도 유효하고, 심지어 양자 상태의 생성이 불완전하더라도 여전히 유효함을 보일 수 있다. 불완전한 양자상태의 생성이 양자조정의 검증에 미치는 영향은 두 큐빗 상황에서 양화하였다. 이러한 양자조정의 검증은 손실에 견디는 특성이 비대칭적인데, 조정되는 검증자가 겪는 손실은 검증에 영향을 끼치지 않으나 조정하는 검증자가 겪는 손실을 견디기 위해서는 양자조정의 검증방안을 적절히 재구성해야만 한다. 이러한 비대칭성은 비대칭적인 양자 정보처리 과제에 응용될 수 있으며, 손실에 견딜 수 있는 특성과 측정기기에 무관한 특성은 잡음이 많고 통제할 수 없는 환경에서 비국소성의 검증을 구현하는 데 도움이 될 것이라고 기대된다. 한편 우리는 양자 비국소성의 개념을 양자 채널로 확장하여, 측정기기에 무관한 양자 채널조정의 방법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 상태가 아닌 집합체 개념을 채택하여 문제에 접근하였고, 최-자미올코프스키 동형사상을 이용하여 채널 집합체가 양자조정 가능하다는 사실과 쌍대 양자상태 집합체가 양자조정 가능하다는 사실이 동치조건임을 증명하였다. 그 뒤 잘 정리된 측정기기에 독립적인 검증방안을 쌍대 양자상태에 적용하여 측정기기에 독립적인 채널 조정의 검증을 완수한다. 나아가 불완전한 양자상태의 생성이 측정기기에 독립적인 검증에 미치는 영향을 분석하였는데, 특히 최-자미올코프스키 동형사상을 얻는데 쓰이는 양자상태에 집중하였다. 그 결과 목표로 삼았던 순수한 양자상태를 생성해내지 못 하고 다른 양자상태를 만들더라도, 두 계 사이의 순수한 양자상태가 꽉 찬 슈미트 랭크를 가지기만 한다면 검증과정에는 어떠한 문제도 일으키지 않음을 보였고, 국소적인 잡음과 섞이는 경우 어느 정도의 잡음의 비율까지는 견딜 수 있음을 보였다. 이때 견딜 수 있는 잡음의 비율의 하한은 이미 잘 알려져 있는 조정 억셈도로 결정된다. 추가적인 연구 발전방향을 위하여 양자조정 억셈도 및 그와 유사한 형태의 물리량과, 양자조정및 최-자미올코프스키 동형사상과 관련된 몇 가지 미해결 문제들을 던져두었다. 측정기기에 무관한 양자 채널조정의 검증은 통제할 수 없고 잡음이 많은 상황에서 양자 채널의 양자정보가 누출되는 상황을 확인하는데 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대된다. This dissertation aims to provide measurement-device-independent verification protocol for loss tolerant quantum steering and quantum channel steering. We review the concepts of quantum nonlocality, and see that we can classify it into the three depending on the assumption that the party who participates in verification protocol is trustworthy. If the quantum nonlocality is verified when every party is trusted, we call it quantum entanglement, if it is verified when every party is untrusted, we call it Bell's nonlocality, and if it is verified when some parties are trusted while the others are not, we call it quantum steering. In this respect, quantum steering lies in the intermediate position between Bell's nonlocality and quantum entanglement. In view of quantum states which can display nonlocal phenomenon, we can say that the set of steerable states is larger than the set of Bell nonlocal state, and the set of entangled states is larger than the set of steerable states. For some situations that we cannot trust everybody, entanglement verification is impossible, thus our option is steering or Bell's nonlocality. Therefore, quantum steering can be useful when some party cannot be trusted and we need broad choice of quantum states to exploit quantum nonlocality. In the meantime, there is another verification protocol of quantum nonlocality that we can relieve the trust assumption at the cost of quantum state generation. This protocol, called measurement-device-independent verification protocol, is constructed with nonlocal game approach where classical input is replaced with quantum states. The participants of the game can distinguish the input states only if they share quantum nonlocal states, thus their success in the game, obtaining the high score, is an indicator of quantum nonlocality of the shared states. We apply measurement-device-independent protocol for loss-tolerant steering inequality. As a result, we construct quantum steering verification protocol to be measurement-device-independent and loss-tolerant. The verification is valid even if we allow one-way communication from the steered party to the steering party and generation of input quantum states is imperfect. The effect of imperfect generation of input quantum states to the verification protocol is quantified for two qubit setup. The resultant steering criterion is asymmetric with respect to measurement efficiencies because the measurement efficiency of the steered party does not affect the verification protocol while that of the steering party does. Therefore, to make the steering verification loss-tolerant with respect to the steering party, we have to reformulate it appropriately according to the heralding efficiency of the steering party. The measurement-device-independent and loss-tolerant properties can help implement steering verification in uncontrollable and lossy environment, and asymmetric property will be useful for asymmetric quantum information processing tasks. Moreover, we extend the concept of quantum nonlocality to quantum channels, and propose measurement-device-independent verification protocol of quantum channel steering. For this purpose, we adopt assemblage approach and utilize Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism. We prove that channel assemblage is steerable if and only if its dual state assemblage is steerable. We then apply canonical method of measurement-device-independent verification protocol to the obtained dual state assemblage. In this way we accomplish measurement-device-independent verification of channel steering. We further inspect the effect of imperfect quantum state generation, especially for which is used to obtain Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism. As a result, we show that the channel-state duality of steering holds as long as the quantum state is bipartite pure state with full Schmidt rank. Furthermore, mixture of the quantum state with local noise is tolerable up to some proportion, which is bounded from below by the steering robustness. For further researches, some open questions regarding the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism and steering are listed. We expect that the results can be exploited to check leakage of quantum information in quantum channels under lossy and uncontrollable environment.

Color measurement and its application to car color tone measurement

Nguyen, Thi Tra Mi Sungkyunkwan university 2019 국내석사

Nowadays, many factors can impact car quality, such as colors, gap, flush, and radius measurement. One of the most important aspects in designing and manufacturing is the color of the car, as an always-on-trend topic. The measurement of the car’s color tone has an essential role in accrediting the output quantity. Also, the colors are one of the most quality attributes that impressed a customer when deciding to buy a car. In the industries, there are three ways to distinguish the colors: visual measurement, traditional instrument measurement, and applying the computer vision formulation for measurement. The use of human observation is the simplest method for differentiating the colors. However, this method does not have high accuracy due to the sensitivity of human eyes to detailed color tone. As a result, many calculations about the color distance has been created to measure more correctly the color difference. One of the most popular and well-known formula calculating the color distance is the CIELAB Delta E. About the traditional instrument measurements, the peripheral devices to collect pictures are used with calculations to provide highly accurate results. Some well-known devices are currently being used in the market includes CM-M6 - Konica Minolta Sensing, Colour Muse Colour Scanner. Despite the high accuracy in performance, the cost of these devices is relatively high. This thesis proposes a more cost-effective method that only use an ordinary smartphone to differentiate the colors, but still guarantees the accuracy of the measurement. The stand-out application is to focus on distinguishing two different colors looking similar by ordinary eyes by using only digital images captured from a mobile phone camera. This would help to reduce the quality assurance cost significantly in the painting of the car industry. Additionally, by using the 2310 Pantone color guide reference, the analysis will be able to match the real product’s colors to the reference colors.

Sensitivity enhancement of affinity-based electrical biosensor using pulsed measurement

우준명 서울대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

전기적 바이오센서의 최근 발전에도 불구하고, 광학적 방법에 비해 낮은 감도와 선택도는 실용화에 가장 큰 장애요소이다. 친화도 기반의 바이오센서에 있어서 나쁜 선택도는 낮은 친화력과 비특이 반응에 기인한다. 또한 특히 전기적 바이오센서에, 낮은 감도는 반대이온의 전하 차단 효과에 의한 전기적 신호의 약화에 기인한다. 본 논문에서는 전기적 바이오센서의 장점을 이용하여 선택도 및 감도를 동시에 향상시키는 펄스 측정 방법을 제안한다. 펄스 측정을 구현하기 위해 탄소 나노튜브 채널과 금 나노입자 위에 고정화된 프로브 DNA 및 방사형 전극으로 구성된 연구실에서 직접 제작된 센서 어레이를 사용하였고, 펄스 발생기와 증폭기로 측정 회로를 구성하였다. 상보적인 탐지대상 DNA 를 가한 후 그로 인한 채널 전도도의 변화를 통해 DNA 혼성화 정도 및 여부를 감지한다. 프로브와 대상 분자 사이의 혼성화 효율 향상을 위해 혼성화 중에 채널을 통해 프로브 분자에 전기적 펄스를 가하였다. 전하를 띄고 있는 프로브 분자는 전기 펄스에 의해 진동하며, 이는 DNA 혼성화 효율 향상을 이끌어낸다. DC 조건 및 전기를 가하지 않은 경우와 비교할 때, 펄스를 가하는 방법은 Tris-EDTA (TE) 완충용액에서의 실시간 측정에서 향상된 선택도로 비약적으로 감도 향상시켰다. 또한 혈청 조건에서도 상당히 낮은 농도의 한계까지 탐지할 수 있었다. 이온에 의한 전하 차단 효과를 극복하기 위해 계단 펄스에 대한 과도응답 관찰을 제안하였다. 과도상태에서는 계단 펄스에 의해 전기이중층이 순간적으로 확장하며, 그에 따라 전하를 가진 분자를 감싸던 반대 이온들이 밀려나게 된다. 단일가닥 DNA 와 이중가닥 DNA 의 과도응답을 비교하여, DNA 센서의 감도향상을 수치해석적 시뮬레이션과 실험으로 증명하였다. 과도상태 측정방법은 실시간 측정이나 또는 혼성화가 끝난 이후에도 적용 가능하다. 이 펄스 측정 방법은 DNA와 단백질, 펩티드 등의 탐지에 쓰이는 일반적인 전기적 바이오센서 플랫폼으로 확장 적용이 가능할 것이다. 본 연구를 통하여 우리는 펄스 측정 플랫폼과 결합된 전기적 바이오센서가 충분한 감도와 신뢰성으로 label 없는 대상 분자의 실시간 감지를 현실화시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Despite of recent advances in the electrical biosensors, lower sensitivity and worse selectivity than the optical sensors are the obstacles to success in practical uses. In the affinity-based biosensor including the electrical sensor, the worse selectivity results from the low affinity constant and activated non-specific binding event. Specifically for the electrical biosensors, low sensitivity arises from weakening of the electrical signal from the molecule charges due to the screening effect by the counter-ions. In this dissertation, we propose a new scheme, hereafter the pulsed bias scheme, to enhance both the selectivity and the sensitivity in the electrical biosensor. In order to verify the scheme, we applied the pulsed bias to the biosensor platform developed by our group in Seoul National University, where the sensor cell arrays consist of the carbon nanotube network (CNN) channel formed on the concentric electrodes. The CNN channel is decorated with the Au (gold) nano particles (GNP) on which the thiolated probe DNA (p-DNA) immobilized. The island electrode in the concentric electrodes is connected to the pulse generator and the operational amplifier. From the change of channel conductance after applying complementary target DNA (t-DNA), we detect the DNA hybridization event. For the enhancement of the hybridization rate between the probe and target molecule, electrical pulse bias is applied to the probe molecule via CNN channel during the DNA hybridization events. The probe molecule which has electrical charge oscillates with the pulse trains resulting in the enhancement of DNA hybridization efficiency. Compared with the DC and non-biasing condition, the pulse biasing method gives better selectivity and remarkable sensitivity enhancement in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer solution in the real time measurement. In addition, very low limit of detection (LOD) can be achieved even in human serum condition. To overcome the charge screening effect, we propose a transient measurement, where the measurement of the channel current is performed during the transient response of the mobile ions in the electrolyte system after the step-pulse bias applied to the drain electrode. On the transient state, electric double layer (EDL) is extended by the step-pulse bias instantaneously, and counter-ions screening the charged molecule are swept away. Comparing the transient response of between the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), we obtain the improved sensitivity in the measurement as well as in the numerical simulation results. The transient scheme may be applied during the hybridization event while the pulse bias is applied (real time measurement) or after completion of the hybridization events. The pulsed bias scheme may be extended to general electrical biosensor platforms for detecting DNAs, proteins and peptides. The electrical biosensor platforms with the pulsed bias scheme may facilitate the label-free real time detection of the target molecule with considerable sensitivity and more reliable and rapid detection even in human serum.

MIMO 안테나 측정을 위한 개선된 알고리즘에 관한 연구

Tran Thanh Ngon 한국해양대학교 대학원 2007 국내석사

This thesis presents the improvement of algorithm for antenna measurement software and development of measurement testbed for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna measurement. Firstly, the algorithm for antenna measurement software is improved to operate with variety types of equipments and reduce measurement noise. After that, this software is used to measure 3 parameters of MIMO antennas. Finally, to measure other parameters of MIMO antennas and MIMO systems, the MIMO testbed is developed and presented. As the results, the improved software can be used to measure gain, 2D & 3D radiation pattern, for single antenna, and polarization, pattern diversity, polarization diversity and pattern correlation, for MIMO antenna. The measurement results are very beautiful when the noise filter algorithm is applied. In MIMO testbed design, direct conversion technique is used for analog front end circuit design. Front end circuits are also coupled with baseband DSP algorithm. The result is that front end circuits have compact size and wide bandwidth. Finally, hardware and software configurations of MIMO testbed are designed and presented.

Off-axis 디지털 홀로그래피를 이용한 동적 열 분포 측정 : Dynamic temperature distribution measurement by using off-axis digital holography

체렝돌가르 전북대학교 대학원 2011 국내박사

Many physical properties of materials are dependent on temperature, therefore the measurement of temperature distribution is very important. For this, various optical techniques are used widely nowadays in the field of heat and mass transfer measurement. These methods are non-contact and non-destructive. In a group of optical methods which are called index of refraction methods, the temperature distribution is obtained by measuring the phase differences of light rays caused by variations in refractive index. The phase of the optical wave is affected by the refractive index and therefore measurement of the phase of an optical wave gives useful information about the behaviour of the testing sample. The aim of this thesis is to develop the temperature measurement method by using a single shot off-axis digital holography. For this purpose, we describe a method of the numerical reconstruction of the complete wavefront properties from a single shot off-axis digital hologram: the amplitude, the phase, and the polarization state. Single shot off-axis digital holography method is a new challenge in temperature distribution measurement. This is non-imaging scheme, which means one single hologram is required to obtain complete 3D information about testing sample. The phases of the stored light waves can be calculated directly from the digital holograms without generating phase-shifted interferograms. This method makes the entire process faster, reliable, and real time. In this work, a single shot off-axis digital holography for transmission type based on a Mach-Zehnder configuration and for reflection type based on Michelson configuration were used for measuring temperature distribution in macro, micro, and nanoscales. Matlab code for getting the reconstructed object wave (amplitude and phase) which mainly includes 2D-FFT, spatial filtering, inverse 2D-FFT, Fresnel transform were developed. In the first experimental configuration temperature distribution of the microheater substrate in macroscale was investigated by using transmission type based on Mach-Zehnder configuration. In the second experimental configuration temperature distribution of the microheater substrate in microscale was investigated by using digital holographic microscope with magnification lens 40. In the third experimental configuration temperature distribution of the nano pattern was investigated by using a single shot dual-reference wave off-axis configuration based on an orthogonal polarization state. In the fourth experimental configuration temperature distribution of air from the heated surface was investigated. The advantage of this method is that by changing reconstruction distance the selection measurement is possible. Which means we can measure the temperature distribution of air from the heated surface at the different distances. In the last part, we summarize all experimental results. The results obtained by these methods are in good agreement, which demonstrates that a single shot off-axis digital holography method is valid for the measurement of the temperature distribution. Also this method can provide a very reliable and fast solution for measuring the temperature distribution process.

Radium-226 Measurement Reflecting Leakage Rates of Sealing Types for Regulatory Effectiveness on NORM and TENORM

시암, 눌 시암시 경북대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

Radium-226 is one important nuclide in NORM and TENORM radiological safety point of view due to its high radiotoxicity and external dose potential from its progenies. NORM and TENORM are subjected to nuclear regulatory because of radiological risk it may pose to human and environment. Therefore, accurate measurement of 226Ra activity concentration is needed either for routine or screening measurement. Furthermore, in particular situation such as for screening purpose to determine whether NORM/TENORM can be released from regulation, rapid measurement to determine the activity concentration of its radionuclides is needed. Gamma spectrometry is widely used for natural radioactivity measurement including 226Ra because it is versatile, easy to implement, non-destructive, and relatively cheap method compared to other methods. By gamma spectrometry, 226Ra can be determined directly using its energy peak of 186.21 keV or indirectly by its decay products which are expected to be in secular equilibrium with the 226Ra, i.e. 214Bi and 214Pb. However, both methods have challenges where for direct measurement, interfering from 235U energy peak of 185.57 keV can add significant contribution to the 186.21 keV of 226Ra gamma peak while for indirect measurement using, longer time (28 days) for their equilibrium ingrowth is needed and radon gas tightness of sample container must be ensured because 214Bi and 214Pb are the decay products of 222Rn. In some measurements, the equilibrium could not be reached due to radon leakage from sample container. Therefore, in this research, the radon leakage fraction from four different sealing methods of Marinelli beaker used for soil sample measurement were studied using HPGe measurement and radon accumulation chamber with RAD7 detector. The results of four different Marinelli beaker sealing methods show that the tighter sealing method used resulted in lower radon leakage fraction. The four sealing methods are Marinelli beaker without lid (MB0), only lid without sealing (MB1), sealed with paraffin film (MB2), sealed with silicone glue and vacuumed plastic bag (MB3) and their leakage fractions are 87%, 25%, 14%, and negligible, respectively. In secular equilibrium condition, 226Ra and 222Rn have an equal activity concentration. Taking the advantage of this characteristic, rapid measurement of 226Ra was studied by combining HPGe gamma spectrometry and radon exhalation measurement in chamber by RAD7 detector. In this measurement, 226Ra activity concentration determined by summing the bound radon concentration {(C}_{Ra}^\ast)obtained from gamma spectrometry and radon potential (\Omega)\ obtained from radon exhalation measurement. For rapid measurement, instead of measured equilibrium radon, the initial slopes of 12-hour and 24-hour measurement of radon build-up inside chamber were used to determine radon potential of sample. Three samples measured in this study were IAEA-434 phosphogypsum reference material, Uljin soil, and Mamuju soil samples. The result of rapid measurement for IAEA RM-434 sample was compared to its certified activity concentration. The results of soil samples rapid measurements were compared to indirect HPGe measurements. In addition, apportionment direct gamma spectrometry to soil samples were also performed and compared to the indirect measurement results. By implementing the acceptance criteria of IAEA laboratory proficiency test in comparing direct and indirect gamma spectrometry methods, saturated radon measurement, and rapid measurement using initial slopes of radon concentration build-up, the results of these measurement methods are acceptable. Therefore, rapid measurement of 226Ra can be applied in NORM/TENORM to support early decision making in regulatory implementation. Radium-226 은 높은 방사능독성과 그 자핵종으로부터의 잠재적 외부피폭선량으로 인해 NORM 과 TENORM 의 방사선안전의 측면에서 매우 중요한 핵종 중 하나이다. NORM 과 TENORM 은 인간과 환경에 제기될 수 있는 방사선위험 때문에 원자력규제의 대상이 되고 있다. 따라서 정기적 측정과 선별적 측정을 위해서 정확한 226Ra 의 방사능농도 측정법이 필요하다. 더욱이, NORM 과 TENORM 의 규제대상 여부를 판단하는 것과 같은 특정 상황에서 방사성 핵종의 방사능농도를 결정하기 위하여 신속한 측정법이 필요하다. 감마분광분석법은 다목적 용도이고 사용하기 쉬우며, 비파괴적이고 상대적으로 비용이 적게 들기 때문에 226Ra 과 같은 자연방사능 측정에 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 감마분광분석법을 이용하여 226Ra 이 방출하는 186.21 keV 의 에너지 피크를 이용하여 직접적으로 측정할 수 있으며, 214Bi 와 214Pb 와 같은 자핵종과의 방사평형을 이용하여 간접적으로 측정할 수도 있다. 그러나 두 가지 방법 모두 어려움이 존재한다. 직접측정법의 경우 235U 의 185.57 keV 피크가 226Ra 의 186.21 keV 피크로의 상당한 간섭이 존재하며, 간접측정법의 경우 방사평형에 도달하기까지 긴 시간(28 일)이 필요하고, 또한 214Bi 와 214Pb 가 222Rn 의 자핵종이므로 측정용기가 222Rn 기체에 대해 기밀하여야 하기 때문이다. 일부 측정에서는 측정용기로부터 누출된 222Rn 기체에 의해 방사평형이 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 토양 시료 측정에 사용되는 마리넬리비이커의 네 가지 밀봉방법에 따른 라돈누출률을 HPGe 검출기를 이용한 측정법과 라돈축적챔버과 RAD7 검출기를 이용하여 연구하였다. 네 가지 마리넬리비이커의 밀봉방법에 따른 측정결과는 단단한 밀봉일수록 더 낮은 라돈누출률을 보였다. 네 가지 밀봉방법은 덮개를 덮지 않은 방법(MB0), 덮개만 덮은 방법(MB1), 파라핀 필름을 이용하여 밀봉한 방법(MB2), 그리고 실리콘을 이용하여 밀봉하고 진공포장한 방법(MB3)이었으며, 각각의 라돈누출률은 87%, 25%, 14% 그리고 무시가능한 수준으로 나타났다. 영구평형의 조건에서 226Ra 과 222Rn 은 동일한 방사능 농도를 갖는다. 이러한 특성을 이용하여 HPGe 감마분광분석법과 RAD7 으로 측정된 라돈방출법을 통해 226Ra 의 신속한 측정법을 연구하였다. 이 측정법에서 226Ra 의 방사능농도는 감마분광분석법으로 얻어진 결합라돈농도(𝐶𝑅𝑎∗, bound radon concentration) 와 라돈방출법으로 얻어진 잠재라돈농도(Ω, radon potential)를 합산하여 구할 수 있다. 신속한 측정을 위하여 방사평형된 라돈농도를 구하는 대신, 챔버에서 축적되는 라돈농도의 12 시간이나 24 시간 초기 기울기를 이용하여 시료의 잠재라돈농도를 평가하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 세 가지로, IAEA RM-434 인산석고 표준물질과 울진토양, 그리고 Mamuju 토양 시료가 사용되었다. IAEA RM-434 시료의 신속측정결과는 인증된 방사능농도와 비교하여 평가되었으며, 토양시료의 신속측정결과 HPGe 간접측정결과와 비교하여 평가되었다. 그 밖에 핵종존재비율을 적용한 직접측정법 또한 간접측정결과와 비교하여 평가되었다. IAEA 의 실험실 숙련도 시험 수용기준을 적용하여 평가하였을 때, 직접 및 간접측정법과, 포화라돈측정, 그리고 초기 기울기를 이용한 신속측정법의 측정결과는 모두 수용가능한 수준이었다. 따라서 226Ra 의 신속측정법은 NORM 과 TENORM 의 규제이행을 위한 조기판단 목적으로 사용될 수 있다. Keywords: Radium-226, 직접 및 간접 측정, 신속측정, 라돈누출률, 밀봉방법, 감마분광분석법, 라돈 측정법, 잠재라돈농도.

경상권역 번식한우의 체형형질에 대한 유전모수 및 유전적 변화 추세 추정

추효준 경상대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

This study was carried out to estimation the heritabilities and genetic trend for body measurement type data of reproductive hanwoo in Gyeongsang province, korea. This study used body measurement type on 62,137 heads of reproductive hanwoo which was from 2005 to 2008 at Korea Animal Improvement Association were measure and analysed. The body measurement type considered Wither height, Rump height, Body Length, Chest depth, Chest width, Rump length, Rump width, Thurl width, Hipbone width, Chest girth. Estimate of genetic parameter and trend for body measurement typeby using REML algorithm in REMLF90 program. Environmental effect were analysed by the year and season of birth, by year and season of measurement and month of measurement. The Results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. The means and standard deviations of the body measurement type with wither height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump length, rump width, thurl width, hipbone width, chest girth were 124.51±0.008㎝, 125.51±0.008㎝, 144.43±0.012㎝, 67.51±0.007㎝, 40.33±0.011㎝, 49.27±0.010㎝, 44.71±0.007㎝, 42.44±0.007㎝, 26.73±0.006㎝, 176.67±0.019㎝ respectively. 2. The analysis variance of body measurement type and the test of significance were upper significance(P<0.01) for body measurement type in measure the year and measure the season. Also, upper significance for body measurement type in year of birth and season of birth. The significance of age at measure(month) were upper significance all of traits. 3. All of body measurement type were highly significance(p<0.01) for year of birth, season of birth, and year of measurement, season of measurement and age at measurement(month). But, the chest girth was significance(p<0.05) for season of measurement. 4. The effect of the year of birth with rump height, wither height were highly significance in 2005. The effect of the year of birth with thurl width, hipbone width and chest girth were highly significance in 2003. The effect of the year of birth with body length, chest width were highly significance in 2004. 5. The effect of season of birth with wither height and rump height were highly significance that born in fall and winter. The effect of measure the season with body length, chest depth, chest width, rump length, rump width, thurl width, hipbone width, chest girth were highly significance that born in winter. 6. The effect of measure the year with wither height and rump height were indicate that highly significance that born in 2005. The effect of measure the year with body length, chest depth, chest width, rump length, rump width, thurl width, hipbone width, chest girth were indicate that highly significance that born in 2008. 7. The effect of measure the season with chest girth was indicate that not significance for the season variation. The wither height was indicate that highly significance in spring. The rump width and thurl width, hipbone width and chest depth were indicate that highly significance in fall, respectively. The body length was indicate that highly significance in summer. The chest width, rump length and rump height were indicate that highly significance in spring, respectively. 8. The age at the measurement month include as a covariation in this study had a significance influence on all of body measurement type. Also, the age at the measurement month include as fixed effect in this study had a significance on all of body measurement type. But, between 30 and 33age at month, between 40 and 43 age at month were indicate that not significance for age at the measurement month ,respectively. 9. The heritability range of body measurement type with wither height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump length, rump width, thurl width, hipbone width, chest girth were indicate that 0.16∼0.69 in REML method. 10. The genetic correlation of body measurement type were indicate that positive correlation in general, but, the hipbone width with rump length, chest width, rump length, and chest with chest depth, and rump length with chest depth were indicate that negative correlation, respectively. The phenotype correlation of body measurement type were indicate that positive correlation in all of traits. and, As result of estimation by year for genetic trend of body measurement type were indicate that irregular tendency.

Ⅰ. Establishment of international equivalence of the primary standard for activity measurement of 222Rn Ⅱ. Development of a position-sensitive coplanar grid CdZnTe detector

김병주 과학기술연합대학원대학교 2020 국내박사

Establishment of international equivalence of the primary standard for activity measurements of 222Rn Radon exposure is known to be the second leading cause of lung cancer, and large and small radon issues leading to the 2018 radon bed mattress have been raised even in Korea. To cope with this situation, KRISS as the National Metrology Institute (NMI) of Korea developed the national primary measurement system for the gaseous radon activity in 2012. The next step was to secure the international equivalence of the national primary standard and to disseminate the primary standard down to end users along the calibration hierarchy of gaseous radon measurements. In 2015, KRISS participated in an international Key Comparison (KC) among national primary measurement standards of gaseous radon activity. The radon-222 activity reported by KRISS with the smallest measurement uncertainty among the participating NMIs was in a very good agreement with the reference value of the KC. In order to disseminate the primary standard, it was necessary to certificate various types of CRM (Certified Reference Material) and to calibrate secondary standards using the primary standard for routine CRM, calibration and test services. A new fitting method was developed to separate and count 222Rn and 218Po decays in energy spectra. Two types of gaseous CRM have been developed and one of the two types of CRM is used to calibrate the gamma reference ionization chamber and high purity Ge-detector respectively. This dissertation describes procedures and results of the measurement for radon-222 KC, the certification for gaseous radon CRMs, and the calibration for the secondary standard. In addition, the established calibration procedure for continuous radon monitors using gaseous radon CRMs is described in a detail. 222Rn 방사능 일차 측정표준의 국제적 동등성 확립 공기 중 라돈 흡입으로 인한 내부 피폭은 폐암을 유발하는 두번째 요인이다. 국내의 라돈 매트리스 사건으로 인하여 다양한 종류의 공기 중 라돈 농도 모니터가 개발되어 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 이러한 측정기들은 정확한 측정을 위하여 교정이 되어야하며 이를 위해 한국표준과학연구원 (KRISS)에서는 기체라돈 방사능 측정을 위한 일차표준시스템을 개발하였다. 한국표준과학연구원은 국가 측정표준 대표기관으로 확립된 표준의 국제적 동등성 확립, 확립된 표준을 유지하고 배포하는 것이 주요업무이다. 2015년 기체라돈 방사능 일차 측정표준의 국제적 동등성을 확립하기 위하여 국제비교에 참여하였으며 측정결과가 다른 나라 국가측정표준기관의 결과와 일치하였다. 확립된 기체라돈 방사능 측정표준을 배포하기 위하여 두가지 타입의 인증표준물질을 (유리 앰플, 스테인리스 스틸 실린더) 개발하였으며 각 인증표준물질은 저마늄 검출기, 공기 중 라돈 농도 모니터의 교정에 사용되었다. 상대 교정불확도는 k =1에서 0.2 %이내이다. 라돈의 알파 에너지스펙트럼에서 라돈 피크와 폴로늄 피크 분리를 위해 알파 피팅함수를 이용하였으며 그 결과가 종래의 분리법과 0.24 % 차이를 보인다. 위치민감형 Coplanar gird CZT 검출기 시스템 개발 후쿠시마 원전사고 이후의 국내 대중의 방사능오염에 대한 불안을 해결하기 위해 휴대용 coplanar gird CZT 감마선 분광계를 개발하였다. 위치민감형 검출기의 전극 구조를 최적화하기 위하여 유한요소해석을 하였고 최적화된 전극 구조를 갖는 CZT를 PAM-XIAMEN으로부터 주문 제작하였다. 홀의 나쁜 전하 수송에 의한 영향을 줄이기 위하여 CZT가 단일 전하 (전자) 민감형 장치로 작동하게끔 해야하며 이는 수집 전극 신호에서 비수집 전극 신호를 뺀 차감 신호를 이용하면 된다. 입사 방사선과 CZT 검출기의 상호작용 위치정보를 이용하여 에너지 분해능이 그 전에 비해 63% 향상되었다. 휴대용에 적합한 실시간 디지털 신호처리 시스템을 FPGA를 기반으로 개발하였다. 디지털 신호처리는 검출기 내에 흡수된 에너지 평가를 위한 파일업 리젝션, 베이스라인 리스토어, 피크 디텍션과 폴제로 켄슬레이션을 포함한다. 신호 성형 알고리즘은 디지털화된 익스포넨셜 신호를 사다리꼴 모양으로 바꾸는 Moving Window Deconvolution 이다. 개발된 시스템의 유효성 평가를 위해 기존의 C++ 언어로 코딩된 오프라인 알고리즘과 661 keV 감마선의 에너지 분해능을 비교하였으며 2.8 % 차이를 보였다. Development of a position-sensitive coplanar grid CdZnTe detector system A portable coplanar grid CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometer was developed in order to fulfill a public interest in portable radiation detectors for the determination of radioactivity contamination after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. We performed the finite element analysis and optimized the position-sensitive coplanar grid electrode geometry. Several CdZnTe crystals with our customized electrode geometry were manufactured and tested. We subtracted the non-collecting anode signal from the collecting anode signal and made the CdZnTe detector acting as a single polarity charge (electron) sensing device. This made the effects of the poor charge transport of the holes insignificant. We used the information of interaction position, depth, and radial position, of the incident radiation in the detector crystal and improved the energy resolution by 63%. Furthermore, we developed an online digital signal processing system based on an FPGA. The system consists of pile-up rejection, baseline restorer, peak detection, and pole-zero cancellation for evaluation of deposited energy in the detector. The shaping algorithm employed is a Moving Window Deconvolution (MWD) to shape digitized shape into a trapezoidal form. The developed online system was verified by comparing the achievable energy resolutions with those of the offline in-house algorithm. The final energy resolution obtained with the developed system is 2.7 % FWHM at 662 keV gamma-ray energy.

Quantitative performance measurement for construction R&D projects through a multi-attribute performance indices and data envelopment analysis

박상혁 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2008 국내박사

점차 대형화되고 있는 건설R&D과제의 객관적인 평가자료와 지속적인 건설R&D예산을 확보하기 위해서는 정량적인 성과자료가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 건설R&D사업 성과평가의 중요성을 인식하고 기존 평가방식에 대한 문제점을 극복하기 위한 성과측정방법론을 제시하고 실제 사례를 통해 측정결과를 산출하였다.성과측정지료를 활용한 방법은 정량적인 성과측정을 위한 40개의 성과측정지표를 도출하고 성과측정모델을 개발하여 이를 통한 355건의 건설R&D사업의 성과를 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 모델에 의한 측정결과는 실제 결과를 비교하여 기존 평가방식에서 발생 가능한 오류를 보완할 수 있다. ANOVA분석은 연구유형에 따라 평가결과를 달리 적용해야 함을 확인하여 기존의 획일적인 성과평가방식이 문제 있음을 검증하였다. 또한 연구유형에 따른 성과는 연구수행 주체에 따라 그 성과가 발현에 특성이 있음을 대응일치분석을 통해 확인하였다.효율성분석은 산출물 중심의 평가결과를 보완하기 위해 과제규모(비용, 참여인원)를 고려한 성과측정 결과이다. 측정대상은 40개 성과측정지표의 성과영역에서 지식축적 분야의 성과측정지표를 이용하여 산출요소로 활용하였다. 측정결과는 건설R&D사업을 수행하는데 있어 성과발현을 위한 기준을 제시하였다.본 논문에서 제시하는 성과측정 방법은 건설R&D사업의 객관적이고 합리적인 성과평가를 위해 기초자료를 제공할 수 있으며 성과향상을 위한 가이드라인을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 성과측정결과는 선정평가와 최종평가 등 기존의 평가절차에서 부족하였던 평가위원의 사전검토 단계에서 참고자료로 활용이 가능하다.연구결과는 건설프로젝트를 수행하고 있는 의사결정자에게 현재 진행 중이거나 종료한 프로젝트에 정량적인 성과결과를 제공하며 추후 추진할 건설프로젝트에는 성과를 예측하는데 도움이 될 것이다. In order to obtain objective evaluation data for construction R&D projects that are becoming larger in scale and are acquiring continuous construction R&D budgets, quantitative performance evaluation is needed. In this paper, the importance of construction R&D project performance evaluation is recognized. A performance measurement method is presented in order to overcome the problems of existing evaluation methods, and measurement results are derived through actual cases.The method using the performance measurement data derived 40 performance measurement indices for quantitative performance measurements, and developed a performance measurement model. Using the model, we measured the performances of 355 construction R&D projects. The measurement results achieved through the model developed in this study can compare actual results and supplement errors that could possibly occur in existing evaluation methods. The ANOVA analysis confirmed that evaluation results must be applied differently according to research types, and verified that there is a problem with the existing uniform performance evaluation method. It was also confirmed through correspondence analysis that the results of research types showed different manifestations according to the subject being researched. Efficiency analysis is the result of measuring performance that takes into account project size (cost and participating members) in order to supplement the production-centered evaluation results. From the performances of 40 performance measurement indices, the performance measurement indices of the knowledge accumulation field were selected as elements to be measured. The measurement results presented a standard for performance manifestation in carrying out construction R&D projects.The performance measurement method proposed in this paper is meaningful in that it can provide basic data for objective and rational performance evaluation of construction R&D projects, and suggested a guideline for improving performance. The results of performance measurements can also be used as reference material at the evaluation committee’s preliminary investigation stage for such activities as selection evaluation and final evaluation that have been insufficiently dealt with in the existing evaluation process. Future studies should focus on evaluating the research outcome and impact, which shows true, long-term research performance. Effort also must be under taken to understand how these proposed method-based evaluation results can be connected to the governmental research budgeting process.