Measurement-device-independent verification of quantum steering and quantum channel steering

전인우 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

본 논문은 손실을 견딜 수 있는 양자조정과 양자 채널조정에 대해 측정기기에 무관한 검증방법을 제공하는 것을 목표로 삼고 있다. 본 논문에서는 양자 비국소성의 개념들과, 검증과정에 있어서 가정되는 신뢰성의 여부에 따라 비국소성의 범주를 분류할 수 있음을 살펴본다. 검증에 참여하는 모든 검증자를 신뢰할 수 있을때 검증하는 양자 비국소성을 양자얽힘이라고 하고, 모든 검증자를 신뢰할 수 없을 때 검증하는 양자 비국소성을 벨 비국소성이라고 하며, 몇몇 검증자는 신뢰할 수 있으나 나머지 검증자는 신뢰할 수 없는 경우에 검증하는 양자 비국소성을 양자조정이라고 한다. 이러한 관점에서 양자조정은 벨 비국소성과 양자얽힘의 가운데에 위치하는 비국소성이다. 비국소적 현상을 보여줄 수 있는 양자상태의 관점에서 말한다면, 양자조정이 가능한 상태들의 집합은 벨 비국소적 상태들의 집합보다 크고, 양자 얽힘이 있는 상태들의 집합은 양자조정이 가능한 상태들의 집합보다 크다. 어떠한 이유로 인해 모든 검증자를 신뢰할 수는 없는 상황이라면 양자얽힘의 검증은 불가능하고, 따라서 남게되는 선택지는 양자조정이나 벨 비국소성으로 좁혀진다. 따라서 양자조정은 특정 검증자를 신뢰할 수 없는 상황에서 최대한 많은 양자상태를 선택지로 확보하고 싶을 때 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 비국소성의 범주이다. 한편 양자얽힘과 양자조정의 검증에 있어 특정 검증자를 신뢰할 수 있어야 한다는 요구조건을 완화하여, 특정 양자상태를 잘 생성할 수 있어야 한다는 요구조건으로 대체하는 검증 방안이 존재한다. 측정기기에 무관한 검증이라고 불리는 이러한 검증 방법은 비국소성 놀이에서 입력값을 고전 정보가 아닌 양자 상태로 바꾸는 방식으로 이루어진다. 놀이의 참여자들은 입력된 양자상태를 명확하게 구분 할 방법이 없으므로, 비국소적 양자상태를 공유하지 않는다면 놀이에서 높은 점수를 얻지 못하게 되고 따라서 비국소성의 검증을 통과할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 측정기기에 무관한 검증방법을 손실을 견딜 수 있는 양자조정에 접목하였다. 이렇게 구성된 양자조정의 검증은 손실을 견딜 수 있는 특성과 측정기기에 무관한 특성을 모두 가지며, 조정되는 검증자에게서 조정하는 검증자에게 정보 전송을 허용하더라도 유효하고, 심지어 양자 상태의 생성이 불완전하더라도 여전히 유효함을 보일 수 있다. 불완전한 양자상태의 생성이 양자조정의 검증에 미치는 영향은 두 큐빗 상황에서 양화하였다. 이러한 양자조정의 검증은 손실에 견디는 특성이 비대칭적인데, 조정되는 검증자가 겪는 손실은 검증에 영향을 끼치지 않으나 조정하는 검증자가 겪는 손실을 견디기 위해서는 양자조정의 검증방안을 적절히 재구성해야만 한다. 이러한 비대칭성은 비대칭적인 양자 정보처리 과제에 응용될 수 있으며, 손실에 견딜 수 있는 특성과 측정기기에 무관한 특성은 잡음이 많고 통제할 수 없는 환경에서 비국소성의 검증을 구현하는 데 도움이 될 것이라고 기대된다. 한편 우리는 양자 비국소성의 개념을 양자 채널로 확장하여, 측정기기에 무관한 양자 채널조정의 방법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 상태가 아닌 집합체 개념을 채택하여 문제에 접근하였고, 최-자미올코프스키 동형사상을 이용하여 채널 집합체가 양자조정 가능하다는 사실과 쌍대 양자상태 집합체가 양자조정 가능하다는 사실이 동치조건임을 증명하였다. 그 뒤 잘 정리된 측정기기에 독립적인 검증방안을 쌍대 양자상태에 적용하여 측정기기에 독립적인 채널 조정의 검증을 완수한다. 나아가 불완전한 양자상태의 생성이 측정기기에 독립적인 검증에 미치는 영향을 분석하였는데, 특히 최-자미올코프스키 동형사상을 얻는데 쓰이는 양자상태에 집중하였다. 그 결과 목표로 삼았던 순수한 양자상태를 생성해내지 못 하고 다른 양자상태를 만들더라도, 두 계 사이의 순수한 양자상태가 꽉 찬 슈미트 랭크를 가지기만 한다면 검증과정에는 어떠한 문제도 일으키지 않음을 보였고, 국소적인 잡음과 섞이는 경우 어느 정도의 잡음의 비율까지는 견딜 수 있음을 보였다. 이때 견딜 수 있는 잡음의 비율의 하한은 이미 잘 알려져 있는 조정 억셈도로 결정된다. 추가적인 연구 발전방향을 위하여 양자조정 억셈도 및 그와 유사한 형태의 물리량과, 양자조정및 최-자미올코프스키 동형사상과 관련된 몇 가지 미해결 문제들을 던져두었다. 측정기기에 무관한 양자 채널조정의 검증은 통제할 수 없고 잡음이 많은 상황에서 양자 채널의 양자정보가 누출되는 상황을 확인하는데 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대된다. This dissertation aims to provide measurement-device-independent verification protocol for loss tolerant quantum steering and quantum channel steering. We review the concepts of quantum nonlocality, and see that we can classify it into the three depending on the assumption that the party who participates in verification protocol is trustworthy. If the quantum nonlocality is verified when every party is trusted, we call it quantum entanglement, if it is verified when every party is untrusted, we call it Bell's nonlocality, and if it is verified when some parties are trusted while the others are not, we call it quantum steering. In this respect, quantum steering lies in the intermediate position between Bell's nonlocality and quantum entanglement. In view of quantum states which can display nonlocal phenomenon, we can say that the set of steerable states is larger than the set of Bell nonlocal state, and the set of entangled states is larger than the set of steerable states. For some situations that we cannot trust everybody, entanglement verification is impossible, thus our option is steering or Bell's nonlocality. Therefore, quantum steering can be useful when some party cannot be trusted and we need broad choice of quantum states to exploit quantum nonlocality. In the meantime, there is another verification protocol of quantum nonlocality that we can relieve the trust assumption at the cost of quantum state generation. This protocol, called measurement-device-independent verification protocol, is constructed with nonlocal game approach where classical input is replaced with quantum states. The participants of the game can distinguish the input states only if they share quantum nonlocal states, thus their success in the game, obtaining the high score, is an indicator of quantum nonlocality of the shared states. We apply measurement-device-independent protocol for loss-tolerant steering inequality. As a result, we construct quantum steering verification protocol to be measurement-device-independent and loss-tolerant. The verification is valid even if we allow one-way communication from the steered party to the steering party and generation of input quantum states is imperfect. The effect of imperfect generation of input quantum states to the verification protocol is quantified for two qubit setup. The resultant steering criterion is asymmetric with respect to measurement efficiencies because the measurement efficiency of the steered party does not affect the verification protocol while that of the steering party does. Therefore, to make the steering verification loss-tolerant with respect to the steering party, we have to reformulate it appropriately according to the heralding efficiency of the steering party. The measurement-device-independent and loss-tolerant properties can help implement steering verification in uncontrollable and lossy environment, and asymmetric property will be useful for asymmetric quantum information processing tasks. Moreover, we extend the concept of quantum nonlocality to quantum channels, and propose measurement-device-independent verification protocol of quantum channel steering. For this purpose, we adopt assemblage approach and utilize Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism. We prove that channel assemblage is steerable if and only if its dual state assemblage is steerable. We then apply canonical method of measurement-device-independent verification protocol to the obtained dual state assemblage. In this way we accomplish measurement-device-independent verification of channel steering. We further inspect the effect of imperfect quantum state generation, especially for which is used to obtain Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism. As a result, we show that the channel-state duality of steering holds as long as the quantum state is bipartite pure state with full Schmidt rank. Furthermore, mixture of the quantum state with local noise is tolerable up to some proportion, which is bounded from below by the steering robustness. For further researches, some open questions regarding the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism and steering are listed. We expect that the results can be exploited to check leakage of quantum information in quantum channels under lossy and uncontrollable environment.

Measuring and Improving Strategic Performance of Contractors : 건설계약자들의 전략적 수행을 위한

LUU TRUONG VAN 부경대학교 대학원 2009 국내박사

The current business environment in construction is characterized by fast change and severe competition. This research reports on the design, implementation and evaluation of a dynamic performance measurement framework, as an attempt to better match the business environment. System dynamics (SD) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is integrated to meet research objectives. The development of a dynamic BSC (DBSC) is a logical extension to the Balanced Scorecard to address above problems. The major objective of this research is to describe how the BSC and Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Thread (SWOT) matrix can be used to formulate the business strategies and to measure the strategic performance of construction. Angiang Construction Enterprise (ACE) is selected as a case study to measure the strategic performance. An applicable simulation model of a construction enterprise was built using system dynamics methodology. The DBSC model was calibrated to a construction enterprise to measure the strategic performance and to formulate and evaluate practical policies to improve its performance. In order to considerably improve performance, some integrated policies combining the separate policies having the most effects were evaluated. This research reveals that the DBSC model should be considered as a promising tool for the construction enterprise to experiment with the effects of its strategies and policies prior to implementing them in the real project. This also proves that the integration between SD and BSC has enormous potentials in the performance measurement of construction organizations. The findings imply that the low training frequency of human resource and high proportion of direct costs and administrative expenses to turnover are generally “Achilles’ heel” of medium-sized construction enterprises in Vietnam and very likely in other developing countries. The findings from this case study provide valuable lessons for practitioners in the application of new management frameworks (i.e. BSC and SWOT) in managing their strategic performance in other developing countries and region. The integration of BSC approach and SWOT analysis can help medium-sized construction enterprises in developing countries identify short-term objectives and long-term strategies, establish the performance measurement. As the Asian saying goes, “to know oneself is true progress”. Therefore, based on the research findings, Korean construction firms can gain insights into Vietnamese construction firms. As a result, thorough understanding of competitors in Vietnam is the best way so that Korean construction firms can win construction contracts in Vietnam. For that reason, the research findings are very useful for Korean construction industry. Since a medium construction firm from a country to the other country may have the same principles to formulate their strategies, the research framework and the model in this study can be applied to medium construction firms in Korea with minor adjustment. For those reasons, this study is useful not only to practitioners, researchers, and clients in Vietnam but also to those in Korea.

MIMO 안테나 측정을 위한 개선된 알고리즘에 관한 연구

Tran Thanh Ngon 한국해양대학교 대학원 2007 국내석사

This thesis presents the improvement of algorithm for antenna measurement software and development of measurement testbed for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna measurement. Firstly, the algorithm for antenna measurement software is improved to operate with variety types of equipments and reduce measurement noise. After that, this software is used to measure 3 parameters of MIMO antennas. Finally, to measure other parameters of MIMO antennas and MIMO systems, the MIMO testbed is developed and presented. As the results, the improved software can be used to measure gain, 2D & 3D radiation pattern, for single antenna, and polarization, pattern diversity, polarization diversity and pattern correlation, for MIMO antenna. The measurement results are very beautiful when the noise filter algorithm is applied. In MIMO testbed design, direct conversion technique is used for analog front end circuit design. Front end circuits are also coupled with baseband DSP algorithm. The result is that front end circuits have compact size and wide bandwidth. Finally, hardware and software configurations of MIMO testbed are designed and presented.

Sensitivity enhancement of affinity-based electrical biosensor using pulsed measurement

우준명 서울대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

전기적 바이오센서의 최근 발전에도 불구하고, 광학적 방법에 비해 낮은 감도와 선택도는 실용화에 가장 큰 장애요소이다. 친화도 기반의 바이오센서에 있어서 나쁜 선택도는 낮은 친화력과 비특이 반응에 기인한다. 또한 특히 전기적 바이오센서에, 낮은 감도는 반대이온의 전하 차단 효과에 의한 전기적 신호의 약화에 기인한다. 본 논문에서는 전기적 바이오센서의 장점을 이용하여 선택도 및 감도를 동시에 향상시키는 펄스 측정 방법을 제안한다. 펄스 측정을 구현하기 위해 탄소 나노튜브 채널과 금 나노입자 위에 고정화된 프로브 DNA 및 방사형 전극으로 구성된 연구실에서 직접 제작된 센서 어레이를 사용하였고, 펄스 발생기와 증폭기로 측정 회로를 구성하였다. 상보적인 탐지대상 DNA 를 가한 후 그로 인한 채널 전도도의 변화를 통해 DNA 혼성화 정도 및 여부를 감지한다. 프로브와 대상 분자 사이의 혼성화 효율 향상을 위해 혼성화 중에 채널을 통해 프로브 분자에 전기적 펄스를 가하였다. 전하를 띄고 있는 프로브 분자는 전기 펄스에 의해 진동하며, 이는 DNA 혼성화 효율 향상을 이끌어낸다. DC 조건 및 전기를 가하지 않은 경우와 비교할 때, 펄스를 가하는 방법은 Tris-EDTA (TE) 완충용액에서의 실시간 측정에서 향상된 선택도로 비약적으로 감도 향상시켰다. 또한 혈청 조건에서도 상당히 낮은 농도의 한계까지 탐지할 수 있었다. 이온에 의한 전하 차단 효과를 극복하기 위해 계단 펄스에 대한 과도응답 관찰을 제안하였다. 과도상태에서는 계단 펄스에 의해 전기이중층이 순간적으로 확장하며, 그에 따라 전하를 가진 분자를 감싸던 반대 이온들이 밀려나게 된다. 단일가닥 DNA 와 이중가닥 DNA 의 과도응답을 비교하여, DNA 센서의 감도향상을 수치해석적 시뮬레이션과 실험으로 증명하였다. 과도상태 측정방법은 실시간 측정이나 또는 혼성화가 끝난 이후에도 적용 가능하다. 이 펄스 측정 방법은 DNA와 단백질, 펩티드 등의 탐지에 쓰이는 일반적인 전기적 바이오센서 플랫폼으로 확장 적용이 가능할 것이다. 본 연구를 통하여 우리는 펄스 측정 플랫폼과 결합된 전기적 바이오센서가 충분한 감도와 신뢰성으로 label 없는 대상 분자의 실시간 감지를 현실화시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Despite of recent advances in the electrical biosensors, lower sensitivity and worse selectivity than the optical sensors are the obstacles to success in practical uses. In the affinity-based biosensor including the electrical sensor, the worse selectivity results from the low affinity constant and activated non-specific binding event. Specifically for the electrical biosensors, low sensitivity arises from weakening of the electrical signal from the molecule charges due to the screening effect by the counter-ions. In this dissertation, we propose a new scheme, hereafter the pulsed bias scheme, to enhance both the selectivity and the sensitivity in the electrical biosensor. In order to verify the scheme, we applied the pulsed bias to the biosensor platform developed by our group in Seoul National University, where the sensor cell arrays consist of the carbon nanotube network (CNN) channel formed on the concentric electrodes. The CNN channel is decorated with the Au (gold) nano particles (GNP) on which the thiolated probe DNA (p-DNA) immobilized. The island electrode in the concentric electrodes is connected to the pulse generator and the operational amplifier. From the change of channel conductance after applying complementary target DNA (t-DNA), we detect the DNA hybridization event. For the enhancement of the hybridization rate between the probe and target molecule, electrical pulse bias is applied to the probe molecule via CNN channel during the DNA hybridization events. The probe molecule which has electrical charge oscillates with the pulse trains resulting in the enhancement of DNA hybridization efficiency. Compared with the DC and non-biasing condition, the pulse biasing method gives better selectivity and remarkable sensitivity enhancement in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer solution in the real time measurement. In addition, very low limit of detection (LOD) can be achieved even in human serum condition. To overcome the charge screening effect, we propose a transient measurement, where the measurement of the channel current is performed during the transient response of the mobile ions in the electrolyte system after the step-pulse bias applied to the drain electrode. On the transient state, electric double layer (EDL) is extended by the step-pulse bias instantaneously, and counter-ions screening the charged molecule are swept away. Comparing the transient response of between the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), we obtain the improved sensitivity in the measurement as well as in the numerical simulation results. The transient scheme may be applied during the hybridization event while the pulse bias is applied (real time measurement) or after completion of the hybridization events. The pulsed bias scheme may be extended to general electrical biosensor platforms for detecting DNAs, proteins and peptides. The electrical biosensor platforms with the pulsed bias scheme may facilitate the label-free real time detection of the target molecule with considerable sensitivity and more reliable and rapid detection even in human serum.

Color measurement and its application to car color tone measurement

Nguyen, Thi Tra Mi Sungkyunkwan university 2019 국내석사

Nowadays, many factors can impact car quality, such as colors, gap, flush, and radius measurement. One of the most important aspects in designing and manufacturing is the color of the car, as an always-on-trend topic. The measurement of the car’s color tone has an essential role in accrediting the output quantity. Also, the colors are one of the most quality attributes that impressed a customer when deciding to buy a car. In the industries, there are three ways to distinguish the colors: visual measurement, traditional instrument measurement, and applying the computer vision formulation for measurement. The use of human observation is the simplest method for differentiating the colors. However, this method does not have high accuracy due to the sensitivity of human eyes to detailed color tone. As a result, many calculations about the color distance has been created to measure more correctly the color difference. One of the most popular and well-known formula calculating the color distance is the CIELAB Delta E. About the traditional instrument measurements, the peripheral devices to collect pictures are used with calculations to provide highly accurate results. Some well-known devices are currently being used in the market includes CM-M6 - Konica Minolta Sensing, Colour Muse Colour Scanner. Despite the high accuracy in performance, the cost of these devices is relatively high. This thesis proposes a more cost-effective method that only use an ordinary smartphone to differentiate the colors, but still guarantees the accuracy of the measurement. The stand-out application is to focus on distinguishing two different colors looking similar by ordinary eyes by using only digital images captured from a mobile phone camera. This would help to reduce the quality assurance cost significantly in the painting of the car industry. Additionally, by using the 2310 Pantone color guide reference, the analysis will be able to match the real product’s colors to the reference colors.

Considering Measurement Bias in Cognition at the Intersection of Race and Gender

Goodwin, Julia Keen The University of Wisconsin - Madison ProQuest Dis 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Race and gender disparities in the prevalence and incidence Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRDs) are well-documented in national reports: In the U.S., Black people are more likely to have ADRDs than White people, while women make up the majority of those aged 65 and older with ADRDs. Scholars in the social sciences frequently utilize large, nationally-representative, longitudinal surveys that collect detailed data on cognition and respondents’ lives to identify the influence that modifiable risk factors have on race and gender group differences. However, the ability of these commonly explored individual and contextual variables to fully explain cognition disparities by race and gender are limited. Education, socioeconomic status (SES), stress, and geography fail to fully account for the disparities between Black and White samples and between men and women. A central question endures: What accounts for the remaining race- and gender-based disparities in cognition that social contextual factors cannot explain?The majority of research detailing race and gender disparities in cognition are conducted under the assumption—without demonstration—of measurement invariance, or the essential characteristic that latent variables quantify the same underlying concept across cultures, societies, geographies, and time. Like other assessments that attempt to capture a universal measure of intelligence or aptitude (e.g., IQ test, SATs), cognition assessments in these large, longitudinal surveys may have questions that are unintentionally biased towards certain groups. For example, especially for aging adults, an item that asks people to count backwards from 100 by 7s may be easier for men compared to women because of gendered expectations and institutional steering: men have historically been stereotyped as being “good at math” and encouraged to build that skill, while women have not been encouraged in the same way. The item would be considered biased towards men if, on average, despite both groups having similar cognition, men answered the question correctly and women answered incorrectly. The purpose of the following dissertation is to shift the focus towards the cognition assessment itself, asking to what extent does bias in the measurement of cognition contribute to the persistent disparities in cognition across intersectional race-gender groups.The following dissertation fits into larger historical and current efforts to accurately measure cognition across diverse populations within the United States and cross-nationally. Of particular interest in this study is the measurement of cognition in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS): previous research has established that the cognition assessment in the HRS exhibits measurement invariance separately across race—between non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic—and gender—between men and women. However, researchers have not examined to what extent measurement invariance holds at the intersection of race and gender in the HRS. In line with the HRS’s efforts to improve the accuracy of the cognition assessment, the following analyses further contemplates measurement invariance by intersectional identity, attending to potentially neglected disparities in the measurement of cognition. In Chapter 2, I perform a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) of cognition in a cross-sectional sample of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) across four intersectional race-gender groups, which estimates the presence and degree of bias in the cognition measures. I find evidence for measurement non-invariance, specifically that the underlying cognition factor is not captured equivalently for Black women and White women, as compared to Black men and White men. These findings demonstrate the importance of ensuring measurement invariance for latent variables across intersectional groups.In the broader social sciences and specific field of demography, scholars have endeavored to understand and explain differences in cognition trajectories—and not just in cross-sectional samples—by race and gender in old age. In Chapter 3, using data from 1996 to 2018 in the HRS, I calculate a second-order latent growth model, which permits me to calculate the amount of measurement invariance in cognition over age. In addition, I borrow from demographic research on lifespan variation to conceptualize and hypothesize how variation in cognition trajectories behave across intersectional race-gender groups. Adjusting the measurement model in the latent growth model in the cognition age-trajectories of Black women, Black men, White women, and White men results in a 50% reduction in the gap between Black women and White men. Additionally, I found that there was greater variation in the trajectories of Black women and Black men even when measurement bias was removed, suggesting that White women and men experience greater certainty in their cognition trajectories in old age. This novel modeling strategy demonstrates the importance of assessing and correcting for bias in the measurement of cognition trajectories across race-gender groups and considering the often-overlooked influence of variation in cognition trajectories to race-gender disparities in cognition.Lastly, in Chapter 4, I add to the extant research by removing measurement bias from cognition age-trajectories while simultaneously controlling for three relevant covariates. Using data from Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I calculate an unbiased second-order latent growth model while also controlling for allostatic load to measure individual levels of chronic stress; years of education; and the average years lived in the Southern United States. Education had the largest influence on the level, but not change, of cognition across all four intersectional race-gender groups. When I control for all three variables, the disparities in cognition trajectories between Black women, Black men, and White men are substantively eliminated, while White women’s cognition remains at a comparatively high level. These analyses illustrate the potential explanatory power of measurement invariance analyses for explaining the remaining gaps in cognition trajectories.Taken together, these three empirical studies advance scholarship on measurement invariance in cognition assessments by utilizing an intersectional lens to reveal sizeable bias across race-gender groups that would have gone otherwise overlooked. These analyses consider measurement invariance within an intersectional framework, which is important to examine if we, as a research community, intend to understand the reliability and validity of cognition measurement and improve the lives of aging people in the United States and globally. These results suggest that scholars who study disparities in cognition—or any complex, latent facet of health and well-being—must consider how bias may be contributing to disparities.

Multivariate foot type classification : proposal of validated criteria for precise measurement

이재희 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2024 국내석사

Various clinical static alignment measurement utilized to assess static alignment of the foot, which affects lower leg kinematics. Classification of foot and measurement procedure are various among the researchers. This study was conducted to classify the foot type based on the static alignment in specific manner, and to compare two measurement procedures in prone position. Furthermore, to standardize the foot measurement protocol by selection of the most significant measurement items. 131 feet of 67 subjects who participate in sports activity regularly more than once a week, never underwent surgical procedure and with no history of lower leg injury past 3 months collected, 13 items of static alignment measurement were implemented. K-means cluster analysis was conducted to classify the foot alignment based on result of static alignment measurement. 4 groups were demonstrated by K-means clustering. Rectus and everted rearfoot group, Rectus and inverted rearfoot group, Planus and everted rearfoot group, and Planus and inverted rearfoot group. Analysis of variance was conducted to distinct the relevance of position in non-weight bearing measurements. 11 metrics including tibia centered measurement and ankle centered measurement were analyzed respectively. Under Bonferroni correction, statistical significance was prominent in ankle centered measurement. Among 13 metrics, Foot Posture Index – 6, Navicular Drop Test, Standing Calcaneal Angle in resting position, Arch Height Index found to have larger effect size. To investigate the effect of tibial torsion on non-weight bearing measurements, correlation analysis was conducted on tibial torsion, and rearfoot and forefoot angle in ankle centered position and tibia centered position. Rearfoot angle in tibia centered position showed moderate negative correlation and rearfoot angle in ankle centered position showed weak positive correlation with tibial torsion. Forefoot angle showed no significant correlation with tibial torsion. Considering specificity of metrics, Foot Posture Index – 6, Navicular Drop Test, Standing Calcaneal Angle in resting position, Arch Height Index, Rearfoot Angle in prone position, Forefoot Angle in prone position selected as newly suggesting foot classification protocol. The pseudo-R-squared value of the selected metrics were between 0.851 to 0.96. Key word: Static alignment, measurement, foot type 발의 정적 정렬을 파악하기 위한 다양한 측정 방법이 존재한다. 발의 형태를 분류하는 방식은 연구자마다 상이하며, 측정 방식도 연구자마다 차이가 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 연구에서 사용된 측정 항목을 토대로 발의 정적 정렬을 세분화하여 분류하고, 선행 연구의 지침 적용 시 가장 큰 변동성을 야기하는 측정 자세인 엎드린 자세에서의 발 정렬 측정 방식을 비교 분석하여 보다 타당도 높은 측정 자세를 도출하며, 측정 항목 중 그룹 간 유의미한 차이를 보이는 항목을 선별하여 발 정적 정렬 측정 프로토콜을 제시하고자 하였다. 키워드: 정적 정렬, 정렬 측정, 형태 분류 수술 이력이 없고, 최근 3개월 내 부상 이력이 없으며, 주 1회 이상 스포츠 활동에 정기적으로 참여하는 67명의 피험자에 대해 13가지의 발 정적 정렬 측정 항목을 바탕으로 정적 정렬을 측정하였고, 측정된 정적 정렬 특성에 따라 군집 분석을 통해 그룹을 분류하여 그룹 별 특성을 분석하였다. 군집분석 결과, 아치 높이에 따른 그룹이 두 그룹으로 분류되었고, 분류된 각 그룹이 내번/외번된 후족을 가진 그룹으로 나뉘었다. 분류된 네 그룹은 일반족-후족 외번 그룹, 일반족-후족 내번 그룹, 저족-후족 외번 그룹, 저족-후족 내번 그룹으로 정리할 수 있다. 엎드린 자세에서의 전족/후족 각도 측정 시 경골을 중앙에 두었을 때의 전족/후족 각도를 포함한 발 정렬 측정 항목들의 군집 분석 결과와 발목을 중앙에 두고 측정한 전족/후족 각도를 포함한 발 정렬 측정 항목들의 군집 분석 결과에 대해 각각 분산분석을 실시한 결과, 발목을 중앙에 두고 측정한 전족/후족 각도를 포함한 측정 항목들의 군집 분석 결과에서 보다 많은 측정 항목이 그룹 간 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 경골 뒤틀림이 비체중지지 시의 후족, 전족 각도 측정값에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 경골을 중앙에 둔 상태에서의 후족, 전족 각도와 발목을 중앙에 둔 상태에서의 후족, 전족 각도와 경골 뒤틀림각의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 각 후족 각도가 경골 뒤틀림과 유의미한 상관관계를 보였고, 그 중 발목을 중앙으로 두었을 때에는 매우 약한 양의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 경골을 중앙으로 두었을 때에는 중간 이상의 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 13가지의 측정 항목 중 FPI – 6, Navicular Drop Test, Standing Calcaneal Angle in resting position, Arch Height Index가 0.5 이상의 효과크기를 가진 것으로 분석되었다. 측정 항목의 특성을 고려하여 FPI – 6, Navicular Drop Test, Standing Calcaneal Angle in resting position, Arch Height Index, Rearfoot Angle in prone position, Forefoot Angle in prone position을 발 정렬 분류 프로토콜의 항목으로 채택하였고, 채택된 정렬 측정 모델로부터 0.851에서 0.964의 유사 R 제곱 값이 보고되었다.

Off-axis 디지털 홀로그래피를 이용한 동적 열 분포 측정 : Dynamic temperature distribution measurement by using off-axis digital holography

체렝돌가르 전북대학교 대학원 2011 국내박사

Many physical properties of materials are dependent on temperature, therefore the measurement of temperature distribution is very important. For this, various optical techniques are used widely nowadays in the field of heat and mass transfer measurement. These methods are non-contact and non-destructive. In a group of optical methods which are called index of refraction methods, the temperature distribution is obtained by measuring the phase differences of light rays caused by variations in refractive index. The phase of the optical wave is affected by the refractive index and therefore measurement of the phase of an optical wave gives useful information about the behaviour of the testing sample. The aim of this thesis is to develop the temperature measurement method by using a single shot off-axis digital holography. For this purpose, we describe a method of the numerical reconstruction of the complete wavefront properties from a single shot off-axis digital hologram: the amplitude, the phase, and the polarization state. Single shot off-axis digital holography method is a new challenge in temperature distribution measurement. This is non-imaging scheme, which means one single hologram is required to obtain complete 3D information about testing sample. The phases of the stored light waves can be calculated directly from the digital holograms without generating phase-shifted interferograms. This method makes the entire process faster, reliable, and real time. In this work, a single shot off-axis digital holography for transmission type based on a Mach-Zehnder configuration and for reflection type based on Michelson configuration were used for measuring temperature distribution in macro, micro, and nanoscales. Matlab code for getting the reconstructed object wave (amplitude and phase) which mainly includes 2D-FFT, spatial filtering, inverse 2D-FFT, Fresnel transform were developed. In the first experimental configuration temperature distribution of the microheater substrate in macroscale was investigated by using transmission type based on Mach-Zehnder configuration. In the second experimental configuration temperature distribution of the microheater substrate in microscale was investigated by using digital holographic microscope with magnification lens 40. In the third experimental configuration temperature distribution of the nano pattern was investigated by using a single shot dual-reference wave off-axis configuration based on an orthogonal polarization state. In the fourth experimental configuration temperature distribution of air from the heated surface was investigated. The advantage of this method is that by changing reconstruction distance the selection measurement is possible. Which means we can measure the temperature distribution of air from the heated surface at the different distances. In the last part, we summarize all experimental results. The results obtained by these methods are in good agreement, which demonstrates that a single shot off-axis digital holography method is valid for the measurement of the temperature distribution. Also this method can provide a very reliable and fast solution for measuring the temperature distribution process.

Quantitative performance measurement for construction R&D projects through a multi-attribute performance indices and data envelopment analysis

박상혁 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2008 국내박사

점차 대형화되고 있는 건설R&D과제의 객관적인 평가자료와 지속적인 건설R&D예산을 확보하기 위해서는 정량적인 성과자료가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 건설R&D사업 성과평가의 중요성을 인식하고 기존 평가방식에 대한 문제점을 극복하기 위한 성과측정방법론을 제시하고 실제 사례를 통해 측정결과를 산출하였다.성과측정지료를 활용한 방법은 정량적인 성과측정을 위한 40개의 성과측정지표를 도출하고 성과측정모델을 개발하여 이를 통한 355건의 건설R&D사업의 성과를 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 모델에 의한 측정결과는 실제 결과를 비교하여 기존 평가방식에서 발생 가능한 오류를 보완할 수 있다. ANOVA분석은 연구유형에 따라 평가결과를 달리 적용해야 함을 확인하여 기존의 획일적인 성과평가방식이 문제 있음을 검증하였다. 또한 연구유형에 따른 성과는 연구수행 주체에 따라 그 성과가 발현에 특성이 있음을 대응일치분석을 통해 확인하였다.효율성분석은 산출물 중심의 평가결과를 보완하기 위해 과제규모(비용, 참여인원)를 고려한 성과측정 결과이다. 측정대상은 40개 성과측정지표의 성과영역에서 지식축적 분야의 성과측정지표를 이용하여 산출요소로 활용하였다. 측정결과는 건설R&D사업을 수행하는데 있어 성과발현을 위한 기준을 제시하였다.본 논문에서 제시하는 성과측정 방법은 건설R&D사업의 객관적이고 합리적인 성과평가를 위해 기초자료를 제공할 수 있으며 성과향상을 위한 가이드라인을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 성과측정결과는 선정평가와 최종평가 등 기존의 평가절차에서 부족하였던 평가위원의 사전검토 단계에서 참고자료로 활용이 가능하다.연구결과는 건설프로젝트를 수행하고 있는 의사결정자에게 현재 진행 중이거나 종료한 프로젝트에 정량적인 성과결과를 제공하며 추후 추진할 건설프로젝트에는 성과를 예측하는데 도움이 될 것이다. In order to obtain objective evaluation data for construction R&D projects that are becoming larger in scale and are acquiring continuous construction R&D budgets, quantitative performance evaluation is needed. In this paper, the importance of construction R&D project performance evaluation is recognized. A performance measurement method is presented in order to overcome the problems of existing evaluation methods, and measurement results are derived through actual cases.The method using the performance measurement data derived 40 performance measurement indices for quantitative performance measurements, and developed a performance measurement model. Using the model, we measured the performances of 355 construction R&D projects. The measurement results achieved through the model developed in this study can compare actual results and supplement errors that could possibly occur in existing evaluation methods. The ANOVA analysis confirmed that evaluation results must be applied differently according to research types, and verified that there is a problem with the existing uniform performance evaluation method. It was also confirmed through correspondence analysis that the results of research types showed different manifestations according to the subject being researched. Efficiency analysis is the result of measuring performance that takes into account project size (cost and participating members) in order to supplement the production-centered evaluation results. From the performances of 40 performance measurement indices, the performance measurement indices of the knowledge accumulation field were selected as elements to be measured. The measurement results presented a standard for performance manifestation in carrying out construction R&D projects.The performance measurement method proposed in this paper is meaningful in that it can provide basic data for objective and rational performance evaluation of construction R&D projects, and suggested a guideline for improving performance. The results of performance measurements can also be used as reference material at the evaluation committee’s preliminary investigation stage for such activities as selection evaluation and final evaluation that have been insufficiently dealt with in the existing evaluation process. Future studies should focus on evaluating the research outcome and impact, which shows true, long-term research performance. Effort also must be under taken to understand how these proposed method-based evaluation results can be connected to the governmental research budgeting process.

Quantitative Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Radiative Efficiency and Abundance with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Beni Adi Trisna 과학기술연합대학원대학교 한국표준과학연구원(KRISS) 2024 국내박사

This dissertation utilizes Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to accurately measure the Radiative Efficiency (RE) values of both well-studied and novel emerging Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and monitors the column-averaged abundance of trace GHGs (XGas) in the Earth's atmosphere. The basic theory covers the FTIR instrument, its working principle, and analytical methodologies, as well as the theory behind gas quantification analysis using FTIR. For accurate gas quantification, it is essential to obtain detailed information on the absorption lines of gases that interact with infrared radiation. This dissertation investigates the broadening behavior of gas absorption lines under various environmental conditions, including temperature, pressure, and gas concentration. To model the gas absorption lines, absorption peaks derived from the Voigt profile are used. Inverse modeling is then applied by comparing the measured absorption peaks with the modeled ones to quantify the gas concentrations. The dissertation is structured into two main sections: one focusing on RE and the other on the accurate measurement of XGas in the atmosphere. The first section introduces the methodology for accurately measure the RE values of GHGs using FTIR. It explains the greenhouse effect induced by GHGs and discuss the concept of Global Warming Potential (GWP), a critical metric in climate change research for quantifying the warming effect of different GHGs. GWP is defined relative to the warming effect of 1 kg of CO2 and serves as an essential parameter for calculating the atmospheric GHG inventories. While the GWP of emerging GHGs is yet to be established, RE is a key factor in determining their GWP. This dissertation presents accurate measurement of RE and its associated uncertainties for both the well-studied and novel emerging GHGs, accounting for key influencing parameters such as temperature, pressure, Optical Path Length (OPL), and GHG concentration. A novel method for evaluating the uncertainty of RE values is introduced and validated through comparison with existing literature data. The RE of the well-studied GHGs measured in this dissertation is 0.085 ± 0.002 W m-2 ppb-1 for CF4, 0.573 ± 0.016 W m-2 ppb-1 for SF6, and 0.195 ± 0.008 W m-2 ppb-1 for NF3 which are in good agreement with the existing data. While the RE of the novel emerging GHGs is 0.201 ± 0.008 W m-2 ppb-1 for (CF3)2CFCN (commercially known as Novec-4710), 0.328 ± 0.013 W m- 2 ppb-1 for CF3OCFCF2 (PMVE), and 0.544 ± 0.022 W m-2 ppb-1 for CF3OCF2CF3 (PFMEE). In the second section, the method for monitoring the XGas using infrared radiation absorption by GHGs is discussed. The approach for precisely measuring XCO2, XH2O, XCH4, and XCO in the atmosphere using FTIR is presented. The mobile FTIR developed by the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) was used for this study to gather the measurements. Calibration of the mobile FTIR and continuous measurements across various locations were conducted, and discrepancies in the data were investigated through comparisons with field measurements from different instruments. Geographic variations in GHG concentrations revealed periodic changes. For XCO2, the average concentrations observed in 2023-2024 were 417.68 ppmv in fall 2023, 422.08 ppmv in winter 2023, 426.22 ppmv in spring 2024, and 425.44 ppmv in summer 2024. These results suggest an ongoing trend of rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. This study offers valuable insights into the accurate quantification and monitoring of GHGs, contributing to the improvement of climate models and the development of more effective environmental policies for climate change mitigation. Key words: climate change, greenhouse gas, FTIR, radiative efficiency, global measurement network. 이 논문은 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법(FTIR)을 활용하여 기존 및 새로운 온실가스(GHG)의 복사 효율(RE) 값을 정확하게 측정하고, 지구 대기 중 미량 온실가스의 연직총량을 관측결과를 기술한다. 기본 배경에는 FTIR 기기, 원리 및 분석 방법론과 이를 이용한 가스 정량분석 이론에 대해 기술했다. FTIR을 이용하여 가스 정량 분석을 하기 위해서는 적외선과 감응하는 가스의 흡수라인의 특성 정보를 획득해야 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 온도, 압력, 가스조성 등 환경에 따른 가스 흡수라인의 퍼짐 현상을 정리했다. 현재 사용하고 있는 가스 라인 합성을 위해서는 보잇 형태의 흡수피크를 이용한다. 가스 정량 분석을 위해 얻은 가스흡수피크함수를 측정한 가스 피크에 적용하기 위해서는 역모델링이 필요하다. 복사효율과 대기중 온실가스 측정에 대해 각각 하나의 섹션으로 기술했다. 첫 번째 섹션에서는 FTIR을 활용하여 GHG의 RE 값을 결정하는 과정을 다뤘다. 지구 대기 중 온실가스가 가져오는 온실효과를 소개하고 기후 변화 연구에서 온실가스의 양과 온실효과를 나타내는 인자인 온난화지수를 소개했다. 온난화지수는 이산화탄소 1 kg이 주는 온난화효과 1을 기준으로 삼았을 때, 상대값으로 정의되는데, 온난화지수는 대기중 배출되는 온실가스 인벤토리를 계산하는 데 유의한 결과를 제공한다. 신규가스의 경우 온난화지수가 밝혀져 있지 않다. 온난화지수를 결정하는 데 있어서 중요한 인자 중 하나가 가스의 복하강제력 혹은 복사효율이다. 복사강제력 혹은 복사효율은 가스 흡수단면적과 지구 년평균 복사에너지 값으로 결정되는 데, 본 연구는 신규가스와 알려진 가스들의 복사효율과 불확도를 정확히 측정했다. 온도, 압력, 광경로 길이(OPL), GHG 농도 등 최종 RE 값에 영향을 미치는 매개변수를 보정하는 방식이 포함된 RE 값에 대한 새로운 불확실성 평가 방법이 제안하고, 측정된 RE 값을 문헌 데이터와 비교하여 이 방법의 유효성을 검증했다. 본 연구에서 측정된 잘 알려진 GHG들의 복사효율(RE)은 CF4에 대해 0.085 ± 0.002 W m-2 ppb-1, SF6에 대해 0.573 ± 0.016 W m-2 ppb-1, NF3에 대해 0.195 ± 0.008 W m-2 ppb-1로, 이는 기존에 보고된 데이터와 잘 일치한다. 한편, 새로운 신흥 GHG들의 복사효율은 (CF3)2CFCN(상업적으로 Novec-4710으로 알려짐)에 대해 0.201 ± 0.008 W m-2 ppb-1, CF3OCFCF2(PMVE)에 대해 0.328 ± 0.013 W m-2 ppb-1, CF3OCF2CF3(PFMEE)에 대해 0.544 ± 0.022 W m- 2 ppb-1이었다. 두 번째 섹션에서는 적외선을 이용하여 대기중 온실가스 관측을 위한 방법과 정확한 온실가스를 관측했다. FTIR을 사용하여 XCO2, XH2O, XCH4, CO와 같은 대기 중 온실가스의 연직총량을 정밀하게 측정하는 방식을 나타냈다. COCCON 네트워크에서 개발한 이동식 FTIR을 이용하여 측정방식과 측정값을 그들이 제안한 방식대로 생산했다. 본 연구를 통해 이동형 FTIR의 교정과 다양한 장소에서 연속 측정했으며, 현장 측정 결과와의 비교를 통한 데이터 불일치 원인에 대해 검증했다. 게적에 따른 온실가스 값의 주기적 변화를 관찰했다. XCO2의 경우, 2023-2024년 동안 관측된 4계절 평균 농도는 2023년 가을에 417.68 ppmv, 2023년 겨울에 422.08 ppmv, 2024년 봄에 426.22 ppmv, 2024년 여름에 425.44 ppmv였다. 이러한 결과는 대기 중 CO2 농도가 지속적으로 증가하는 추세를 시사한다. 이 연구는 GHG의 정확한 정량화 및 모니터링에 대한 귀중한 통찰을 제공하며, 이는 향후 기후 모델을 개선하고 기후 변화 완화를 위한 보다 효과적인 환경 정책 개발에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 키워드: 기후변화, 온실가스, 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법, 복사효율, 글로벌 측정 네트워크.