(The) effects of candidate's characteristics and competency uncertainty on outsider executive selection decision

유승아 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Before financial crisis, insiders were preferred as executives. However, the paradigm is changing towards outsider executives, partly because so many insider executives crashed and partly because firms are looking for ways to restart growth. Previous literature on the executive selection has largely emphasized importance of executive to organizational success. However, process of executive selection decision making has not been clearly explained. Outsider executive candidates’ qualities are less known compared to insiders, thereby causing uncertainty associated with competency. I have speculated candidate’s characteristics such as type of social tie to selector, and education level which can provide biased information to selection decision maker as means to reduce candidate’s competency uncertainty. Additionally, candidate’s gender was considered as a significant factor in executive selection process. This study explores the role of outsider executive candidate’s competency uncertainty, social tie to selection decision maker, prestige of education and gender in selection making process. Using policy capturing approach with participants with previous executive selection experiences, this study showed significant relationship between candidate’s characteristics and selection likelihood. But effect competency uncertainty on selection chance was not influenced by candidate’s social tie and education. Based on the current empirical research, it is indicated that prejudice, although illogical, is prevalent in outsider executive selection decision making process.

Associations Among Children's Negative Emotionality, Executive Functions and Performance on a Cognitive Task, and Parenting Among Korean Preschoolers

Cha, Kijoo ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

A body of studies has demonstrated that cognitive self-regulation skills or executive functions (EF) during early childhood are a strong predictor for later academic success and social competence. Mother-child relationships, the most intense and enduring relationships of early childhood, presumably affect children's cognitive development including cognitive self-regulation. Although a greater attention has been paid to the mothers' contrition to children's development, a substantial body of literature suggests that difficult child temperament elicits negative parenting behaviors, which in turn increase children's difficult temperament or negative emotionality over time. However, little is known about ways in which different temperamental traits interact with each other affecting parenting behaviors. Also, according to the differential susceptibility hypothesis, children's difficult temperament, as a phenotypic marker of underlying neurobiological processes, interacts with an environment (e.g., parenting), generating variations in children's developmental outcomes. However, only few studies have tested the moderating role of temperament in the associations between parenting and children's cognitive development with most studies focusing on socio-emotional development. Also, even though maternal characteristics, such as educational attainment, are likely to affect maternal responses to children's difficult temperament, there have been only few studies examining this issue. Therefore, the current study shed light on these under-researched issues among parenting (parenting styles and interactional behaviors), children's temperament and cognitive outcomes (cognitive self-regulation (EF) and performance on a spatial cognitive task), and mothers' characteristic (educational attainment). Specifically, the present study addressed the following research questions: 1) Does parenting predict children's EF and performance on a spatial cognitive task?; 2) Do children's difficult temperamental characteristics predict parenting style?; 3) Do difficult temperamental traits (negative emotionality traits) interactively predict authoritarian parenting style?; 4) Does children's negative emotionality moderate the associations between parenting style and children's cognitive development (EF and performance on a spatial cognitive task)?; and 5) Do associations between children's negative emotionality and parenting style vary as a function of maternal educational attainment? Most of the prior studies addressing these issues have been conducted in Western countries, and thus, little is known about the degree to which the findings are culture-specific. Thus, in this study these questions were addressed with a non-Western sample, Korean mothers and children. Eighty mother-child dyads were recruited from 10 preschools in Seoul, Korea. Children’s mean age was about 59 months (45 – 66 months). Mothers assessed children’s temperamental proneness to anger (anger proneness) and difficultness to soothe (unsoothability) as traits of negative emotionality through parent questionnaire. They also answered items regarding their own parenting style (authoritative and authoritarian dimensions). Their interactional behaviors during a mother-child joint puzzle task were videotaped (about 10 minutes) and analyzed: the frequency of different types of maternal behaviors (i.e., cognitive and emotional supportive and controlling (directive) behaviors) and the ratings of overall maternal sensitivity and autonomy support during the puzzle activity were coded as a proxy of their usual interactional behaviors. Children’s performance during the puzzle activity was rated based on a five point scale with a higher score meaning a better performance, and six tasks, measuring children’s inhibitory control, working memory, attention shifting, and delay of gratification, were administered to assess their cognitive self-regulation skills (EF). Two EF composites, memory/attention control and behavioral inhibition, deriving from principal component analysis of the five measures (except “day/night” task that measures inhibitory control) were included in the analyses. To address the research questions, multiple regression analyses were conducted. The main findings are as follows. First, maternal autonomy-supportive behaviors (a composite of maternal sensitivity and autonomy support (rating-based) and directive and controlling behavior (frequency-based)) did not predict children’s performances on EF composites. Also, when children possessed two negative emotionality traits at the same time, that is, when they were prone to anger and simultaneously difficult to soothe, mothers were inclined to show more authoritarian parenting (relative to authoritative parenting) than when children were only difficult to soothe but not prone to anger. Next, depending on the degrees of children’s negative emotionality (a composite of anger proneness and unsoothability), associations between children’s performance on a spatial cognitive task (reflecting children’s cognitive abilities) and parenting varied. Among children with higher levels of negative emotionality (above the sample mean), a relatively greater amount of warm and democratic parenting (authoritative) was associated with lower performances on a spatial cognitive task and a greater degree of structure and control in parenting (authoritarian) with higher performances on the task, while the opposite pattern was observed among better-regulated children with low negative emotionality (below the mean). Finally, mother’s educational attainment was found to moderate the associations between negative emotionality and parenting style. Specifically, compared to two-year college graduates, mothers with 4-year-college or graduate degrees tended to show more authoritative parenting when their children’s negative emotionality was higher than the sample mean. More-educated mothers’ parenting style tended to be associated with children’s negative emotionality to a lesser degree. These findings suggest that mother-child relationships are associated with interplay among many factors, such as children’s (e.g., combinations of temperamental traits) and mothers’ characteristics (e.g., educational attainment). With cautions in mind regarding the correlational findings based on cross-sectional data, the study findings suggest that children possessing two negative temperamental characteristics at the same time who are also raised by low-educated mothers (again, probably educational attainment as an indicator of maternal personality or other traits) may be those most in need of more attention and support. More studies to address these issues with culturally, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse populations would better inform the complex interplay among parenting, child outcomes, parents’ and children’s characteristics, and cultural context. Given that the current sample consisted of well-educated middle to upper-middle class mothers and harsh authoritarian parenting behaviors were rare among them and that educational attainment was the only characteristics examined as maternal characteristic, further research with samples and information of more diverse socio-economic backgrounds in other cultural context with longitudinal or intervention designs is necessary to confirm the generalizability of the current study findings.

최고경영자의 의사결정역량이 재무적 경영성과에 미치는 영향 : 비재무적 경영성과의 매개효과와 기업지배구조 건전성의 조절효과

정용준 韓國外國語大學校 大學院 2021 국내박사

The present study is an empirical research on interaction effect between CEO’s personal trait and organizational system to firm performance under the theme of organizational performance and strategy. The purpose of this study is to test the effects of CEO’s decision making competence and corporate governance on firm financial performance. Over the last several decades, CEOs have been highly regarded as critical leadership person who have their biggest impacts on organization’s financial and non-financial performance results than any other employee groups. The decision making of CEO, locally as well as globally, is very symbolic and can be used as a useful index to explain firm performance. However, at the same time, we also need to understand that corporate governance is one of the most important factor that facilitates sustainable and stable organizational management by preventing the wrong decision. Despite the managerial importance of interaction effect between personal and organizational factor, it is very surprising that little attention has been paid to firm performance and there is absolute research gap in this area. The study of cohesive performance between CEO’s personal trait and organizational system is far behind in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the study compared to other management issues. In particular, few empirical studies have conducted on interaction effect between CEO’s decision making competence and corporate governance in management research field in Korea. In this research, the author tests a key predictor of firm financial performance and its results focusing on CEO’s decision making competence, which are one of the key competencies required for CEOs to perform their roles effectively, and are also key antecedent of firm performance. To verify how CEO’s decision making competence can directly as well as through firm non-financial performance affect firm financial performance, data of 198 CEO were analyzed. A survey was distributed to 1,000 CEOs who are managing for Korean companies in a wide range of industry. 198 CEOs were responded and the data were collected from the CEOs. Of the 209 respondents, the survey responses were analyzed based on data of 198 CEOs, except for 11 respondents’ cases where no accurate responses were made. The main results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, regarding the direct impact of CEO’s decision making competence on firm financial and non-financial performance, decision making competence is positively related to firm finacial and non-financial performance. Second, non-finanacial performance seldom mediated the relationship between CEO’s decision making competence and firm financial performance. The analysis results have shown a mediating effect of non-financial performance only in a very limited situation. Non-financial performance mediated between decision making competence and growth and profitability as sub variables of firm financial performance. No other mediating effects are found in this relationship. Third, corporate governance partially moderated the relationship between CEO’s decision making competence and firm financial and non-financial performance. The analysis results have shown a moderating effect of corporate governance in different situations. Shareholder rights as sub variable of corporate governance moderated between decision making competence and firm financial and non-financial performance. Fourth, corporate governance partially moderated the relationship between CEO’s decision making competence and firm financial and non-financial performance. The analysis results have shown a moderating effect of corporate governance in different situations. Shareholder rights as sub variable of corporate governance moderated between decision making competence and firm financial and non-financial performance. The research’s conclusion provides in-depth discussions on some possible causality of the empirical analysis results. Although the initially suggested research hypothesis are not fully supported, however we can understand the results through the possible causality of the analysis and its retranslations with several insights. There are also several implications for this study, both in academic and managerial perspectives. From an academic point of view, it is the very rare case of study on interaction effect between CEO’s decision making competence and corporate governance and also has become only a few empirical studies in management research field in Korea. In addition to this, Existing studies on CEO competence or corporate governance have focused only on the CEO's personal trait or organizational systemic perspective as a way to enhance corporate performance. However, this study has research significance in that it focuses on the interaction effect between these two factors and tries to demonstrate this effect.

자기질문 전략이 정신지체아의 사회적 실행능력에 미치는 효과

채미옥 대구대학교 1997 국내석사

벤처창업자의 협상유형이 투자유치성과에 미치는 영향 : 협상역량의 매개효과를 중심으로

박상기 숭실대학교 대학원 2022 국내박사

This study examines the styles of negotiations that venture entrepreneurs and negotiators of venture companies have in the context of the rapid environmental change that venture entrepreneurs are facing recently and the negotiation factor emerging as a basic competency that venture entrepreneurs should have in another context of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between negotiation style and investment attraction performance. From the perspective of how to approach negotiation, venture entrepreneurs have a negotiation style that is a product of various factors such as cultural background, social context, learning, and growth environment, and that affects venture entrepreneurs which negotiation techniques to choose and which negotiation strategies and tactics to use according to the negotiation style (Shell, 2006). In this context, we tried to examine the mediating effect of negotiation competency in the relationship between negotiation style and investment attraction performance. In the case of venture companies, in particular, the most important negotiation performance to achieve through negotiations is the investment attraction for financing, so the dependent variable in this study is investment attraction performance. On the matter of negotiation styles studied by previous studies, there are two representative negotiation style studies: first, the negotiation styles dealt with in two aspects selected from various fields(e.g. Lax & Sebenius, 1986; Axelrod, 1984; Menkel-Meadow, 1984; Williams, 1983; Fisher & Ury, 1981), second, the negotiation styles(e. g. Blake & Mouton, 1964; Thomas & Kilman, 1976; Rahim & Bonoma, 1979; Pruitt & Carnevale, 1993; Minho Kim & Miyoung Ahn, 2019).divided into five styles based on the two aspects. But, each individual researcher shows a difference in the definition of the negotiation styles. Accordingly, in this study, the five styles were collectively divided into two styles that comprehensively include, in particular, the hard negotiation style and the soft negotiation style suggested in the studies of Fisher & Ury (1981) and Abramson (2018). Negotiation competency is the negotiation execution capacity of various styles of strategies and tactics that venture entrepreneurs must take during the negotiation process. Although each scholar has studied language, persuasion, professionalism, responsibility, preparatory work, intellectual competency, coordination and integration, and communication as components of negotiation competency in various ways, concrete and systematic research has not been activated (Artinger et al. al., 2015). Accordingly, researchers have come to recognize that negotiation competency is not a single specific skill, but a complex of various technologies or competency factors that evenly affect the overall negotiation process. On the other hand, the factors that various researchers have argued in common were arranged in connection with the negotiation process, and classified into information capability, negotiation strategy tactical capability, and negotiation capability (Bak Sang-gi et al., 2022). In addition, information competency consists of information acquisition capability and information analysis capability. Negotiation strategy tactic capability consists of information negotiation strategy tactics capability, opponent negotiation strategy tactic identification and response capability, counterpart negotiation prediction capability, and negotiation scenario development capability. , the negotiation capability was composed of the opponent's negotiation strategy analysis capability, negotiation risk management capability, negotiation logic and story development capability, opponent's resistance control capability, and trust and favorability generation and increase capability (Bak Sang-gi et al., 2022). Since there are various styles of companies, it is difficult to objectively compare the amount of direct investment. Therefore, the performance of investment attraction was divided into financial performance and non-financial performance perceived by venture entrepreneurs and venture business negotiators. The research model of this study, composed of the above factors, examined the relationship between the negotiation style and the investment attraction performance, using the negotiation style as the independent variable and the investment attraction performance as the dependent variable. Also, the mediating effect of negotiation capacity was examined in relation to negotiation style and investment attraction performance. The sample participating in this study was targeted at venture founders and negotiating practitioners of venture SMEs conducting negotiations for the purpose of attracting investment. A total of two-hundred and fifty (250) copies were distributed in a way that a questionnaire was conducted and collected using the questionnaire form of SNS, and two-hundred and ten(210) of the two-hundred and fifty (250) respondents responded. As analysis tools, SPSS 24.0 statistical package and AMOS 24.0 statistical package programs were used. In addition, the research model to achieve the purpose of this study was verified through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, path analysis, and multiple mediation effect analysis. Reviewing the analysis results, the analysis results for Hypothesis 1 (the relationship between the negotiation style and the investment attraction performance) showed that the effect of the hard negotiation style on the financial and non-financial performance was statistically significant, and the soft negotiation style was found to have a statistically significant effect on non-financial performance, so hypotheses 1-1, 1-2, and 1-4 were adopted. As a result of the analysis of hypothesis 2 (the relationship between negotiation style and negotiation competency), it was revealed that the hard negotiation style had a statistically significant effect on the information management competency, negotiation strategy and tacticcompetency, and negotiation execution competency, and the soft negotiation style had a statistically significant effect on negotiation strategy tactical competency and negotiation execution competency, but did not affect information management competency, Hypotheses 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, and 2-6 were adopted. As a result of the analysis of Hypothesis 3 (the relationship between negotiation capacity and investment attraction performance), it showed that information management competency had a statistically significant effect on financial and non-financial performance, and negotiation strategy and tactic competency had a significant effect on non-financial performance. However, negotiation strategy and tactic competency does not have a statistically significant effect on financial performance, and negotiation execution competency does not appear to have a statistically significant effect on financial and non-financial performance. Consequently, Hypothesis 3-1, 3 -2, 3-4 were adopted. The analysis results for Hypothesis 4 (the mediating role of negotiation capacity in the relationship between negotiation style and investment attraction performance) are, first, the mediating role of negotiation competency in the relationship between negotiation style and financial performance, and second, the mediating role of negotiation competency in relationship between negotiation style and non-financial performance. In the relationship between negotiation style and financial performance, only information management competency was found to have a mediating effect, and in the relationship between negotiation style and non-financial performance, information management competency and negotiation strategy and tactic competency appeared to have a mediating effect. Consequently, hypothesis 4-1-1 and hypotheses 4-2-1 and 4-2-2 were adopted. The most remarkable feature of this study is that the research to explore the correlation between negotiation competency according to the style of negotiation, which has only been vaguely speculated, was executed by subjecting the entrepreneurs or employee negotiators of the companies who actually negotiate in business reality not by subjecting the students in the classroom who are not actual negotiators. To add, the contents and items of the previous questionnaire measuring negotiation styles and negotiation competencies had inherent limitations in accurately reflecting actual business negotiation as the questionnaire items and measurements were developed with the background of psychology and behavioral studies not of negotiation. However, since the contents and items of the questionnaire in this study are based on the concepts and situation that occurs in the actual business negotiation, though the shortcomings of the negotiation style and negotiation competency evaluation index measurement used in previous studies may not be completely removed but are significantly improved in this study. It is a clear research achievement. Remarkably, during the conducting this research, the new measurement of negotiation competency, which had been less adequate and inferior in terms of quantity and quality of research, compared with the development and accomplishment of the various research approaches and measurement tools, was designed specifically segmental and developed to be utilized reflecting the reality of negotiation. It can be duly evaluated that it has provided a meaningful steppingstone for the future development of negotiation research. As a result, negotiation style studies have been conducted based on the assumption that characteristics, once defined, rarely change due to the nature of psychology science. Therefore, the negotiation style, which deemed to potentially contain some immutable characteristics, has a negative perception that it is difficult to improve, difficult to develop, and difficult to adjust. However, through this study, we came to discover that anyone with a negotiation style can precisely develop and improve their negotiation skills through proper negotiation education and training and expert coaching that could bring a change to his negotiation style, consequently. This awakening discovery is the greatest achievement of this study. Until now, there has been a myth that negotiation competency is innate and one's negotiation style has been recognized as an area that cannot be developed or improved. Through this study, it is expected that the negotiation competency and negotiation style of most people, including entrepreneurs, will be re-recognized as a controllable area that can be improved and developed through education, training, and professional coaching. Negotiation competency is one of the most important core competencies for entrepreneurs who start up, nurture and develop companies. Negotiation competency is not one of the inherently fixed and immutable characteristics of each individual, but a capability that can be developed and improved as much as possible. It is considered to have sufficient meaning and value for spurring research with the most focus in entrepreneurship research. 본 연구는 최근 벤처창업가들이 직면하고 있는 급격한 환경변화와, 기업가정신의 또 다른 맥락에서 협상요인이 벤처창업가들이 가져야 할 기본 역량으로 떠오르고 있는 상황에서, 벤처창업가 및 벤처기업의 협상 실무자들이 갖는 협상유형과 투자유치 성과 간의 관계에 대한 실증을 하는데 목적을 두고 있다.특히, 협상에 대한 접근을 어떻게 할 것인가에 대한 관점에서, 벤처기업가는 문화적 배경이나 사회적 맥락, 학습, 성장환경 등 다양한 요소에 의한 산물인 협상유형을 가지게 되며, 협상유형은 어떻게 협상하는지를 설명해주는 것으로서, 협상유형에 따라 어떤 협상 기술을 선택하고 어떤 협상 전략과 전술을 사용할 것인가 등을 결정하게 된다(Shell, 2006). 이러한 맥락에서 볼 때, 협상유형과 투자유치성과의 관계에서 협상역량의 매개효과를 살펴보고자 하였다.특히, 벤처기업의 경우 협상을 통해 달성하고자 하는 협상성과로 가장 중요한 것을 자금조달을 위한 투자유치라고 할 수 있기에, 본 연구에서의 종속변수는 투자유치성과로 두었다. 또한, 기존의 선행연구들이 연구한 협상유형의 경우, 첫째, 다양한 분야에서 두가지 측면에서 다루어진 협상유형, 둘째, 두가지 측면을 기준으로 하여 다섯가지 유형으로 구분한 선행연구, 크게 두가지로 분류되어진 상황에서 연구되어 왔지만, 연구자마다 협상유형의 차이를 보이고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는, 다섯가지 유형을 포괄적으로 포함하는 두가지 유형으로 구분하였으며, 특히, Fisher & Ury(1981)와 Abramson(2018)의 연구에서 제시한 hard 협상유형과 soft 협상유형으로 구분하였다. 협상역량은 협상과정에서 벤처창업가가 취해야 할 다양한 형태의 전략 및 전술의 협상실행역량이다.학자들마다 협상역량의 구성요소로서, 언어, 설득력, 전문성, 책임감, 사전준비, 지적 역량, 조정과 통합, 커뮤니케이션 등을 매우 다양하게 연구하였으나, 구체적이고 체계적인 연구는 활성화되지 않은 상황이다(Artinger et al., 2015). 이에, 연구자들은 협상역량은 어떤 특정한 하나의 기술이 아니라, 협상의 전반적인 과정 전체에 고루 영향을 끼치는 여러가지 기술이나 역량요소의 복합체로 인식하게 되었다. 한편, 여러 연구자들이 공통적으로 주장하고 있는 요소들은 협상의 절차와 연계 정리하여, 정보 역량과 협상 전략 전술 역량, 그리고 협상 진행 역량으로 구분하였다(박상기 외, 2022). 또한, 정보 역량은 정보 획득역량과 정보 분석역량으로 구성하였으며, 협상 전략 전술 역량은 정보의 협상 전략 전술화 역량, 상대 협상 전략 전술 파악 및 대응역량, 상대 협상 예측 역량, 협상 시나리오 개발 역량으로 구성하고, 협상 진행 역량은 진행 중 상대 협상 전략 분석 역량, 협상위기 관리 역량, 협상 논리 및 스토리 개발 역량, 상대의 저항 제어 역량, 신뢰 및 호감 생성 및 증대 역량으로 구성하였다(박상기 외, 2022). 투자유치 성과는, 다양한 종류의 기업이 존재하기에, 직접적 투자 금액을 객관적으로 비교하는데 무리가 있어, 벤처창업가와 벤처기업 협상실무자가 지각하고 있는 재무적성과와 비재무적성과로 구분하였다. 이상의 요인들로 구성된 본 연구의 연구모형은, 협상유형을 독립변수로 하고 투자유치성과를 종속변수로 하여, 협상유형과 투자유치성과와의 관계를 살펴보았다. 또한, 협상유형과 투자유치 성과와의 관계에서 협상 역량의 매개효과를 살펴보았다. 본 연구에 참여한 표본은, 투자유치를 목적으로 협상업무를 진행하고 있는 벤처중소기업의 벤처창업자 및 협상실무자를 대상으로 하였다.SNS의 설문 폼(Form)을 이용하여 설문을 실시하여 회수하는 방식으로 총 250부를 배포하였으며, 250명 중에 210명이 응답하였으며, 이중 부적합한 설문 17부를 제외한 193명의 응답자를 대상으로 실증하였다. 분석 도구는 SPSS 24.0 통계패키지와 AMOS 24.0 통계패키지 프로그램을 이용하였다. 또한, 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위한 연구모형은, 빈도분석, 탐색적요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 경로분석, 다중매개효과 분석을 통하여 검증하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면, 가설 1(협상유형과 투자유치성과와의 관계)에 대한 분석결과는, 강성 협상유형의 재무적성과 및 비재무적성과에 대한 영향은 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났으며, 연성 협상유형은 비재무적성과에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 가설 1-1, 1-2, 1-4를 채택했다. 가설 2(협상유형과 협상역량과의 관계)에 대한 분석결과는, 강성 협상유형이 정보 역량과 협상 전략 전술 역량 및 협상 진행 역량에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 연성 협상유형은 협상 전략 전술 역량 및 협상 진행 역량에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치나, 정보 역량에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 가설 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 2-6을 채택했다. 가설 3(협상역량과 투자유치성과의 관계)에 대한 분석결과는, 정보 역량이 재무적성과와 비재무적성과에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 협상 전략 전술 역량이 비재무적성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 협상 전략 전술 역량은 재무적성과에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않고 있으며, 협상 진행 역량은 재무적성과와 비재무적성과에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나, 가설 3-1, 3-2, 3-4를 채택했다. 가설 4(협상유형과 투자유치성과와의 관계에서 협상역량의 매개역할)에 대한 분석결과는, 첫째, 협상유형과 재무적성과와의 관계에서 협상역량의 매개역할, 그리고 둘째, 협상유형과 비재무적성과와의 관계에서 협상역량의 매개역할, 두가지로 구분하였다. 협상유형과 재무적 성과와의 관계에서는 정보 역량만이 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 협상유형과 비재무적 성과와의 관계에서는 정보 역량과 협상 전략 전술 역량이 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났기에, 가설 4-1-1과 가설 4-2-1, 4-2-2를 채택했다. 본 연구의 가장 큰 특징은 그동안 막연하게 추측만 해왔던, 협상 유형에 따른 협상 역량의 상관관계를 非협상가인 교실의 학생들을 대상으로 한 연구조사가 아닌, 비즈니스 현실에서 실제로 협상을 하는 현실 비즈니스를 수행하는 기업가나 기업체 종사 임직원 협상가들을 대상으로 한 현실 연구가 수행되었다는 점이다. 또한, 이전의 협상유형 및 협상역량을 측정하는 설문지의 내용들은 기존의 심리학, 행동학을 연구배경으로 설문 문항과 측정치가 개발되어, 현실 비즈니스 협상을 정확하게 반영하는 데 태생적인 한계점이 있었다. 그러나, 본 연구의 설문지의 내용과 항목들은 실제 비즈니스 협상에서 발생하는 상황을 근거로 함으로써, 이전의 연구들에서 사용한 협상유형 및 협상역량 평가 지표 측정의 단점을 완전하지는 않지만, 상당부분 획기적으로 개선 발전시켰다는 점은 분명한 연구성과라고 사료된다. 그리고, 협상 유형에 대한 다양한 연구 접근과 측정도구의 개발 노력과 성과에 비해, 상대적으로 연구의 양과 질에 있어서 열세를 벗어나지 못한 것으로 여겨지고 있던 협상역량에 대한 측도를, 금번 연구과정에서 구체적이고 세분화하고 현실 협상을 반영하여 개발하고 활용하여 연구조사를 수행함으로써, 향후 협상 연구 발전에 있어서 의미 있는 발판을 제시했다고 할 수 있다. 특히, 지금까지는 주로 심리학 배경의 협상유형에 중점을 둔 협상 역량의 측정, 평가 및 측도개발에 대한 협상 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 그러다 보니, 심리학의 특성상 한번 규정된 특성은 좀처럼 변하지 않는다는 가정을 바탕으로 협상 유형 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 따라서, 다소 불변의 특성을 잠재적으로 내포하고 있는 협상유형은, 개선하기 어렵고, 발전시키기 어려우며, 조정하기 어렵다는 부정적인 인식을 갖게 되었다. 그러나, 금번 연구를 통해, 한 사람의 협상 유형은 누구나 제대로 된 협상 교육과 훈련 및 전문가의 코칭을 통해 자신의 협상역량을 정밀하게 발전 개선시킬 수 있으며, 자신의 협상 역량이 발전 변화함에 따라, 자신의 협상유형도 변화를 가져올 수 있다는 가능성을 발견하게 되었다. 이 각성의 발견이야말로, 본 연구의 가장 큰 성과이다. 그동안 협상력은 타고나는 것으로, 자신의 협상유형은 발전하거나 개선시킬 수 없는 영역으로 인식되어 온 경향이 주류를 이루어 왔다면, 본 연구를 통해 기업가를 포함한 대다수 사람들의 협상력과 협상유형은 교육과 훈련 그리고 전문가적인 코칭을 통해서 얼마든지 개선 발전될 수 있는 통제가능한 영역으로 재인식될 것으로 기대한다. 기업을 창업하고 육성 발전시키는 기업가들에게 가장 중요한 핵심 역량의 하나인 협상역량은, 개개인별로 태생적으로 고착되고 불변인 특성의 하나가 아니라, 얼마든지 발전되고 개선가능한 역량으로서, 기업가정신 연구에서 가장 중점적으로 연구에 박차를 가하는 데 충분한 의미와 가치를 갖고 있다고 사료된다.

1인 콘텐츠 창작자의 경영자 역량 및 특징이 경영 성과에 미치는 영향 : 창작자의 특성을 조절효과로

하창완 중앙대학교 산업·창업경영대학원 2020 국내석사

2019년 처음으로 우리나라의 문화 예술 관람률이 80%를 돌파하고, 5G, 온라인동영상서비스(OTT)시장이 전세계적으로 확대되면서 콘텐츠 산업에 대한 기대와 관심이 커지고 있다. 또한 콘텐츠 산업은 21세기 경제를 이끌어갈 성장 동력으로 주목받고 있다. 최근 콘텐츠 산업의 매출액은 2013년부터 2017년까지 연평균 5.6% 이상씩 꾸준히 상승하고 있다. 이처럼 콘텐츠 산업이 성장하는 이유는 콘텐츠의 수요가 확대되고 카카오페이지, 네이버 웹툰, 유튜브 등과 같은 플랫폼이 발달함에 따라 1인 크리에이터, 1인 콘텐츠 창작자의 창업의 흐름이 확대되고 있기 때문이다. 이런 흐름에 정부도 콘텐츠 산업을 육성하기 위해 각종 정책들을 쏟아내고 있고 창업에 대한 지원 등을 약속하고 있는 실정이다. 하지만 실제로 1인 기업으로 사업을 시작하게 됐을 때 경영성과를 내지 못하고 폐업하는 경우도 늘어나고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 1인 창조기업의 특성을 파악하고 콘텐츠 분야에서 좋은 경영성과를 이뤄내기 위해 필요한 방법 등을 찾기 위해 노력하였다. 즉, 콘텐츠 분야의 특성을 반영하여 1인 창조기업에 초점을 맞추었고, 기본적인 기업이 가지고 있어야 할 장점 등을 채택하여 해당 역량과 특징이 콘텐츠 관련 사업의 경영 성과에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 과정을 살펴보고자 하였다. 분석 방법으로는 SPSS 23.0을 사용하여 요인분석, 기술통계분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계분석을 진행하였다. 연구모형은 다중회귀분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 내용을 검증하였다. 주요 변수인 1인 창조 기업 경영자의 역량 및 특징, 경영성과에 대한 인과관계를 규명하였고, 창조기업의 역량 하위 변인은 ‘전문지식’과 ‘네트워크’, 창조기업의 특징의 하위 변인으로는 ‘혁신성’, ‘성취욕구’, ‘위험감수성’을 활용하였다. 조절변인으로는 콘텐츠 창작자의 특성을 활용하였고, 종속변수는 경영성과로 총 7가지로 요인을 활용하여 분석을 진행하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경영자의 역량이 경영 성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과는 일부 요인에서 유의적인 정(+)의 영향이 있었으며, 그 하위요인으로는 인적 네트워크가 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 전문 지식의 경우 정(+)의 영향을 주지는 못했지만 전문지식이 낮아도 경영성과를 이뤄낼 수 있다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 경영자의 창업가적 특징이 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과는 모든 요인에서 유의적인 정(+)의 영향이 있었으며, 그 하위요인으로는 혁신성, 성취욕구, 위험감수성이 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 콘텐츠창작자의 특성이 경영자의 역량과 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과로는 일부 요인에서 유의적인 정(+)의 영향이 있었으며, 그 하위요인으로는 인적 네트워크가 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 콘텐츠창작자의 특성이 경영자의 창업가적 특징과 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과로는 단계적인 조건을 만족하지 못해 조절 효과를 확인할 수 없었다. 분석된 연구를 통해 시사점을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 1인 창조기업은 일반 회사보다도 외부와의 협력 관계를 바탕으로 사업이 유지되는 경우가 많이 때문에 특히 네트워크 관리에 힘써야 한다. 둘째, 콘텐츠의 특성상 1인 콘텐츠 기업의 경우 혁신성, 성취성, 위험감수성이 필요하며 지속적인 새로운 작품을 만드는 것을 통해 경영성과를 만들어낼 수 있는 운영제도를 수립해야 한다. 셋째, 콘텐츠 업종의 특성상 1인 창조기업의 경영자가 각 변인의 요소가 다소 부족하더라도 충분히 성과를 낼 수 있고, 네트워크 부분은 반드시 관리할 수 있는 체계를 갖춰야 한다. As South Korea’s rate of enjoying culture and arts exceeded 80% for the first time in 2019 and the 5G and Over-the-Top (OTT) market expands throughout the world, expectations and attention towards the contents industry are growing more than ever. In addition, the contents industry is receiving attention as a new growth engine that will lead the global economy in the 21st century, with an average sales growth of 5.6% between 2013 and 2017. The causes of its growth are increased demand for contents and development and the widespread of platform such as KakaoPage, Naver Webtoon, and YouTube, which have expanded the number of startups such as one-person creators and one-person contents creators. To nurture the contents industry, the government has also announced various policies and promised support for startups. However, many one-person companies have also shut down due to the inability to generate management performance. Thus, this study attempted to identify the characteristics of one-person creative companies and find methods for them to generate positive management performances in the contents industry. This study focused on one-person creative companies by reflecting contents characteristics and adopted the strengths the companies should have, in order to examine how such competence and characteristics impacted contents industry’s management performance. Using SPSS 23.0, this research conducted factor analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, reliability analysis, and correlation analysis, and verified the research model through the multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The study clarified the causality between its major variables, which are the managerial competence, characteristics, and the management performance of one-person creative companies. This study also used ‘professional knowledge’ and ‘network’ as the sub-variables of creative companies’ competence as well as ‘innovativeness’, ‘desire to accomplish’, and ‘risk sensitivity’ as the sub-variables of creative companies’ characteristics. Finally, this research used contents’ creators’ characteristics as moderating variables and used management performance as dependent variable. The results of this study using 7 variables are as follows. First, a few factors of managerial competence had significantly positive (+) impact on management performance, and human network was the subfactor having positive impacts. While professional knowledge did not have a positive (+) impact, the study confirmed that low professional knowledge could also achieve management performance. Second, all factors of managers’ entrepreneurial characteristics had significantly positive (+) impacts on management performance, while innovativeness, the desire to accomplish, and risk sensitivity had positive impacts as the subfactors. Third, a few factors of contents creators’ characteristics had significantly positive (+) impacts on managerial competence and performance, and its subfactor with positive impacts was human network. Fourth, the moderating effects of the contents creators’ characteristics on managers’ entrepreneurial characteristics and management performance could not be confirmed because it could not satisfy the phased conditions. The implications of this study analysis are as follows. First, one-person creative companies should put in more effects to manage their networks since their business is often maintained based on partnership with the outside more than regular companies. Second, one-person contents companies need innovativeness, achievement, and risk sensitivity due to the nature of contents and should establish an operation standard to generate management performances. Finally, managers of one-person creative companies should be able to generate enough performances despite the shortage of each variable and setup a system to manage their networks, due to the nature of contents industry.

Identifying global competencies of exeutives in global business at large corporations in Korea

윤지영 서울대학교 대학원 2010 국내박사

The Impact of Executive Hiring Decisions within Homeless Services Providers

Thatch, Thela R Walden University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

What They Do: Dispositions of Title I Elementary School Principals

Roper, Charlease ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Gardner-Webb Unive 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

The researcher seeks to identify North Carolina principal dispositions that encourage teachers to remain in the teaching profession. Teacher attrition is a major issue in education (Goldring, Taie, & Riddles, 2014; Sutcher, Darling-Hamond, & Carver-Thomas, 2016; Urick, 2012). Attrition costs districts significant amounts of money and students a quality education. Teachers remaining in the profession move from novice to senior teacher and develop their teaching skills (Wallace & Irons, 2010). Teachers need to remain in education to develop these skills; it is important to provide an environment conducive to that retention. One way to do this is to develop dispositions of principals at Title I schools to increase teacher retention. A quanqual approach was used to identify competencies displayed by Title I principals of elementary schools. Reasons teachers remained at Title I schools were triangulated using the competencies, teacher responses during interviews, and a priori themes identified as a result of the literature review. As a result of the research, recommendations to train and support preservice principals are discussed.

4-5세 아동의 이차 순위 마음이론 발달 : 선의의 거짓말을 중심으로

서정아 서울대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사