과학관을 활용한 체험환경교육 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구 : 국립 중앙과학관을 사례로

곽지연 연세대학교 교육대학원 2007 국내석사

환경교육은 본질적으로 환경 안에서의 체험을 통해 이루어질 때 효과를 높일 수 있으며 이를 위해서는 학교 환경교육과 청소년 사회 환경교육이 상호보완적으로 연계될 때, 큰 효과를 거둘 수 있다.본 연구는 학교 환경교육과 연계된 다양한 현장체험 활동을 통한 사회 환경교육 프로그램 개발이 필요하다는 것을 배경으로, 과학관을 사회 환경교육의 장으로 활용하는 중학생 대상 환경교육 프로그램을 개발하고, 실시, 평가하였다.본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다.첫째, 본 연구에서 개발한 프로그램은 3개로 다음과 같은 사전 연구를 거쳐 개발하였다. 먼저 환경교육 프로그램에 대한 학습자 요구도를 조사하였다.조사 결과, 주제 선호도에 있어서는‘환경오염의 원인과 대책(물, 공기, 쓰레기)’, 효과적인 학습방법에 있어서는 ‘현장학습’이 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 과학관을 이용한 환경 교육이 적합함을 나타냈다.학습자 요구도 조사 결과를 바탕으로, 학교 환경교육과의 연계를 위해 환경교과서 물 관련 단원을 분석하고, 현장체험 물 환경교육 사례 등을 반영하여 프로그램 개발의 원칙을 수립하고 프로그램의 목표와 주제를 선정하였다.프로그램 개발을 위한 사전 조사로, 과학관의 공간적 특성과 교육적 가능성을 살펴보았다. 과학관은 비록 도시에 있지만, 연못 생태계와 하천 생태계를 갖춘 담수 생태관이 있는 곳으로, 소규모 인원의 교육에 적당하며 풍부한 시청각 자료를 이용한 체험교육이 가능한 곳이었다.위의 사전 연구로 개발한 프로그램은 3개로, 물의 순환이라는 주제로 물의 구성비율과 물의 순환원리 등 물의 기초적인 개념에 관해 일깨워주는 프로그램을 “담수란 무엇인가”라는 제목으로 개발하였고, 두 번째 프로그램은 물의 오염이라는 주제로 물의 오염원인과 등급별 지표생물을 파악하는 내용으로실제 담수 생태관에서 지표생물을 찾아보는 “지표생물 찾기”라는 제목으로 개발하였다. 세 번째 프로그램은 물의 정화라는 주제로, 간이 여과장치를 만드는 실험과정을 포함시키고 수질보전 실천의지를 향상시키려는 의도에서 “간이 여과장치 만들기”라는 제목으로 개발하였다.둘째, 본 연구에서 개발한 프로그램을 직접 실시해 보고 그 교육적 가능성을 검증해 보았다. 개발한 3개의 프로그램은 과학관 담수 생태관에서 과학관을 방문하는 남녀 중학생에게 적용하여 실시되었다. 3개의 프로그램에 중학생 남녀 두 집단이 동일하게 참여하는 것을 원칙으로 하였으며, 각 집단에게 프로그램 당 1회씩 제공하였다.프로그램의 평가는 주관식과 리커트 척도 형식의 객관식이 혼합된 사전⋅사후 설문조사로 실시하였다. 사전 설문조사 결과에서는, 개념 이해도 측면과 물 환경에 관한 인지도 측면에서 남학생은 과학적으로, 여학생은 정서적으로 접근을 하였으며 정확한 개념이나 올바른 인식, 실천적인 태도 면에서 양쪽 모두 많이 부족했고, 특히 여학생은 정화 원리 등 실험적인 학습에는 흥미를 별로 느끼지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 사후 설문조사 결과에서는 개념에 관한 이해도와 물 환경을 바라보는 인식이 좋아졌으며, 적극적으로 환경을 지키려는 태도측면에서도 남녀 모두 높은 상승 수치를 보여주며 환경 친화적인 사고의 변화가 생겼음을 알 수 있었다.환경에 대한 인식과 태도의 변화를 리커트 척도형식의 설문으로 측정하기 위해서는, 좀 더 계획적이고 검증된 다양한 질문과 갯수가 풍부한 설문조사가 필요함을 알 수 있다. 본 연구의 경우처럼 비교적 단기간에 걸쳐 실시된 프로그램의 효과를 검증하는 데는 관찰⋅작문 등에 의해 파악 될 수 있는, 질적인 변화에 대한 조사가 더 효과적이라고 판단된다.과학관의 담수 생태관 전시물을 최대한 활용하면서 일반적인 전시물과는 차별화되는 프로그램을 적용하려 노력하였고, 이에 과학관은 좋은 환경교육의 장으로 활용될 수 있었다.환경교육의 발전을 위해서 학교와 교육당국은 사회기관과 공동으로 체험활동 프로그램을 연구, 개발해야 할 것이며 다양한 사회기관에서는 고유의 전문성을 살린 환경교육 프로그램을 개발하려는 노력이 이루어져야 할 것이다. Environmental education can be more effective when it is conducted through direct experience within the environment, and when school environmental education programs and social environmental programs for youth are mutually connected, they can work to great effect.This study has developed, implemented and evaluated environmental training programs for middle school students, whose social environmental education is generally carried out through science centers, based on the perception that social environmental training programs should be carried out through diverse field experiences connected to school environmental education. The results of this study are as follows:First, three programs were developed for this study, based on an advance survey. To begin with, the scale of learner’ demand for environmental training programs was examined.According to the survey, respondents’ most preferred theme was “causes of environmental pollution and countermeasures (for water, air, and waste).” The most effective learning method was “field training.” This survey result indicated that environmental education through science centers was appropriate.Based on the results of learners’ demands, the sections related to water in middle school textbooks on the environment were analyzed in order to connect the demands to environmental training in school. Then the principles of program development were established by reflecting such things as field experiences related to water resource education, and program goals and themes were selected. As advance research for program development, science centers were examined in terms of their spatial characteristics and education possibilities. Although science centers are located in cities, they have freshwater ecological halls, including pond and river ecological systems. As a result, they are suitable for small-group education and experiential education using abundant audio-visual programs. The three programs developed based on the above mentioned advance research are: 1) “What is fresh water?” developed for the purpose of teaching basic knowledge of water, such as its composition ratio and circulation principles, under the theme of aquatic circulation; 2)“Finding surface life,” developed for the purpose of understanding the causes of aquatic pollution and examining different classes of surface life by actually finding surface life in freshwater ecological halls, under the theme of aquatic pollution; and 3) “Making a simple filter,” developed for the purpose of improving students’ willingness to take action on water conservation by including a program to make simple filters, under the theme of water purification.Second, this study implemented the developed programs in order to test their educational effectiveness. The three programs were carried out in freshwater ecological halls of science centers targeting middle-school boys and girls who visited science centers. Boys and girls participating in each program were grouped to be equal in number, and those participating in one program were not allowed to take part in any of the other two programs. The program evaluations were carried out through surveys before and after program participation, and the surveys were composed of subjective and objective Likert-scale questions. The results of the “before” survey showed that boys approached the tasks of understanding concepts and perceiving the aquatic environment scientifically, while girls approached the tasks emotionally. With regards to having accurate concepts, the right perception, and practical attitudes, both boys and girls performed poorly. In particular, girls were scarcely interested in experimental learning, such as experiments on principles of purification. The results of the survey conducted after program participation showed better understanding of concepts and perception of the aquatic environment. Examination of attitudes toward actively conserving the environment rose remarkably for both boys and girls, indicating that they had developed environment-friendly attitudes. It can be seen that more systematic and tested questions in more numbers are required to measure perceptions on the environment and changes in attitudes as Likert-scale format surveys. Research on qualitative change, based on observation and writing, is judged to be more effective in verifying the effects of relatively short programs, such as the ones carried out in this study.An effort was made to apply programs that were different from ordinary exhibitions, while making the most of exhibitions of freshwater ecological halls of science centers. As a result, science centers were used as a proper venue for environmental education.Schools and educational authorities must also make an effort to study and develop environmental programs focusing on field activities in cooperation with social organizations, and the organizations themselves should make efforts to develop educational training programs related to their activity areas.

기(技)·경(境)·도(道) 관점의 환경 조형물 창작방법 및 실천 연구 : 후서강의 작품을 사례로

侯緒剛 우석대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

동·서양의 전통 철학과 과학적 내용이 마치 바다처럼 넓다. 이 광 활한 바다에서 다양한 종류의 지식이 번성하는 것 같다. 과학이 발전 하는 오늘날 반드시 동·서양의 철학과 과학의 차이점을 이성적으로 인식해야 한다. 비교 귀납과 이성적 총결의 기초 위에서, 그것들의 핵 심 가치와 응용 분야를 다시 인식하여 보면, 각 분야의 이론과 실천 에서 그들은 서로 많은 공통점과 보완점이 존재한다. 동양의 전통문 화는 유가(儒家), 도가(道家), 석가(釋家) 사상을 상호 보완하는 형태로 독특한 가치관과 방법론을 보여준다. 서양 과학자와 철학자는 동양 철학에서 힌트를 얻어서 현실의 물질세계와 아득한 우주 시스템을 관 찰하고 추리하여 공통의 자연법칙을 발견하였다. 정신적으로 공통점 을 깨닫는 것은 심리적 동공이곡(同工异曲)이다. 삶의 근본적 의미는 의식 에너지의 자유도이다. 즉, 차원이 높아지는 과정이다. 과학적으 로 해결된 것은 저차원에서 고차원으로 올라가는 과정이다. 동양 철 학은 우주 전체를 최고의‘N’차원에서 내려다보며 도가의‘무극(無 極)’,‘천인합일(天人合一)’을 추구한다. 석가의‘무상정등정각(無上 正等正覺)’과 선종(禪宗) 육조(六祖) 혜능(惠能)이 말하는‘하기자성 (何期自性), 본자구족(本自具足)’을 추구한다. 과학 분야의 만사 만물 은 우주의 모든 면에 영향을 받는 우주 전식율(全息率)이다. 즉, 석가 모니(释迦摩尼)가“중생은 모두 여래(지혜) 덕상(德相)을 갖추고 있 다”고 한 것과 유사하다. 우주의 차원에 대해서는 노자는 도덕경(道 德經)에서 “기대무외(其大無外) 기소무내(其小無內)”라고 하였다. 과 학계의 우주(0차원부터 N차원까지)의 모든 정보를 유식학(唯識學)에서 는‘무루(無漏)’로 다 포함한다. 1차원에서 (N-1)차원의 모든 차원이 유식학에서 말하는‘분별’이다. ‘분별’은 우리의 의식(念)에 의해 무궁무진한 환상이 만들어지며, 서양 철학자 후설(Husserl)의 현상학에 서‘의식의 지향성’과‘사물의 본질을 환원한다’와 같은 용어이다. 그래서 우리는 ‘분별’의‘삼심’(三心·과거심, 현재심, 미래심)을 버리고 자연법칙의 본질적인 도를 참작하여 대도지간(大道至简)을 실 천해야 한다. 과학과 철학은 항상 동반되며 동·서양 철학과 과학의 통합적 활용 은 인류 문화 유전자가 시급히 해결해야 하는 과제이다. 과학은 철학 사상의 검증이고, 철학은 과학의 이론적 근거이다. 과학의 ‘양자 얽 힘(量子纠缠)’과 ‘겹쳐진 상태’나 동양 철학의 ‘일음일양(一陰一 陽)의 이른바 도(道)’의 음양소장(陰陽消長) 이론은 모두 자연의 본질 법칙에 대한 일종의 해석이자 검증이다. 현대 과학은 인류 사상의 정 점을 대표하는 동·서양의 철학과 사상을 융합하여 이론과 실천을 이 루었다. 이와 같이 서로 다른 두 사상 체계를 결합하여, 점차 다른 자 연법칙의 본질을 증명하였다. 철학은 물질세계에 대한 인식에서 비롯 하여 과학의 끝자락인 고차원 승화에 이른다. 또한, 자연을 탐구하며 자연을 경외하고 도법하는 지도 사상이다. 동·서양의 철학과 과학을 정제하고 통합하는 과정에서 만사 만물 은 발전과 진화 과정에서 모두‘기(技)’,‘경(境)’,‘도(道)’의 삼중 의 경계와‘신(神)’,‘운(韻)’,‘기(氣)’의 특질을 가진다. 특히 철 학, 과학기술과 예술 창작 등의 분야에도 깊고 조화로운 함의가 담겨 있다. 특별한 인지적 차원 및 철학을 형성하고 있다. 각 분야의 삼중 경지는 반드시‘신’,‘운’,‘기’의 존재를 동반해야 한다. ‘신’ 은 객체의 신, 주체의 신, 중화시키는 평형의 신이다. ‘운’은 동양 도가사상의 물의 특성을 가지고 있으며, 상선약수, 여물추이(與物推 移), 패연적의(沛然適意), 창은자약(彰隱自若), 임성광달(任性曠達)이다. 그리고 선종의 영적인 풍 원소의 특성도 있고 시공간에 구애받지 않 고 자유로운 촉류시도(觸類是道)이다. 또한, 유교적 화목함, 남성적 광 견지기(狂狷之氣)가 있으며, 양자역학에서 얽힌 모양과 겹쳐진 모양은 우아하다. ‘신’과‘운’의 물질화는‘기(氣)’로 변화한다. 그것은 이미 알고 있고 알지 못하는 모든 문화 구석과 광대한 우주 기상 속 에 무형 무상(无形无相)의 상태로 숨겨져 있다. 삼경계(三境界)와 삼특 질(三特質)은 영역마다 표현 방식이 다르지만, 정신적 본질은 동일하 다. 동·서양은 서로 다른 어휘를 사용하여 그들을 묘사하고 있다. 본 문의 연구는 환경 조형물 창작 관점에서 이를 논하였다. 도시계획, 원림 조성과 환경 조형물 등의 분야에서 동·서양 철학과 과학의 문화유전자의 결정체인 기(技)·경(境)·도(道)의 3중 경계(3重 境界)와 신(神)·운(韻)·기(氣)의 특질을 응용하여 차원의 탐구와 향상 을 논의할 필요가 있다. 원림 경관과 환경 조형물 분야의 연구에서 본인의 작품을 결합하여 이 3중 경계를 깊이 있게 논하였다. ‘기’ 의 경계는 사물의 본래 형태와 기본 기능이라고 할 수 있다. 구상사 실(具象寫實)의 기본법칙과 요구 등을 만족시킨다. ‘경’은 상승 차 원의 관심을 가지고 사물 자체의 생기와 생명력을 추출하는 상태이 다. 의상귀납(意象歸納) 즉, 말의 간결하고 의미 있는 형식으로 본질적 인 경계와 정신적 경지를 표현한다. ‘도’는‘경’의 기초 위에서, 변증법적으로 사물 자체에 내재 된 운행 메커니즘과 만물과 자연의 조화 관계에 주목하고, 추상귀납(抽象歸納) 즉, 간략한 부호화 기법으 로 문득 깨닫고 혁신하는 법칙의 핵심을 표현한다. ‘기’,‘경’, ‘도’의 3중 경계는 1단계 ‘산은 산이다’, 2단계‘산은 산이 아니 다’, 3단계‘산은 산이다’라는 사상적 차원 승화의 인지 과정으로 도 이해할 수 있다. 3가지 경계마다 기·경·도의 3중 경계가 담겨 있다는 것이다. 본인은 창작 과정에서 환경 조형물의 삼중 경계를 체득하였다. 초기 기간 2003~2010년은‘기(技)’가 주를 이루었고, 작품은 구상 사실적 기법이 주를 이루었으며, 조형물의 기본기법과 관련 이론 및 실천 내 용을 연구하기 시작하였다. 동ᐧ서양의 예술사, 미학, 조형물의 전통기 법 등 전문적인 지식을 체계적으로 습득하였다. 그 동안 구상사실의 조형물 기본 기법을 거듭 깨닫고 뛰어난 기법과 정확한 언어로 조형 물을 형식과 내용에서‘형신겸비(形神兼備)’와‘성정병무(聲情幷 茂)’의 경계에 이르도록 힘썼다. 예술의 이론상 동양 미학에서의 ‘육법론(六法論)’과 서양 미학에서의 ‘고귀한 단순함, 정숙한 위대 함’을 창작의 근거로 삼았다. 실천 기법으로는 서양 고전 조형물의 대가 미켈란젤로(米开朗基罗)와 근대 로댕(罗丹) 등을 창작의 기준으 로 삼으면서‘동서합벽(東西合璧)’의 사실적 유미(唯美)의 경계를 추 구하였다. 조형물의 기본 기법의 습득부터 활용, 기예의 뛰어난 정도 까지 개인의 창작에 있어서 기초가 되는 시기이다. 2011~2018년은 연구자의 조형물 창작 스타일이 바뀌는 과도기적 단 계이다. 그동안 조형물 분야의 이론과 실천 지식을 통합하여 개인 예 술 창작관은‘기(技)’에서 ‘경(境)’으로의 전환을 이루었다. 더불어 생활 경험과 지식의 축적, 그리고 자성적 사고의 정도가 증가하여 조 형물 창작에 대한 사상과 기법에 큰 변화를 가져오게 되었다. 동ᐧ서양 철학 및 과학 사상은 내게 전에 없던 정신적 세례와 시각적 혁신을 가져다주었다. 후설의 현상학과 하이데거의 실존주의 철학 및 유·도·석 문화의 맥락을 접하고 이에 주목하였다. 이러한 생각들을 융합하여 연구자의 창작관은 사물 자체의 구체적인 이미지에 더 이상 관심을 기울이지 않고, 다원적인 표현들이 많아졌다. 구상적 사실감과 추상적 표현 사이의 이미지 귀납은 본인의 창작에서‘우쭐대는 이미 지’를 잊게 하였다. ‘경’의 작품에서 상과 의미의 변증 관계를 설 명하게 하고, ‘경’은 본인에게 미학과 실천이 제한된 물상을 초월 하도록 영감을 주었다. 2019년부터 현재까지‘기’와 ‘경’의 2중 경계를 체득한 후 환경 조형물에 대한 창작 사상과 표현 형식에 대한 깊은 인식을 갖게 되었 다. 인간과 자연환경의 관계가 갈수록 대립하고 긴장하게 되는데, 인 간 자연의 관계가 어떻게 조화롭게 중화되고 질서정연하게 발전해 나 갈 것인가는 이 분야가 고민해야 할 문제이다. 환경 조형물 창작에는 전통과 현대 문화의 정수로 자연에 봉사하고 인간 자신의 생존을 보 장하기 위해 다학제 융합의 지식 보유가 있어야 한다. 창작의 사상, 제재, 재료의 종합적 활용은 반드시 차원을 승화시켜 혁신과 도법의 자연을 깨달은 정신적 내면을 간단한 추상적 언어로 표현해야 한다. 창작 중에‘도’의 상태는 사실 정신적인 ‘물아일체’의 지극히 높 은 경계이다. ‘도’의 경계는 뛰어난 전문 기예와 세련된 사상 체득 에 의존하여 도달할 수 있는 차원이다. 구상적 사실감, 이미지 표현, 추상적 표현으로 이어지는 사상 차원의 승화이다. ‘도’의 경계는 더욱 대도지간(大道至简)의 온전한 해석이다. ‘기’,‘경’,‘도’의 3중 경계를 창작 사상의 핵심으로 하는 환 경 조형물은 동·서양 문화와 자연과학의 우수한 유전자를 융합한 후, 문화사상의 유전자 재조합과 변이를 진행함으로써 새로운 사고방 식을 구현하는 것이다. 경관 원림 설계와 생태환경에 큰 영향을 미치 므로 경관 원림 설계는 반드시 생태안정전략원칙을 준수하여 환경조 형물과 자연환경의 관계를 재정립해야 한다. 또한, 관련 설계요소에 대하여 종합적으로 고려해야 한다. 반드시 학문을 초월하여 다방면으 로 자연 생태와 문화 예술 심미의 사상을 융합해야 한다. 예술과 자 연력, 자연과정과 자연재료를 결합하는 방식으로 문화유전자를 재구 성하였다. 나아가 경관설계의 발전을 위한 새로운 가능성을 모색하였 다. 과학이 아무리 발전해도 과학과 철학의 이중성과 융합도 는 결국 상호 발전한다. 그들의 차이와 장단점을 충분히 인식하고, ‘도’의 사상으로 전면적이고 안정적으로 과학을 발전시켜야 한다. ‘도’는 과학에 비해 과학보다 크고 높으며, 더 깊이가 있고, 더 자유롭다. ‘기’,‘경’,‘도’의 사상은 어디에나 있고 시도 때도 없이 존재한 다. 철학과 과학은 어떤 시대로 발전하든 3중 경계는 항상 존재한다. ‘기’,‘경’,‘도’는 인간과 자연이 공생하는 3중 경계로서 만물의 농축이라고 할 수 있다. 또한, 동·서양의 학문이 서로 융합된 우수한 문화유전자의 본체이다. 그리고 생태안정전략은 각 경계는 서로 영향 을 주고받으며 단계적으로 안정적으로 전환된다. 경계에서의 이상 상 태를 배우고, 경계에서의 현묘함을 깨닫는 것은 비로소 천인합일의 지속적인 안정에 이르는 길이다. The traditional philosophy and scientific content of the East and the West are as vast as the vast sea, which breeds like a brocade of flowers of all kinds of knowledge. Today, with the development of science, we should rationally recognize the similarities and differences between Eastern and Western philosophy and science, and reunderstand their core values and application fields on the basis of comparative induction and rational summary. There are many similarities and complementarity between them in the theory and practice in various fields. Oriental traditional culture shows unique values and methodology in the form of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism; Western scientists and philosophers get inspiration from Oriental philosophy, observe and reason about the realistic material world and the vast cosmic system, discover the common natural laws and understand the spiritual common ground and psychological similarities. The fundamental meaning of life lies in improving the degree of freedom of conscious energy, that is, the degree of dimension improvement. Science is to solve the process of climbing from low latitude to high dimension; Oriental philosophy is the whole view of the universe from the highest "N” dimension, the pursuit of Taoist “infinite”, "the pursuit of”, everything in science is influenced by all aspects of the universe, that is, “all beings have like (wisdom) virtue”, the dimension of the universe can be said:“ its great outside, its small.”; With “leakage” in the universe in the science (0 dimension to N dimension) of all information contained, all dimensions from 1 to (N-1) dimension is called “respectively”,“respectively”, "respectively by our consciousness (impression) produce endless fantasy, is also the western philosopher Husserl phenomenology“consciousness directivity”and“restore the nature of things” terms, so we should put aside “respectively”of“three heart”(past heart, heart, future heart), to understand the essence of nature, practice avenue to simple. Science and philosophy are always accompanied, and the integrated application of Eastern and Western philosophy and science is an urgent problem to be solved by human cultural genes. Science is the verification of philosophy, and philosophy is the theoretical basis of science. Both the “quantum entanglement”and “superposition state”in science, or the theory of Yin, Yang and Yang, are an interpretation and verification of the essential law of nature. Modern science represents the peak of human thought, which integrates the eastern and western philosophical ideas and then gets the inspiration from theory and practice. Combining these two different ideological systems has gradually proved the essence of the natural law that leads to the same destination. Philosophy originates from the understanding of the material world, is the high-latitude sublimation at the end of science, and is the guiding ideology of exploring nature, respecting nature and practicing nature. In the process of refining and integrating philosophy and science of east and west, everything in the process of development and evolution without “Gi”,“Gyeong”,“Tao” triple state and “Shen”,“rhyme”,“Qi” characteristics, especially in philosophy, science and technology and artistic creation also contains the profound and harmonious implication, form a unique cognitive dimension and ecological philosophy. The triple realm in each field must be accompanied by the existence of“Shen”,“rhyme” and “Qi”.“Shen” is the Shen of object, subject, subject and object and balance; “rhyme” has the characteristics of Oriental Taoism: superior good like water, passage, comfortable, subtle, and capricious; also has the characteristics of the wind elements of Zen spirituality: not subject to time and space, free, gentle, masculine and upright, and “entanglement” and “superposition state”in quantum mechanics; The material transformation of “Shen”and “rhyme”changes into “Qi”, which is hidden in every known and unknown cultural corner and the vast universe in an invisible and lifeless state. The three realms and the three characteristics are expressed in different ways in each field, but the way of presentation and spiritual essence are the same. The Chinese and Western people use different words. The research direction of this paper is discussed from the perspective of environmental sculpture creation in the garden landscape. In the design of urban planning, garden construction and environmental sculpture, it is necessary to use the crystallization of Chinese and Western philosophy and science-“Gi”,“Gyeong”,“Tao”, and the characteristics of “shen”,“rhyme” and“Qi”to complete the dimensional exploration and promotion. In the field of landscape and environmental sculpture, the author combines his design works to interpret these three realms in simple terms. The state of“Gi”can be summarized into the original form and basic skills of things, to meet the basic laws and requirements of the field--concrete realism;“Gyeong”is the rising dimension of attention and refining the vitality and vitality of things themselves, with the expression of essential artistic conception and spiritual artistic conception- -image induction; On the basis of “Gi”, it dialectically pays attention to the internal operation mechanism of things themselves and the harmonious relationship between all things and nature, and uses simple and symbolic techniques to express the core of the law of insight and innovation- -abstract induction. The three realms of “Gi”,“Gyeong”and “Tao” can also be understood as the cognitive process of sublimation of the ideological dimension of “seeing mountains is mountains”,“seeing mountains is not mountains”and“seeing mountains or mountains”. Each of these three realms contains the three realms of technology, boundary and Tao at this level. The author understands the three realms of environmental sculpture in his creation. Base plate period is given priority to with “Gi”, works is given priority to with concrete techniques, during 2003-2010 began to study the basic techniques of sculpture and related theory and practice content, the system of learning the eastern and western art history, aesthetics, sculpture traditional techniques such as professional knowledge, during the basic techniques, with superb techniques and accurate language to sculpture from form and content of“shape and spirit”and “emotion”. In art theory, it takes the“six law theories”in Oriental aesthetics and the “noble and quiet simplicity and greatness”in western aesthetics as the creative basis, and the practical techniques use the western classical sculpture master Michelangelo and modern Rodin to pursue the realistic and aesthetic realm of the combination of things and things. From the mastery of the basic techniques of sculpture to the flexible use, and then to the degree of exquisite skills is the base plate period of individual creation. From 2011 to 2018, it was the transition stage of the author's sculpture creation style to change. During this period, the theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of sculpture was integrated to complete the transformation of personal artistic creation concept from“Gi”to “Gyeong”. In addition, the accumulation of life experience and knowledge and the increase of self-reflection and thinking degree have produced great changes in the ideas and techniques of sculpture creation. The Eastern and Western philosophy and scientific thoughts have given me unprecedented spiritual baptism and visual impact, and I have contacted and paid attention to Husserl's phenomenology and Heidegger's existential philosophy and the cultural context of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The integration of these ideas makes my creative view no longer pay attention to the specific image of things themselves, but has many diversified ways of expression. The image induction between figurative realism and abstract expression makes me“forget the image”in my creation, and“environment”explains the dialectical relationship between image and meaning in the “environment”works, and“Gyeong” inspires me to go aesthetic and practice beyond the limited objects. Since 2019, after understanding the two realms of “Gi” and “Gyeong”, we have developed a deep understanding of the creative thought and expression of environmental sculpture. The relationship between human beings and the natural environment has become more and more antagonistic and tense. How to balance and balance and develop in this field. In the creation of environmental sculpture, we should have a multidisciplinary integrated knowledge reserve to serve nature with the essence of traditional and modern culture, and to provide a good survival guarantee for human beings themselves. The comprehensive application of creative ideas, themes and materials must sublimate the dimension, and use the essence to express the spiritual core of enlightenment innovation and Taoism with minimalist abstract language. The state of “Tao” is actually the highest state of the spiritual“things and self”;“Tao”is the height attached to superb professional skills and concise ideological understanding; from figurative realism, to image expression, to abstract expression of ideological dimension sublimation; the state of "Tao” is the perfect interpretation of the simple road. Environmental sculpture, with the three realms of“Gi”,“Gyeong”and “Tao”as the core of the creative ideas, Is an excellent gene after integrating Eastern and Western culture and the natural sciences, Genetic reorganization and variation of cultural ideas, Then reflects a new way of thinking, Have a great impact on landscape garden design and ecological environment, The landscape garden design must abide by the principle of ecological stability strategy to re-examine the relationship between environmental sculpture and the natural environment, And to take the relevant design factors into comprehensive consideration, The idea of ecological nature and artistic aesthetic should be integrated interdisciplinary angles, Cultural genes by combining art with natural forces, natural processes, and natural materials, Finding new ways and methods for suitable future landscape design development, Then to explore new possibilities for the development of landscape garden design and environmental sculpture. No matter how science develops, the duality and integration of science and philosophy will eventually develop alternately, only by fully understanding their similarities and differences and advantages and disadvantages, and developing science comprehensively and steadily with the thought of “Tao”. Compared with science, Tao is greater than and higher than science, more deep in science, and more due to science. The ideas of “Gi”,“Gyeong”and“Tao”are everywhere. No matter what time philosophy and science develop, the three realms are always waiting in that era. Technology, as the three realms of human and nature symbiosis ,boundary and “Tao” are the essence of excellent cultural genes in the interdisciplinary integration of the East and the West, and the stage guarantee of ecological stability strategy. Each layer affects each other and is transformed into an ecological view. Only by learning the ideal state of each layer and understanding the mystery of the realm can we achieve the unity of nature and man and the continuous stability of the natural ecology while developing.

Counselors’ Perceptions of an Environmental Education Center: A Case Study in an Urban North Texas School District

Gorman, Bob A ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Texas A&M Universi 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The Texas state curriculum requires field investigations in all science classes. The researcher attempted to explore and add to the research base of information about the value and use of field investigations in science and environmental education. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine counselors’ perceptions of the impact of outdoor field investigations on 5th-grade students’ academic achievement, increased student awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the natural world. Creswell (2005) explained purposeful sampling as the identification of individuals who can provide purposeful input. Ten elementary counselors were purposefully selected to participate in this study. The purposeful sample of the 10 counselors are employed in the selected urban North Texas public school district. Creswell (as cited in Roberson, 2017) stated, “criterion sampling includes participants who meet specific criteria relative to a study” (p. 76). The 10 selected elementary counselors were asked to provide information from their 5th-grade students’ school records who have been enrolled for 3 years at their individual schools after attending the district environmental summer science enrichment program after completion of their fourth grade. The 10 selected elementary counselors have access to their students’ records, which will depict academic achievement grades, conduct grades, and participation grades. None of the student data records (attendance records, grades, conduct, participation grades) were disclosed by any employee. The researcher used face-to-face interviews and open-ended, semi-structured questions to portray the counselors’ perspectives concerning the role the environmental education center summer science enrichment program plays in students’ improvement in conduct, improvement in grades, improvement in class participation, and improvement in overall attitude toward school and environmental education.The themes that emerged from the data indicated there is a significant relationship between academic achievement, student conduct, student self-efficacy, and an alternative learning environment. The consensus among the counselors was that science grades, along with grades in other classes, for students who attended the environmental summer science education program increased or improved. The counselors stated that student conduct was positively affected, that participation in the summer science enrichment program increased student self-efficacy, and that the environmental summer science enrichment program sparked an interest in science.

Development of an environmental values typology

Tyler, Elizabeth Holl University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Environmental concerns are increasing on both individual and societal levels. With a sound scheme for describing and classifying the way people value the environment, planners and other social scientists could better understand the relationships between humans and the environment, and promote improved solutions to environmental problems. Few such typologies or classification schemes exist, and instruments to measure and track these values are also lacking. Existing typologies of environmental values are mostly normative, and are not empirically derived or grounded in data. These typologies are generally based on three broad categories (<italic>egocentrism, anthropocentrism</italic>, and <italic>ecocentrism</italic>) and provide little direction for further definition or for future application for measurement purposes. Existing psychological value scales are also unable to measure environmental values and attitudes very well. This dissertation seeks to help remedy this gap by developing a typology of environmental values that is informed by and developed from existing typologies, but is also grounded in data. Existing environmental value typologies, as well as a number of existing psychological value scales, are synthesized, extended, and validated using three diverse data sets of public comment on environmental issues that are part of previous published research. In the earlier research, environmental values within the data were identified using computerized and manual text analysis procedures. In this dissertation, I used manual sorting techniques and a series of checklist-type matrices to analyze and compare the data sets with existing environmental value typologies and psychological value scales. The result of my analysis is an environmental values typology consisting of 68 different environment-related values organized within seven different value realms. The value realms encompass <italic>the inner self, the outer self</italic>; <italic>society</italic>/<italic>humanity</italic>, <italic> human-nature interactions</italic>, <italic>the ecosphere, physical elements </italic>, and <italic>time</italic>. Because this typology is grounded in more extensive data sources, it should have greater utility in a variety of resource management and environmental planning applications, including the development of a scale to measure environmental values.

Regulatory Science in a Developing State: Environmental Politics in Chile, 1980-2010

Barandiaran, Javiera University of California, Berkeley 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Between 1980 and 2010, the Chilean state regulated the environment to meet local demands for democracy and more equitable development, as well as global demands for good governance. The 1980 constitution created a `right to a clean environment' that came to life with the transition to democracy, first with a coordinating agency in 1994 and then with an Environment Ministry in 2010. One tool above all others was expected to put Chile on a greener development path: Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). To meet demands state capacity also grew: government staff was hired and trained, consultants and scientists were enrolled to advise the government and rules were introduced to re-organize environmental regulatory efforts. With a history of strong institutions, Chile was well placed to succeed in this effort. In many ways Chile succeeded, and in 2010 it joined the exclusive club of developed nations, the OECD. But in others it failed: environmental conflicts are frequent, large investment projects with EIA approval are on hold, and environmental institutions face a crisis of legitimacy. Combining approaches from science and technology studies and political science, this dissertation contributes to the literature on institutions and development. It explores the EIA's transit from bureaucratic formality to object of conflict through a qualitative comparison of three controversial projects (1998-2011) in the context of science-state relations and environmental politics from dictatorship through democracy. The longitudinal comparison allows for an analysis of how ideas about the need for "more science" versus "more politics" evolved over time. The first case is the Valdivia paper and pulp mill accused in 2005 of polluting a protected wetland and producing the mass migration (and death) of black-neck swans. The second case is the Pascua Lama gold mine, where the government and the company were forced to abandon plans to remove glaciers after major social protest in 2006. The third case is HidroAysén, a project to build five mega-hydroelectric dams in the Patagonia, that received EIA approval in 2011 in a highly contested evaluation process. Technocratic solutions to large-scale environmental problems failed on the ground in Chile. Contrary to explanations that rely on stories of capture, this dissertation argues that disagreements over credibility have undermined the Chilean state's capacity to regulate the environment. These disagreements are expressed in two related sites: the boundary between political and technical decisions and disagreements over scientists and their proper role in society. Both disputes are about different visions of the state. Many in government believe good government means the state plays the role of a neutral broker that facilitates consensus and negotiation. Such a state has no tolerance for stubborn positions like those scientists or environmentalists might adopt, but a penchant for rules and regulations—its main job, after all, is to "draw the lines on the soccer pitch". Such a state, furthermore, is unable to cope with demands for accountability and thus faces a widening governance gap.

Environmental sensitivity: A case study of environmental learning through nature appreciation

Lewandowski, Albert Julius The Ohio State University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Environmental sensitivity has been identified as the major entry-level predictor of environmentally responsible behavior. While researchers have investigated the common antecedents found in those individuals identified as possessing a high level of environmental sensitivity, less has been done to determine specific instructional strategies that might result in enhanced levels of environmental sensitivity. This case study reported on an investigation in a secondary geography classroom intended to enhance participants' levels of environmental sensitivity while developing geographic understanding. Learners manipulated digital aerial photographs of the local region, and then engaged in several short outdoor field experiences on and around the school site in a process described as “walking on the images.” Learners also participated in a daylong excursion on the local watershed. Earth Systems understandings were integrated with major geographic themes and served as an organizer for geosystems instruction, both during the outdoor field experiences and in the classroom. Participants also used a Nature Appreciation model that integrated affective and cognitive elements of appreciation. Learner response to the activities was analyzed using journals, cognitive maps, sketches, interviews, and audio recordings of classroom and field-based activities. An Action Research model was used to produce recommendations first, for the personal practice of the researcher and, second, of possible interest to the larger educational community. The results of the analysis indicate that short field experiences in a familiar setting may have a significant impact on individuals' appreciation of and concern for the local environment. Elements of Sense of Place Education seemed to have considerable influence. Learners also demonstrated the ability to apply geographic and Earth Systems concepts verbally, graphically and in written reports. Results further indicated that aerial photographs, while of interest to learners, had less impact than anticipated. The study recommends several strategies to increase the effectiveness of remotely sensed images based on learners' response to their use. Finally, the study considered the definition of environmental sensitivity itself as commonly used in environmental education. For the purposes of this work, it recommended the use of a more pedagogically applicable definition rather than the one more commonly used.

From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present

Thomson, Jennifer Christine Harvard University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation joins the history of science and medicine with environmental history to explore the language of health in environmental politics. Today, in government policy briefs and mission statements of environmental non-profits, newspaper editorials and activist journals, claims about the health of the planet and its human and non-human inhabitants abound. Yet despite this rhetorical ubiquity, modern environmental politics are ideologically and organizationally fractured along the themes of whose health is at stake and how that health should be protected. This dissertation traces how these competing conceptions of health came to structure the landscape of American environmental politics. Beginning in the early 1950s, an expanding network of environmental activists began to think in terms of protecting the health of the planet and its inhabitants from the unprecedented hazards of nuclear energy and chemical proliferation. They did this by appropriating models and metaphors of health developed by postwar ecologists, philosophers, epidemiologists and nuclear physicians. Through this process of appropriation, scientists and philosophers were likewise drawn into environmental activism. Through five case studies, this dissertation traces the collaborations between scientists, environmental activists, philosophers, and medical doctors which enabled a broad range of articulations of health: the health of the wild, the health of the environment, the health of the planet, and the health of humans within the environment. Each case study attends to the intersection of political thought and practice, and explores how science and environmental activism were in constant dialogue in the postwar period. Drawing on archival materials and extensive oral history interviews, this dissertation demonstrates the centrality of health to American environmental politics from the end of World War Two until the present day.

Chemical Transformations of Zero-valent Iron and Silver Nanomaterials in Natural and Model Environmental Media

Reinsch, Brian Carl Carnegie Mellon University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Metallic redox-active nanomaterials, like nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), are promising types of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) that are deployed for tasks like groundwater remediation or antimicrobial effects. As their use increases, so does their potential risk to the environment. If reaction between ENPs and ligands alters the speciation of the ENP, then the environmental risk may also be altered. Therefore, true risk evaluation of ENPs, must include an understanding of how ENPs will react in the environment and how those changes will affect behavior and ultimately risk. The objectives of this work were to: 1. Determine the influence of environmental conditions on NZVI and Ag NP speciation. 2. Determine the products of environmental exposure of NZVI and Ag NPs. 3. Relate changes in NZVI and Ag NP speciation to environmental effects like microbial growth inhibition. 4. Provide methods whereby ENPs can be aged quickly to mimic environmental speciation. The geochemical conditions directly affected the rate of oxidation and the speciation of both NZVI and Ag NPs. Groundwater anions retarded NZVI oxidation over one month, and NO3- passivated the surface over six months. Anaerobic exposure produced magnetite, whereas dissolved oxygen (DO) exposure resulted in the depletion of Fe0 and formation of maghemite. Vivianite and schwertmannite were formed when HPO4 2- and SO42- were present. Ag NPs speciation will be dictated by sulfide in the environment. The HS-/Ag ratio dictated the rate and extent of Ag0 transformation to Ag2S. Environmental exposures (including oxic and anoxic) resulted in the formation of Ag-thiol bonds as intermediate phases, which ultimately transformed to Ag2S. Aggregation state and size of Ag NPs also determined the extent of sulfidation possible. Ag2S formation was detrimental to Ag NP growth inhibition toward Eschericia Coli. An inverse correlation between Ag 2S:Ag0 and growth inhibition was found. Near-undetectable levels of Ag+ during E. coli exposure suggest that a nanoparticle effect contributed to growth inhibition. Particle size/morphology affected toxicity; smaller particles were sulfidized to a greater degree, exhibiting less growth inhibition despite having more Ag0 in the particles. These results indicate that Ag NP size/aggregation should be considered when assessing the environmental impacts. Commercial Ag NPs will likely travel through a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and be deposited onto land by application of biosolids. WWTP processes will form Ag2S and Ag will be retained within biosolids. After land application of biosolids, some Ag will be associated with the water dispersible clay (WDC) fraction and may be mobile, potentially acting as a nonpoint source pollutant. Ag NP environmental speciation was mimicked in batch reactors. A range of Ag0:Ag2S were created by controlling HS -/Ag and exposure time. Ag0:Ag2S:Ag-thiol speciation could not be achieved with simultaneous cysteine and sulfide exposure. Cysteine retarded sulfidation by HS-, potentially by passivating the particle surface against Ag2S formation. Thus, researchers trying to mimic environmental speciation would have to create Ag0:Ag 2S and Ag-sulfhydryl species separately and combine them to provide the desired compounds for risk assessment. This dissertation demonstrated that NZVI and Ag NP speciation in the environment is dictated by geochemistry, and that, aggregation state can affect speciation. Ag NP transformations were dominated by sulfides. The toxic potential of Ag NPs is determined by the extent of transformation from Ag0. In a WWTP Ag NPs may be mobile with the WDC fraction. Finally, rapid accelerated ageing of AgNPs was found to produce particles with similar speciation to environmentally aged particles.

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ANALYSIS IN NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA, A MODEL FOR THE FUTURE (ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY)

AISHTON, RICHARD WENDELL THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

How could a nation such as Russia or the [Former] Soviet Union contribute to such serious, irreversible environmental damage? Many politically active Soviets viewed nature as an obstacle to socialist construction that had to be conquered. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation has continued to struggle through the difficult sectoral transitions associated with the unprecedented scale of its transformation. A complicated problem confronting Russian decision-makers occurs in the environmental sector. Although the Russian Federation has extremely comprehensive and stringent environmental laws the gap between the law on paper and in practice is often wide and this disparity presents a problem. Russia is now at a crucial point in its history. Damage to the ecosystems and uncontrolled use of natural resources by the government of the Soviet Union left Russia with serious and costly environmental problems. My research has brought to light the critical fact that many regional and local administrators lack academic expertise and practical experience in fundamental and applied science. As the Russian government decentralizes its power these same regional and local administrators will shoulder responsibility for creating and implementing strategies to bring about a greater degree of environmental stability and sustainability. This dissertation develops a two-level strategy. The first stage elaborates a decision-making model to aid administrators in developing and understanding the range of knowledge required to capably address environmental policy issues. The second advances plans for regional environmental policy centers that will affect significant changes in the processes for ensuring environmental sustainability in Russia. The environmental policy centers will provide both professional expertise and a forum that will be directed toward strategic environmental planning and one that will utilize the centers' multi-disciplinary resources. The policy center will foster the idea of mutual cooperation aimed at improving both economic and environmental elements simultaneously, and, in the process, begin to address the real problems with real solutions.

Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis revisited: With approaches of growth theory and statistical analysis

Xu, Lan University of Minnesota 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This thesis focuses on examining whether the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth follows the trajectory of an inverted U curve, or commonly termed the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). There are mainly two tasks undertaken in this research. One is to develop a theoretical model, in which economic growth theory is adopted to analyze the path of such environment-growth relationship. In developing the theoretical model, this research differentiates pollution as stock or as flow depending on the depreciation rate of the studied pollutant. Particularly, two environmental growth models are formulated for pollution treated as flow or as stock. In the pollution as stock case, besides the equation of motion of capital stock in production sector, another equation of motion of pollution stock is also formed as a constraint to decide the optimal utility. As a result, optimal solutions to the environmental growth models are evaluated and transitional dynamics are analyzed. Besides, conditions on the existence of EKC and income levels of the environmental turning point (ETP) are analyzed theoretically. The second task of this research is to verify the EKC relationship between economic growth and environmental quality using empirical data sets, for which three level studies, global, regional, and individual country, are conducted. In the empirical research, statistical methods are extensively employed, and a general econometric model is developed on the base of theoretical results from the environmental growth models. This econometric model is used to estimate the income levels of ETP, and the underlying causes that determine the existence of EKC for the three geographical levels of the study. Emissions of six major air pollutants are applied to represent the environmental quality. The income level, represented by GDP per capita, indicates the impact of economic scale on the environment, from which ETP can be derived and thus the existence of EKC can be evaluated. Furthermore, economic structural impacts of both compositional and decompositional effects on the environmental quality are analyzed, among which impacts of technological innovation, inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral changes, and environmental policy response, are particularly focused.