Depression and anxiety, associated factors and the impact of workplace violence on psychological disorders among Korean Workers

Farzan, Mansoor Ahmad Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei Universit 2022 국내석사

Background: We have evaluated depression and anxiety and associated factors with these psychological stressful events for which almost all people around the world are prone to develop at some time period of life, each one of these two psychological prob-lems (depression and anxiety) have two different sources the first source of establishing that could be either as individuals’ own health condition or could be due working place. Purpose: The goal of this study is to understand key associated factors of depression and anxiety among Korean workers nationwide and to study whether worker’s exposure to physical violence and sexual harassment during last twelve month of the survey have correlations with workers’ depression and anxiety. Method: Data for this thesis was from fifth Korean Working Condition Survey which had been conducted in 2017. The population of the entire survey was 50,205 persons who had taken part in the survey. Relevant variables were chosen, Modification of data into subgroups was made to the variable of age of the participants. Data was analyzed with chi-square, Pearson correlation tests, and logistic regression. Data was analyzed with SPSS 26. As either anxiety or depression have many associated factors but in this study only those variables have been chosen which were statistically significant. Results: Workers who had been working older age, female gender, full time jobs and clients visit at the workplace are important factors known to have been associated factors with depression and anxiety due to workplace as well as in Korea. Conclusion: we suggest that all employers and private sectors should take care of their employees’ psychological burden, depression and anxiety bylaw.

암 환자의 영적건강과 불안의 관계연구

박옥선 연세대학교 교육대학원 2008 국내석사

본 연구는 암 환자를 대상으로 그들의 영적건강정도와 불안을 파악하고 영적건강과 불안의 관계를 규명하여 암 환자를 위한 영적 간호중재 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 시도하였다.연구대상자는 Y대학부속병원에서 20세 이상의 암 환자로 본 연구의 목적을 이해하고 참여에 수락한자, 국문해독이 가능하고 의사소통에 무리가 없는 자, 본인이 진단 명을 알고 있는 자로 179명을 무작위로 추출하였다. 자료수집기간은 2008년 5월 1일부터 5월 31일까지 한 달간이었다.연구도구는 구조화된 설문지를 사용하였으며 설문지는 일반적 특성에 관한 문항과 영적건강과 불안을 측정하는 문항들로 총 78개 문항으로 구성하였다.수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation으로 분석하였다.연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1. 대상자의 영적건강 정도는 평균 68.73± 14.57(최소 21점, 최대 100점) 평균평점 3.43±.74 나타났으며, 세부적으로 실존적 영적건강은 평균 35.89±10.18(평균평점 3.59±0.66), 종교적 영적건강은 32.8 ± 12 . 07(평균평점 3.28±0.92)로 나타났다.2. 대상자의 특성별 영적건강 정도는 여성이 남성(t=-2.792, p=.006) 보다, 종교가 있는 군이 없는 군보다(t=-8.004, p=.000), 기독교군이 불교나 기타군보다(F=16.69, p=.000), 호전되었다고 지각한 군이 변화 없거나 나빠진 군보다(F=6.125, p=.000), 이전생활 회복기대군이 다른 군보다(F=7.429, p=.001), 지지가 매우 높은 군이 보통군보다(F=8.013, p= .000), 종교생활기간 20~30년이 다른 군보다(F=10.921, p= .000), 종교가 필요하다고 인정한 군이 부정한 군보다(F= 63.879, p=.000), 신앙적 도움이 있는 군이 없는 군보다(t=-3.083, p=.003), 신앙 도움에 만족 군이 보통군보다(t=7.769, p=.000), 종교 활동으로 말씀묵상(F=5.878, p=.000), 개인기도(F=7.040, p=.000), 찬송(F= 9.307, p= .000), 공부(F=3.542, p=.018), 예배(F=31.652, p=.000)는 매일하는 군이 다른 군 보다, 삶에 미치는 영향이 많은 군이 다른 군보다, 구원확신이 있는 군이 없는 군보다 (t=-3.842, p=.000) 높은 것으로 나타났다.3. 대상자의 불안 정도는 상태불안 44.2±11.89 (최소 20점, 최대 79점), 기질불안 44.12±10.72(최소 20점, 최대 77점)로 약간 낮은 것으로 나타났다.4. 대상자의 특성별 상태불안 정도는 종교가 있는 군이 없는 군보다(t=2.382, p=.018), 지각된 건강상태는 완쾌나 호전 군이 각각 변화 없거나 나빠진 군보다(F=5.148, p=.001), 인지된 지지가 매우 높은 군이 보통이나 낮은 군보다(F=8.013, p=.000), 종교생활기간은 20~30년 군이 다른 군보다(F=4.739, p=.003), 신앙도움에 만족 군이 보통 군보다(t=-3.644, p=.001), 말씀묵상은 매일하는 군이 다른 군보다(F=3.131, p=.029) 낮은 것으로 나타났다.5. 대상자의 특성별 기질불안은 지각된 건강상태가 완쾌된 군이 다른 군보다, (F=5.865, p=.000), 인지된 지지는 매우 높은 군이 낮은 군보다(F=8.013, p=.000), 종교생활기간은 20~30년 군이 다른 군보다(F=4.681, p=.004), 종교가 꼭 필요한 군이 다른 군보다(F=3.918, p=.022), 도움 만족 군이 보통 군보다(t=-2.581, p=.011), 개인기도는 매일 하는 군이 가끔 하는 군보다(F=3.223, p=.026) 낮은 것으로 나타났다.6. 대상자의 영적건강과 상태불안(r=-.550, p<.001), 기질불안(r=-.467, p<.001)의 상관관계는 각각 역 상관관계였고, 세부적으로는 실존적 영적 건강과 상태불안(r=-.649, p<.001), 기질불안(r=-.697, p<.001) 상관관계, 종교적 영적건강과 상태불안(r=-.401, p<.001), 기질불안( r=-.308, p<.001)상관관계는 각각 모두 역 상관관계를 보였다.이상을 통해 암 환자의 영적건강과 불안은 중정도의 역상관관계로 영적건강 정도가 높을수록 불안정도가 낮은 것이 발견되었다.따라서 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때 병원에서 입원환자와 외래환자의 불안을 감소시키는 방안으로 영적건강을 높혀야 함이 설명되었으므로, 영적건강을 높이기 위한 방법으로 예배, 말씀, 기도 등의 종교 활동을 매일 정착화 시켜야할 근거가 제시되었다. The purpose of this study was to survey cancer patients for their state of spiritual health and anxiety and thereupon, analyze the relationship between their spiritual health and anxiety to provide for some basic data for development of a spiritual nursing intervention program.For this purpose, the researcher randomly sampled 179 cancer patients aged 20 or older who had understood the purpose of this study and agreed to participate in the study; they could comprehend the Korean text and communicate with others, being well aware of the diseases diagnosed. The data were collected for a month from May 1 through May 31, 2008.For the survey, a structured questionnaire was used. The questionnaire consisted of 78 items in total about subjects' demographic variables and their state of spiritual health and anxiety.The collected data were processed using SPSS 12.0 for frequency, percentage, means, SD, T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients.The results of this study can be summarized as follows;1. Subjects' state of spiritual health scored 68.73± 14.57 on average (minimum 21 and maximum 100) or 3.43±.74 of means. In terms of sub-areas, their state of existential spiritual health scored 35.89±10.18 on average (means: 3.59±0.66), while their state of religious spiritual health scored 32.8 ± 12.07 on average (means: 3.28±0.92).2. Subjects' state of spiritual health differed on their demographic variables; the state of spiritual health was higher in women than men (t=-2.792, p=.006), those who had faith than those who had not (t=-8.004, p=.000), Christians than Buddhists or other groups (F=16.69, p=.000), those who perceived that their health condition improved than those who perceived that their health condition remained same or worsened (F=6.125, p=.000), those who expected to return to their former life than other groups (F=7.429, p=.001), those supported high than those supported normally (F=8.013, p= .000), those who had lived a religious life for 20~30 years than other groups (F=10.921, p=.000), those who felt it necessary to have a faith than those who denied faith (F= 63.879, p=.000), those who were supported religiously than those who were not (t=-3.083, p=.003), those satisfied with a religious support than other normal groups (t=7.769, p=.000), those who were practicing meditation on Words (F=5.878, p=.000), personal praying (F=7.040, p=.000), praising (F= 9.307, p= .000), study (F=3.542, p=.018) or worship (F=31.652, p=.000) every day than other groups, those affected much by faith than other groups, and those convinced of salvation than those not convinced (t=-3.842, p=.000).3. Subjects' state of anxiety scored a little lower or 44.2±11.89 (min. 20, max. 79) in terms of state anxiety and 44.12±10.72 (min. 20, max. 77) in terms of temperament anxiety.4. Subjects' state anxiety differed depending on their demographic variables: their state anxiety was lower in those having a faith than those not having a faith (t=2.382, p=.018), those who perceived that their health condition improved than those who perceived that their health condition remained same or worsened (F=5.148, p=.001), those supported high than those supported normally or less (F=8.013, p=.000), those who had lived a religious life for 20~30 years than other groups (F=4.739, p=.003), those satisfied with the religious support than the normal group (t=-3.644, p=.001), and those who were practicing meditation on Words every day than other groups (F=3.131, p=.029).5. Subjects' temperament anxiety differed depending on their demographic variables, too; it was lower in those who perceived that their health condition had been recovered completely than other groups (F=5.865, p=.000), those supported high than those supported low (F=8.013, p=.000), those who had lived a religious life for 20~30 years than other groups (F=4.681, p=.004), those who felt it necessary to have a faith than other groups (F=3.918, p=.022), those satisfied with the religious support than other groups (t=-2.581, p=.011), and those who were praying every day than those who were praying at times (F=3.223, p=.026).6. Subjects' state of spiritual health was negatively correlated with their state anxiety (r=-.550, p<.001) and temperament anxiety (r=-.467, p<.001). In terms of sub-areas, their state of existential spiritual health was negatively correlated with their state anxiety (r=-.649, p<.001) and temperament anxiety (r=-.697, p<.001), and their religious spiritual health was negatively correlated, too, with their state anxiety (r=-.401, p<.001) and temperament anxiety (r=-.308, p<.001).As discussed above, cancer patients' state of spiritual health and anxiety were negatively correlated more or less with their state of anxiety. Namely, the higher their state of spiritual health was, their state of anxiety was lower.Summing up, since this study proved that cancer patients' (whether they were hospitalized outpatients) state of spiritual health should be enhanced in order to lower their state of anxiety, it may well have provided for a ground for worship, meditation on Words, praying and other religious activities which need to be practiced every day to enhance their spiritual health.

(The) effects of induced and trait anxieties on distractor interference modulated by locus of conflict

정희정 Graduate School, Korea University 2017 국내석사

Anxious people are known to demonstrate an attentional bias to threat. However, a growing body of research suggests that anxiety causes inadequacy in dealing with distractors in general. On the contrary to such views, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding anxiety’s impact on distractor interference: while some found increased distractor interference in association with anxiety, others found decreased distractor interference under anxiety. Assuming that the locus of anxiety’s intervention on different processing stages could lead to differential effect on distractor interference, anxiety’s modulation on the congruency effect using two conflict tasks was observed. In Experiment 1, participants performed a flanker-compatibility task in which conflict initially arises at the perceptual stage and later at the response stage. In Experiment 2, participants performed a Simon task in which conflict takes place mainly at the response stage. Moreover, the impact of induced anxiety caused by threat of shock and trait anxiety measured by questionnaire scores were separately examined since they are known to affect different processing stages. As a result, differential modulations by induced and trait anxieties on the congruency effect and the congruency sequence effect (CSE), which refers to a reduced congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to following congruent trials, were observed in each task. In the flanker-compatibility task, induced anxiety led to disappearance of the CSE. On the other hand, trait anxiety was associated with an increase of the CSE which was driven by increased congruency effect following congruent trials. In the Simon task, induced anxiety did not modulate the congruency effect or the CSE. Instead, an increased congruency effect in association with trait anxiety scores was found. Such correlations were further modulated by previous trial congruency in that the relationship was evident following congruent trials but not following incongruent trials. Also, the correlations were obtained only under the threatening context. Overall, the results imply that induced and trait anxiety modulate distractor interference in distinctive ways depending on its locus of intervention. 불안은 위협자극에 대한 주의 편향을 야기한다고 알려져 있으나 최근 연구 동향에 따르면 불안은 위협자극 뿐만 아니라 전반적인 방해자극에 대한 처리를 약화시킨다. 그러나 불안이 간섭효과를 통해 나타나는 방해효과에 미치는 영향을 본 기존연구들은 상반된 결과를 보고하였다. 본 실험은 불안이 어떤 정보처리 단계에 영향을 미치는지에 따라서 간섭효과에 미치는 영향이 달라질 수 있다는 가정 하에 방해자극이 각기 다른 정보처리 단계에서 갈등을 유발하는 두 가지 과제를 사용하여 불안이 각 과제 수행에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험 1에서 참가자들은 지각처리 단계과 반응처리 단계에서 갈등이 있는 수반자극 과제를 수행하였다. 실험 2에서 참가자들은 반응처리 단계에서 갈등이 있는 Simon 과제를 수행하였다. 유도된 불안과 특성불안은 각기 다른 처리 단계에 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있기 때문에 전기자극을 통해 유도된 불안과 설문지를 통해 측정된 특성불안의 영향을 각각 관찰하였다. 결과적으로 유도된 불안과 특성불안이 간섭효과를 반영하는 합치효과와 이전 시행의 합치 조건에 따라 현 시행의 합치효과가 조절되는 순차합치효과에 미치는 영향이 과제 별로 다르게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 수반자극과제를 수행하는 경우 유도된 불안 상황에서 순차합치효과가 사라졌다. 반면 특성불안은 순차합치효과를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났는데 이는 이전 시행이 합치인 경우 현 시행에서의 합치효과 증가로 인한 결과였다. Simon 과제를 수행하는 경우 유도된 불안은 합치효과나 순차합치효과에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면 특성불안이 높을수록 합치효과가 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 경향은 이전 시행이 합치인 경우 더 명확하게 드러난 반면 이전 시행이 불합치인 경우 사라졌다. 결론적으로 본 연구결과를 통해 유도된 불안과 특성불안이 어떤 정보처리단계에 영향을 미치는지에 따라 간섭효과에 미치는 영향이 상이하게 나타남을 확인하였다.

한국 대학생의 EFL과목 수강 자원 여부와 학습자 불안과의 관계

오론조 벤투로소 전남대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

The research study presented is designed to gather a deeper understanding of language learner anxiety and its relationship with enrollment status. This research was conducted in South Korea at Chonnam National University during the year 2012 and its approach was to gather a more holistic view of language learner anxiety among Korean adult beginner students and to examine its relationship with enrollment status.The research study additionally seeks to identifycauses of language learner anxiety and help promote coping strategies for EFL learners.The study willexamine the following question;if a learner is forced or obligated to take a foreign language class, will that student possess higher debilitative anxiety then a student who voluntarily chooses to take a similar foreign language class? If this is the outcome then how can instructors identify signs of debilitative anxiety and help the learner to overcome this barrier? The effect of anxiety on foreign language learners is a topic that has been examined by many researchers throughout the last 3-4 decades. However not many studies have looked into anxiety’s relationship with enrollment status.It is the belief of this researcher thatenrollment statusis a key variable in the success or failure of language learner acquisition.The focus of this research study is to delve into the realm of foreign language learner anxiety and examine the relationship between enrollment status (i.e.voluntary type EFL classes vs. mandatory type EFL classes) and anxiety.This study will examine how a student’s anxiety can influence the modern day EFL classroom and what educators can hope to learn from this.The test participants are South Korean beginner EFL students. They are studying English (half in voluntary and half in mandatory type classes) and are enrolled in low level English courses. Foreign language learner anxiety is a situational specific type of anxiety that can create a feeling of loss of control; not being able to speak your ideas and thoughts in the target language can be heavily frustrating, for adults in particular. This can be detrimental to the progress of a leaner’s 2nd language acquisition. It should be noted that, although anxiety tends to be a powerful debilitative force;some kinds of anxiety can also have positive aspects. Anxiety does not always have to be seen in a negative light. Itcan at times,create a certain facilitative (i.e.:driving)force for motivation.Facilitative anxiety tends to be helpfulfor a language learner, and as such is not the focus of this study. The present research studyconcentrated on adult Korean students whose target language is English. The research was conducted over the course of oneyearand has been critical in understanding and identifying the signs of learner anxieties, how best to understand their debilitations and how to recognize their facilitative potential. This study utilizes both quantitative (through statistical analysis) and qualitative (through written survey and interviews) methods.To reach a conclusion, the study focused on two test groups, consisting of 140 participants, using the foreign language anxiety scale (FLCAS) developed by Horwitz .The FLCAS scale examines communication apprehension,test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation(Horwitz,1986). Theadvanced SPSS statistical program was utilized to test and demonstrate anxiety levels for 33 common occurrences among language students (including several reverse coded questions).According to this scale, high scores especially those over 99 signify a high degree of anxiety. The first test group was a mandatorily enrolled group of 70 low level adult Korean EFL learners; the second test group was a voluntarily enrolled groupof 70 low level adult Korean EFL learners. Low level learners were chosen over high level learners, as both the voluntary and mandatory groups have similar difficulties towards SLA.A high level learner may be so confident in their SLA ability (or other possible variables) as to potentially skew the data. The scores of the mandatory group were above the norms for debilitative anxiety with a mean score of101.7571.They showed higher levels of anxiety than their voluntary groupcounterparts by a mean difference of 4.100. Additionally the voluntary group scored on average lower than 99.00 (which is the score associated with debilitative anxiety), with a score of 97.6571. This significantly demonstrated that the voluntary group’s anxiety was firstly lower than the mandatory group and secondly below debilitative anxiety norms. Additionally to gather richer data and to flesh out the descriptive statistical data, qualitative research was conducted through interviews and surveys. This was done to help gather authentic data of student attitudes andin an attempt to get a richer and fuller data perspective and finally to create a narrative that can help triangulate our two data types (quantitative and qualitative). A total of 22 (from both voluntary and mandatory groups) students conducted written surveys, and 6 in depth interviews were conducted.Through quantitative statistical analysis and qualitative research,the study focused on determining the relationship between mandatory and voluntary enrollment status and anxiety. It is hopedthat this research will help contribute to the growing field of anxiety studies in second language acquisition,andadd to the pool of pedagogicalknowledge in this ever growing field.

Anxiety level change before and after HIV test among Foreigners in Korea

KETEMA ZUFAN ZENEBE 아주대학교 2020 국내석사

This study was to assess anxiety level change and related factors at the pretest and posttest among foreigners for HIV/AIDS test. The secondary aim was to see the differences in anxiety-related variables between relieved and non-relieved groups. Methods: The data at an HIV/AIDS testing center were collected from 681 individuals tested for HIV between January 2012 to Jun 2015. The self-administered questionnaire at the KHAP HIV/AIDS voluntary counseling and testing center at Ansan city Korea was given to the subjects. We used standard statistical analysis and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) that consisted of 40 items to measure anxiety level. A cut point of 39–40 on the scale of 20-80 points to determine the level of high anxiety was selected. The data were analyzed via SPSS for window version 20.0 and descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: In this study, 1,034 participants agreed to take an HIV/AIDS test but only 681 participants agreed to submit their full personal and anxiety information. More men (554 and 127 respectively) participated in the study. Age below 29, marital status, nationality were associated with a high relive group. Previous knowledge of HIV/AIDs was also associated with anxiety levels. Bisexual participants showed a high relieved anxiety level as compared to other sexual orientation groups. Most of the participants never using a condom or inconsistency condom use were associated with high relieved after testing results. In the present study, increasing knowledge about HIV/AIDS could help them to relieve anxiety. Conclusion: For the study participants reported higher anxiety at pretest and later showed relieved anxiety level at the posttest these results suggest safe sexual practice must be needed in this study group, increasing knowledge of HIV/AIDS for foreigners in Korea should be followed.

중학교 영어 학습자의 영어 읽기 불안에 관한 연구

김가람 전북대학교 교육대학원 2013 국내석사

This study investigated the dimensions of reading anxiety and their influences on reading proficiency scores. A total of 207 middle school students in Korea participated in the study. Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) was used to understand the dimensions of reading anxiety. The subjects' standardized reading test scores were also collected. The principle factor analysis revealed 3 dimensions of reading anxiety which included general reading anxiety, reading confidence anxiety, and reading strategy anxiety. A t-test was run to assess any difference between above the average reading proficiency group and below the average reading proficiency group. The t-test showed above the average reading proficiency group had higher reading anxiety scores than below the average reading proficiency group. In addition, the other t-test between boys and girls with regards to the dimensions of reading anxiety indicated that girls had higher reading anxiety scores on the dimensions of general reading anxiety and reading strategy anxiety. The findings of this study suggest that the teacher should be aware of different dimensions of reading anxiety and help his/her students to cope with those dimensions of anxiety.

Greater distortion of perceived probability among people with high anxiety in both reward and punishment domains : A computational modeling study

김소연 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

Risk is a fundamental component in decision-making and abundant evidence suggests that people with high anxiety often exhibit altered decision-making such as excessive risk aversion. However, it still remains unknown whether subjective evaluation of probability is altered among people with high anxiety. In the current study, we aimed to quantitatively evaluate subjective value and probability weights in anxiety by using computational modeling and Bayesian data analysis. We recruited seventy participants and they performed a gambling task in a laboratory, which assessed their decision-making under risk in both gain and punishment domains. Their anxiety level was assessed with three anxiety questionnaires and we conducted principal component analysis to extract their integrative score. To reveal individuals’ latent processes underlying their choice behavior, we used computational modeling and Bayesian data analysis. We tested several competing computational models and identified the best model using Bayesian model comparison methods. To examine the associations between the anxiety score and behavioral measures/model parameters, we used a regression approach. We found the significant association between the distortion parameter and the anxiety score in both punishment and reward domains, which indicates that individuals with high anxiety perceived low probability events to be more probable in both negative and positive domains than those with low anxiety. Overall, the results suggest that individuals with high anxiety show altered probability perception and its clinical implications are discussed. 위험은 의사결정을 내릴 때 가장 근본적인 요소 중 하나이다. 그렇기 때문에 불안이 높은 사람들이 의사결정을 내릴 때 과도한 위험 회피와 같이 정상인 집단과는 다른 의사결정 패턴을 보인다는 것은 이미 선행 연구들을 통해 밝혀져 왔다. 하지만, 불안이 높은 사람들이 의사결정 과정에서 주관적 확률을 다르게 인식하는지에 대해서는 아직 명확하게 연구된 바가 없다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 계산 모델링과 베이지안 분석 방법을 통해 불안이 높은 사람들의 주관적 확률 인식에 대해 정량적으로 평가하고자 한다. 위험 상황에서의 의사결정 과정을 측정하기 위해 총 70명의 참가자들이 실험실을 방문하여 처벌 도메인과 보상 도메인 모두에서 도박 과제를 수행하였다. 참가자들의 불안 수준을 측정하기 위해 세 가지의 불안 설문을 사용하였고, 종합적인 불안 점수를 도출하기 위해 principal component analysis를 수행하였다. 또한, 개인의 선택 행동 기저의 과정을 살펴보기 위해 계산 모델링과 베이지안 분석 방법을 사용하였다. 베이지안 모델 비교 방법을 사용해 여러 가지의 계산 모델 중 불안이 높은 사람들의 의사결정 과정을 가장 잘 설명할 수 있는 모델을 발견하였고, 이 모델 파라미터들의 값/행동 지표들과 불안 점수와의 관계를 보기 위해서 회귀 분석을 수행하였다. 결론적으로, 개인의 불안 수준과 확률 왜곡과 관련된 파라미터 값이 처벌과 보상 도메인 모두에서 유의미한 관련이 있었다. 이는 불안이 높은 사람일수록 부정적이거나 긍정적인 상황 모두에서 낮은 확률을 더 높게 지각한다는 것을 뜻한다. 종합적으로, 이 연구를 통해 불안 수준이 높은 사람들이 정상인과는 다른 확률 지각을 한다는 것을 알 수 있고, 이는 불안 장애의 이해와 치료에 있어 임상적 함의점을 지닐 수 있다.

The Relationships between Plasma Oxytocin Level and Social Anxiety Symptoms

김은진 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

Objective Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by persistent fear and avoidance of social or performance situations. The pathophysiology of SAD is not yet well understood, but previous research has suggested that oxytocin is associated with social behavior and may play a role in human anxiety states and anxiety-related traits. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible relationship between social anxiety symptoms and plasma oxytocin level. Methods Twenty-three male patients with SAD and 28 healthy male controls participated in this study. The diagnosis of social anxiety disorder was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) criteria. All participants were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and were requested to complete the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify plasma oxytocin levels associated with SAD, controlling for age and education years. Results Level of plasma OT was significantly correlated with total score (r = 0.453, p = 0.030), avoidance subscale score (r = 0.501, p = 0.015), and fear subscale score (r = 0.358, p = 0.094) on the LSAS in the SAD group. In multiple regression models, after controlling for age and education years, we found that higher oxytocin level was significantly associated with higher total score (R2 = 0.157, coefficient = 0.145, 95% CI =  -0.0005-0.291, p  =  0.051) and the fear subscale score of the LSAS (R2 = 0.083, coefficient = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.007-0.159, p = 0.034) only in the SAD group. Conclusions In this study, the increased plasma OT level was associated with higher social anxiety symptoms only in SAD patients. This might be explained as for SAD patients, higher OT secretion is an insufficient compensatory attempt to reduce their social anxiety symptoms. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the role of oxytocin in social anxiety disorder.

(The) negative effect of math anxiety and how it relates to basic magnitude processing and working memory load

이경민 중앙대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

수학불안은 수학적 정보처리가 필요한 상황에서 개인이 경험하는 부정적인 정서를 의미한다. 본 연구는 기초적인 양 처리에서부터 작업기억에 부담을 서로 달리한 계산과제에 이르기까지, 수학불안이 수학적 정보처리에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 조사하였다. 수학불안과 수학적 정보처리의 관련성을 연구한 선행연구들은 크게 두 가지 주요한 이론을 기반으로 하고 있다. 먼저 Ashcraft and Kirk (2001)는 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 작업기억의 부담을 요구하는 계산과제에서만 선택적으로 나타나며 이는 수학불안으로 인한 개인의 작업기억 용량의 일시적인 저하가 원인이라고 주장한다. 반면 Maloney et al. (2010)은 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 양을 비교하는 것과 같은 가장 기초적인 수학적 정보처리 과정에서부터 시작된다고 주장한다. 즉, 이러한 두 이론은 기초적인 양적 정보처리와 작업기억에 부담이 덜한 간단한 계산과제에서 수학불안의 부정적인 영향에 관해 서로 다른 예측을 하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구는 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 기초적인 양적 정보처리에서부터 시작되어 수나 양에 대한 깊은 처리를 요구하는 수학적 과제에 선택적으로 확장될 것이라는 대안적인 가설을 제시한다. 본 가설에 따르면 간단한 수나 양을 비교하는 과제는 작업기억의 부담이 크지 않지만 개인의 양에 대한 감각을 요구하기 때문에 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 나타날 것이다. 반면 잘 교육받은 성인이 기억에 기반하여 해결할 수 있는 간단한 계산과제는 수나 양에 대한 깊은 처리가 필요하지 않기 때문에 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 나타나지 않을 것으로 예측할 수 있다. 복잡한 계산과제는 작업기억의 부담뿐만 아니라 수나 양에 대한 처리를 필요로 하기 때문에 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 나타날 것이다. 본 연구의 실험 1은 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 수학적 정보처리를 요구하는 작업기억 측정과제에 선택적으로 나타난다는 것을 보여줌으로써 수학불안과 작업기억 간의 관련성은 수학불안이 높은 집단과 낮은 집단 간의 고유한 작업기억 용량의 차이가 아닌 수 관련 과제 시 나타나는 작업기억 용량의 일시적 저하로 나타남을 확인하였다. 이를 기반으로 한 실험 2에서 수학불안의 부정적인 영향이 간단한 수나 양을 비교하는 과제와 작업기억에 부담을 요구하는 복잡한 계산과제에서만 나타났으며 간단한 계산과제에서는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 간단한 수나 양을 비교하는 과제의 수행과 작업기억에 부담을 요구하는 복잡한 계산과제의 수행간의 선택적인 상관관계를 관찰할 수 있었는데, 이는 간단한 계산과 달리 복잡한 계산과제는 작업기억에 더하여 개인의 양적 정보처리 능력을 요구한다는 것을 나타낸다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시한 대안적인 가설은 기존 두 이론의 요점을 통합하고 앞서 언급한 서로 다른 예측을 조화시킬 수 있다. 또한 이를 기반으로 하여 수학불안이 수학적 정보처리에 미치는 부정적인 영향에 대한 적절한 처치방법을 제시할 수 있다는데 의의가 있다. Mathematics anxiety (MA) refers to the experience of negative affect when anticipating or engaging in mathematical activity. The present study examined the negative effect of math anxiety on basic magnitude processing (numerosity and area comparison) and calculation with high vs. low working memory (WM) load. There have been two major theories on the relationship between math anxiety and WM. According to Ashcraft and Kirk (2001), math anxiety selectively affects complex arithmetic with high WM demand. On the other hand, Maloney et al. (2010) claim that math anxiety affects all math activities including even the most basic processes such as magnitude comparison. The two theories make opposing predictions on the negative impact of math anxiety on basic mathematical processes (such as magnitude processing) and simple calculation that make minimal demands on WM. Alternatively, the present study proposes that math anxiety has a selective negative impact on complex mathematical problem solving that likely involves deep processing of the magnitude. Based on our hypothesis, math anxiety will impinge upon basic magnitude processing even though it may make minimal demands on WM, because it depends on ones’ basic sense of magnitude. In addition, the present study hypothesizes that math anxiety would spare retrieval-based, simple calculation because it may not elicit access to representations of magnitude in well-educated adults. In Experiment 1, the present study found supporting evidence for the relationship between math anxiety and WM load. Our results showed that high math-anxious individual’s decline in performance was caused by the transitory disruption of their available WM capacity, in accordance with Ashcraft and Kirk (2001). In Experiment 2, the present study observed a negative effect of math anxiety on basic magnitude comparison and calculation with high but not low WM demand. These results demonstrate that math anxiety has a negative impact on a wide range of mathematical performance from basic magnitude processing to complex calculation which are both expected to elicit access to one’s sense of magnitude, but spares over-practiced, retrieval-based calculation. In addition to, our results showed that one’s basic magnitude processing ability was correlated with complex but not simple calculation performance. These results would be interpreted that complex calculation requires ones’ basic sense of magnitude as well as WM load. Our hypothesis integrates the main ideas of the two previous theories and can reconcile their opposing predictions on the effect of math anxiety on magnitude processing and simple calculation. This finding also can provide direction for educational intervention to reduce math anxiety.

인지행동적 발표 불안 프로그램이 중학생의 발표 불안, 발표 행동 및 자아존중감에 미치는 효과

이문숙 경성대학교 교육대학원 2001 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of cognitive and behavioral speech-anxiety program on the middle school students' pubic speech anxiety, public speech behavior, and self-esteem. To select the subjects of this study, Speech anxiety scale was tested to the 1st-year 112 students of a middle school in Haeundae-Ku, Busan-metropolitan city. 30 students who proved to be higher than others in Speech anxiety were selected as the subjects. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. But The only 11 students who wanted to take part in the experimental group participated in the Reduction Training of Speech Anxiety. To measure the effects of the Cognitive and Behavioral Speech Anxiety Program, Speech Anxiety Scale, Public Speaking Behavior Scale, and Self-Esteem Scale were used. The Experimental Group took part in the Cognitive and Behavioral Speech Anxiety Program twice a week, for total 9 sections, which was mainly composed of RET(Rational-Emotive Therapy), Systematic Desensitization, and Public Speaking Training and developed by the researcher. Through ANCOVA, the differences of pretest and posttest among the Experimental and the Control group were measured. According to the procedure above this study was progressed. And the result are as follows; First, the Cognitive and Behavioral Speech Anxiety Program has an effect on the reduction of the public speech anxiety of the middle school students. Second, the Cognitive and Behavioral Speech Anxiety Program has an effect on the increase of the public speaking anxiety of the middle school students. Third, the Cognitive and Behavioral Speech Anxiety Program has an effect on the increase of the Belt-esteem of the middle school students. This study examined integratively the effects of the Cognitive and Behavioral Speech Anxiety Program on the aspects of Emotional, Cognitive, and Behavioral of the middle school students who experience the radical change in physical and emotive aspects. And this study is expected to help the students who suffer from speech anxiety to decrease speech anxiety which is caused by their irrational beliefs, by increasing public speaking behavior and self-esteem, to positively adjust themselves to their school circumstances, to form social human relationship and desirable personality.