Anxiety level change before and after HIV test among Foreigners in Korea

KETEMA ZUFAN ZENEBE 아주대학교 2020 국내석사

This study was to assess anxiety level change and related factors at the pretest and posttest among foreigners for HIV/AIDS test. The secondary aim was to see the differences in anxiety-related variables between relieved and non-relieved groups. Methods: The data at an HIV/AIDS testing center were collected from 681 individuals tested for HIV between January 2012 to Jun 2015. The self-administered questionnaire at the KHAP HIV/AIDS voluntary counseling and testing center at Ansan city Korea was given to the subjects. We used standard statistical analysis and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) that consisted of 40 items to measure anxiety level. A cut point of 39–40 on the scale of 20-80 points to determine the level of high anxiety was selected. The data were analyzed via SPSS for window version 20.0 and descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: In this study, 1,034 participants agreed to take an HIV/AIDS test but only 681 participants agreed to submit their full personal and anxiety information. More men (554 and 127 respectively) participated in the study. Age below 29, marital status, nationality were associated with a high relive group. Previous knowledge of HIV/AIDs was also associated with anxiety levels. Bisexual participants showed a high relieved anxiety level as compared to other sexual orientation groups. Most of the participants never using a condom or inconsistency condom use were associated with high relieved after testing results. In the present study, increasing knowledge about HIV/AIDS could help them to relieve anxiety. Conclusion: For the study participants reported higher anxiety at pretest and later showed relieved anxiety level at the posttest these results suggest safe sexual practice must be needed in this study group, increasing knowledge of HIV/AIDS for foreigners in Korea should be followed.

Roles of Taste Receptor TAS1R3 in Western Diet-Induced Anxiety in Mice

송재원 서울대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

불안은 잠재적이고 불확실한 위협에 의해 긴장된 상태를 말하며 혈압상승, 근육긴장, 복통 등의 신체적 변화를 수반한다. 불안이 정신질환으로 발전된 형태인 불안장애는 전세계적으로 정신질환 중 가장 높은 유병률을 나타내고 있으며, 상당한 사회적, 경제적 손실을 발생시키고 있다. 불안을 악화시킬 수 있는 요인은 다양한데, 여러 연구 결과에서 서구식 식이가 불안의 증가와 상관관계가 있음이 보고되었다. 하지만 서구식 식이와 불안 사이의 명확한 인과관계와 발생 기전은 밝혀지지 않은 실정이다. 미각수용체 TAS1R3는 혀의 미뢰 세포에서 발현되어 맛을 감지하는 기능을 하는 것으로 알려졌으나, 최근 불안을 조절하는 주요 뇌 구역 중 하나인 시상하부에서도 풍부하게 발현됨이 밝혀졌다. 특히, TAS1R3는 시상하부에서 체내 영양상태를 감지하여 반응하고, 신경생성이 발생되는 제3 뇌실 주변부에 풍부히 발현되어 구강에서와는 다른 역할을 할 것으로 유추되나, 현재까지 그 기능은 밝혀진 바 없다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 시상하부에서 발현되는 TAS1R3의 활성변화가 서구식 식이 유도로 발생된 불안에 영향을 줄 것으로 가설을 설정하였고, 이를 검증하고자 하였다. 8주령의 수컷 C57BL/6J WT 마우스와 Tas1r3 KO 마우스에게 10% 지방 사료와 물로 구성된 일반 식이, 혹은 60% 지방 사료와 30% 설탕물로 구성된 서구식 식이를 13주간 급여하였다. 식이 급여 10주차에 2주간 일반적인 행동성과 불안을 측정하기 위해 Open field test, Elevated plus maze test를 실시하였다. 이후 행동변화의 기전을 조사하기 위해 서구식 식이를 섭취한 WT, Tas1r3 KO 마우스의 시상하부의 전사체를 분석하였다. RNA-seq 데이터는 Quantitative RT-PCR과 Nissl staining을 통해 검증하였다. Open field test 결과, 서구식 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스가 일반 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스에 비해 총 이동거리가 감소한 반면, 서구식 식이를 섭취한 Tas1r3 KO 마우스에서는 이러한 행동성의 감소가 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 Elevated plus maze test에서는 서구식 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스의 open arm에 머문 시간이 일반 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스에 비해 유의적으로 감소한 반면, 서구식 식이를 섭취한 Tas1r3 KO 마우스는 일반 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스와 유사하게 행동양상을 보였다. 이를 통해 Tas1r3 KO 마우스에서는 서구식 식이 섭취로 인한 행동성 저하와 불안 증가가 발생하지 않음을 확인하였다. 이러한 표현형의 기전을 조사하고자 서구식 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스와 Tas1r3 KO 마우스의 시상하부의 전사체 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, Tas1r3 KO 마우스에서 PKA signaling이 유의적으로 상향조절되었고, 전사인자 CREB이 활성화되어 신경의 보호 및 생성과 관련한 유전자들의 발현이 증가하였다. 또한 Tas1r3 KO 마우스에서 세포사멸에 대한 취약성과 관련한 유전자는 유의적으로 감소하고, 신경의 생존 및 생성과 관련한 유전자들은 유의적으로 증가되었음을 확인하였다. 이후 PKA, CREB 그리고 CREB의 표적 유전자 BDNF의 발현을 RT-PCR로 검증한 결과, 일반 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스에 비해 서구식 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스에서 PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling이 억제된 반면, Tas1r3 KO 마우스에서는 이러한 억제가 완화되었다. 또한 Nissl staining을 통해 서구식 식이를 섭취한Tas1r3 KO 마우스의 시상하부의 신경 세포의 수가 서구식 식이를 섭취한 WT 마우스에 비해 유의적으로 많음을 관찰하였다. 본 연구는 TAS1R3가 PKA/CREB signaling의 핵심조절자로 기능하여 식이 자극에 의해 시상하부의 신경손실을 유발하고, 이로 인해 불안을 발생시킬 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 향후 식이로 인한 불안발생의 위험성 예측 및 치료제 개발에 기여할 수 있다는 점에서 의의를 가진다. Anxiety is a feeling of dread and uneasiness about uncertain threats, accompanied by physiological changes such as sweating and increased blood pressure. Anxiety disorder (AD) - uncontrollable and detrimental state of anxiety - is the most prevalent mental disorder throughout the world and the number of people with ADs has been consistently increasing. Thus, ADs cause profound social and economic costs globally. The factors deteriorating anxiety are various, but accumulating studies support that the main components of western diet (WD), such as sugar and fat have positive associations with anxiety. However, obvious causality and molecular mechanisms between WD and anxiety are yet to be fully understood. The type 1 taste receptor member 3 (TAS1R3), is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in umami or sweet taste perception in taste buds. Interestingly, TAS1R3 gene expression is identified in extra-oral tissues, including hypothalamus, a key brain area involved in regulating anxiety. Furthermore, the third ventricle zone, the area of hypothalamus responding to peripheral nutritional or hormonal signals and modulating neurogenesis, expresses TAS1R3 abundantly. However, the roles of hypothalamic TAS1R3 in modulating anxiety under nutritional stimuli remain unknown. Thus, the aim of present study was to investigate the roles of the hypothalamus-expressed TAS1R3 in WD-induced anxiety. Eight-week-old male and female WT and Tas1r3 KO mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or WD for 13-week ad libitum. Open field (OF) test and elevated plus maze (EPM) test were conducted to assess locomotor activity and anxiety level of mice at 10th week after diet consumption. Hypothalamic transcriptome profiling was performed using RNA sequencing to investigate the underlying mechanism of altered anxiety-like behavior in WD-fed Tas1r3 KO mice. RNA-seq data was validated by quantitative RT-PCR and histological examination of hypothalamus via Nissl staining. WD-fed WT mice moved less than ND-fed WT mice and WD-fed Tas1r3 KO mice didn’t exhibit WD-induced decrease in total distance traveled in OF test. In EPM test, time spent in open arms of WD-fed WT was significantly less than that of ND-fed WT mice, while WD-fed Tas1r3 KO mice behaved similarly to ND-fed WT mice. These results indicate WD induced anxiety in WT, but it was not reproduced in WD-fed Tas1r3 KO mice. Further, hypothalamic transcriptome analysis demonstrated that TAS1R3 deficiency significantly enhanced PKA/CREB signaling-mediated neuroprotective gene expression in WD-fed Tas1r3 KO mice compared to WD-fed WT mice. Quantitative RT-PCR validated RNA-seq data, showing TAS1R3 alleviated WD-induced suppression of PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Finally, significantly increased number of intact neurons was observed in hypothalamus of WD-fed Tas1r3 KO mice relative to WD-fed WT. These results imply that TAS1R3 deficiency reduces WD-induced anxiety via PKA/CREB-mediated neuroprotective effects in hypothalamus. A comprehensive understanding of the roles of nutrient-sensing taste receptor TAS1R3 in WD-induced anxiety might contribute to develop strategies for prevention and treatment for anxiety.

한국 대학생의 EFL과목 수강 자원 여부와 학습자 불안과의 관계

오론조 벤투로소 전남대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

The research study presented is designed to gather a deeper understanding of language learner anxiety and its relationship with enrollment status. This research was conducted in South Korea at Chonnam National University during the year 2012 and its approach was to gather a more holistic view of language learner anxiety among Korean adult beginner students and to examine its relationship with enrollment status.The research study additionally seeks to identifycauses of language learner anxiety and help promote coping strategies for EFL learners.The study willexamine the following question;if a learner is forced or obligated to take a foreign language class, will that student possess higher debilitative anxiety then a student who voluntarily chooses to take a similar foreign language class? If this is the outcome then how can instructors identify signs of debilitative anxiety and help the learner to overcome this barrier? The effect of anxiety on foreign language learners is a topic that has been examined by many researchers throughout the last 3-4 decades. However not many studies have looked into anxiety’s relationship with enrollment status.It is the belief of this researcher thatenrollment statusis a key variable in the success or failure of language learner acquisition.The focus of this research study is to delve into the realm of foreign language learner anxiety and examine the relationship between enrollment status (i.e.voluntary type EFL classes vs. mandatory type EFL classes) and anxiety.This study will examine how a student’s anxiety can influence the modern day EFL classroom and what educators can hope to learn from this.The test participants are South Korean beginner EFL students. They are studying English (half in voluntary and half in mandatory type classes) and are enrolled in low level English courses. Foreign language learner anxiety is a situational specific type of anxiety that can create a feeling of loss of control; not being able to speak your ideas and thoughts in the target language can be heavily frustrating, for adults in particular. This can be detrimental to the progress of a leaner’s 2nd language acquisition. It should be noted that, although anxiety tends to be a powerful debilitative force;some kinds of anxiety can also have positive aspects. Anxiety does not always have to be seen in a negative light. Itcan at times,create a certain facilitative (i.e.:driving)force for motivation.Facilitative anxiety tends to be helpfulfor a language learner, and as such is not the focus of this study. The present research studyconcentrated on adult Korean students whose target language is English. The research was conducted over the course of oneyearand has been critical in understanding and identifying the signs of learner anxieties, how best to understand their debilitations and how to recognize their facilitative potential. This study utilizes both quantitative (through statistical analysis) and qualitative (through written survey and interviews) methods.To reach a conclusion, the study focused on two test groups, consisting of 140 participants, using the foreign language anxiety scale (FLCAS) developed by Horwitz .The FLCAS scale examines communication apprehension,test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation(Horwitz,1986). Theadvanced SPSS statistical program was utilized to test and demonstrate anxiety levels for 33 common occurrences among language students (including several reverse coded questions).According to this scale, high scores especially those over 99 signify a high degree of anxiety. The first test group was a mandatorily enrolled group of 70 low level adult Korean EFL learners; the second test group was a voluntarily enrolled groupof 70 low level adult Korean EFL learners. Low level learners were chosen over high level learners, as both the voluntary and mandatory groups have similar difficulties towards SLA.A high level learner may be so confident in their SLA ability (or other possible variables) as to potentially skew the data. The scores of the mandatory group were above the norms for debilitative anxiety with a mean score of101.7571.They showed higher levels of anxiety than their voluntary groupcounterparts by a mean difference of 4.100. Additionally the voluntary group scored on average lower than 99.00 (which is the score associated with debilitative anxiety), with a score of 97.6571. This significantly demonstrated that the voluntary group’s anxiety was firstly lower than the mandatory group and secondly below debilitative anxiety norms. Additionally to gather richer data and to flesh out the descriptive statistical data, qualitative research was conducted through interviews and surveys. This was done to help gather authentic data of student attitudes andin an attempt to get a richer and fuller data perspective and finally to create a narrative that can help triangulate our two data types (quantitative and qualitative). A total of 22 (from both voluntary and mandatory groups) students conducted written surveys, and 6 in depth interviews were conducted.Through quantitative statistical analysis and qualitative research,the study focused on determining the relationship between mandatory and voluntary enrollment status and anxiety. It is hopedthat this research will help contribute to the growing field of anxiety studies in second language acquisition,andadd to the pool of pedagogicalknowledge in this ever growing field.

(The) effects of induced and trait anxieties on distractor interference modulated by locus of conflict

정희정 Graduate School, Korea University 2017 국내석사

Anxious people are known to demonstrate an attentional bias to threat. However, a growing body of research suggests that anxiety causes inadequacy in dealing with distractors in general. On the contrary to such views, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding anxiety’s impact on distractor interference: while some found increased distractor interference in association with anxiety, others found decreased distractor interference under anxiety. Assuming that the locus of anxiety’s intervention on different processing stages could lead to differential effect on distractor interference, anxiety’s modulation on the congruency effect using two conflict tasks was observed. In Experiment 1, participants performed a flanker-compatibility task in which conflict initially arises at the perceptual stage and later at the response stage. In Experiment 2, participants performed a Simon task in which conflict takes place mainly at the response stage. Moreover, the impact of induced anxiety caused by threat of shock and trait anxiety measured by questionnaire scores were separately examined since they are known to affect different processing stages. As a result, differential modulations by induced and trait anxieties on the congruency effect and the congruency sequence effect (CSE), which refers to a reduced congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to following congruent trials, were observed in each task. In the flanker-compatibility task, induced anxiety led to disappearance of the CSE. On the other hand, trait anxiety was associated with an increase of the CSE which was driven by increased congruency effect following congruent trials. In the Simon task, induced anxiety did not modulate the congruency effect or the CSE. Instead, an increased congruency effect in association with trait anxiety scores was found. Such correlations were further modulated by previous trial congruency in that the relationship was evident following congruent trials but not following incongruent trials. Also, the correlations were obtained only under the threatening context. Overall, the results imply that induced and trait anxiety modulate distractor interference in distinctive ways depending on its locus of intervention. 불안은 위협자극에 대한 주의 편향을 야기한다고 알려져 있으나 최근 연구 동향에 따르면 불안은 위협자극 뿐만 아니라 전반적인 방해자극에 대한 처리를 약화시킨다. 그러나 불안이 간섭효과를 통해 나타나는 방해효과에 미치는 영향을 본 기존연구들은 상반된 결과를 보고하였다. 본 실험은 불안이 어떤 정보처리 단계에 영향을 미치는지에 따라서 간섭효과에 미치는 영향이 달라질 수 있다는 가정 하에 방해자극이 각기 다른 정보처리 단계에서 갈등을 유발하는 두 가지 과제를 사용하여 불안이 각 과제 수행에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험 1에서 참가자들은 지각처리 단계과 반응처리 단계에서 갈등이 있는 수반자극 과제를 수행하였다. 실험 2에서 참가자들은 반응처리 단계에서 갈등이 있는 Simon 과제를 수행하였다. 유도된 불안과 특성불안은 각기 다른 처리 단계에 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있기 때문에 전기자극을 통해 유도된 불안과 설문지를 통해 측정된 특성불안의 영향을 각각 관찰하였다. 결과적으로 유도된 불안과 특성불안이 간섭효과를 반영하는 합치효과와 이전 시행의 합치 조건에 따라 현 시행의 합치효과가 조절되는 순차합치효과에 미치는 영향이 과제 별로 다르게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 수반자극과제를 수행하는 경우 유도된 불안 상황에서 순차합치효과가 사라졌다. 반면 특성불안은 순차합치효과를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났는데 이는 이전 시행이 합치인 경우 현 시행에서의 합치효과 증가로 인한 결과였다. Simon 과제를 수행하는 경우 유도된 불안은 합치효과나 순차합치효과에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면 특성불안이 높을수록 합치효과가 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 경향은 이전 시행이 합치인 경우 더 명확하게 드러난 반면 이전 시행이 불합치인 경우 사라졌다. 결론적으로 본 연구결과를 통해 유도된 불안과 특성불안이 어떤 정보처리단계에 영향을 미치는지에 따라 간섭효과에 미치는 영향이 상이하게 나타남을 확인하였다.

Depression and anxiety, associated factors and the impact of workplace violence on psychological disorders among Korean Workers

Farzan, Mansoor Ahmad Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei Universit 2022 국내석사

Background: We have evaluated depression and anxiety and associated factors with these psychological stressful events for which almost all people around the world are prone to develop at some time period of life, each one of these two psychological prob-lems (depression and anxiety) have two different sources the first source of establishing that could be either as individuals’ own health condition or could be due working place. Purpose: The goal of this study is to understand key associated factors of depression and anxiety among Korean workers nationwide and to study whether worker’s exposure to physical violence and sexual harassment during last twelve month of the survey have correlations with workers’ depression and anxiety. Method: Data for this thesis was from fifth Korean Working Condition Survey which had been conducted in 2017. The population of the entire survey was 50,205 persons who had taken part in the survey. Relevant variables were chosen, Modification of data into subgroups was made to the variable of age of the participants. Data was analyzed with chi-square, Pearson correlation tests, and logistic regression. Data was analyzed with SPSS 26. As either anxiety or depression have many associated factors but in this study only those variables have been chosen which were statistically significant. Results: Workers who had been working older age, female gender, full time jobs and clients visit at the workplace are important factors known to have been associated factors with depression and anxiety due to workplace as well as in Korea. Conclusion: we suggest that all employers and private sectors should take care of their employees’ psychological burden, depression and anxiety bylaw.

Comparing the effects of different exercise modes on mood symptoms and EEG activity

육기훈 서울대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Diverse stressful life events may cause persistent stress and eventually develop mood disorder severity. In particular, anxiety and depression are mental illnesses that display many symptomatic similarities and differences. The increasing prevalence of anxiety and depression across young adults nowadays underscores the urgency of addressing mental health issues. While medication is the most common treatment for anxiety and depression, it has several physiological risks such as slow therapeutic effects, treatment resistance, or additional anxiety. In terms of discovering non-pharmacological approaches for alleviation of anxiety and depression, exercise emerges as a promising intervention. Recent studies suggest that various forms of exercise may contribute to reduction of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Specifically, different types of exercise, such as aerobic and resistance, may modulate different brain mechanisms and offer distinct strategies for each mood. Previous research suggests that aerobic exercise and resistance exercise may both contribute to alleviation of anxiety and depression symptoms. However, the different effects of each exercise on mood symptoms are yet elucidated. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be utilized as a tool to measure electrophysiological changes in mood disorders. Existing research highlights the changes in EEG patterns in anxiety and depression after exercise to investigate the effect of exercise on each disease. However, there is no research comparing which type of exercise is more effective for alleviating symptoms of each mood and changing mood-related EEG activities. This research investigates the different effects of each type of exercise on mood symptoms and EEG activities. Accordingly, subjects participated in 6- week aerobic and resistance exercises with a 3-week washout period. The Score of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was measured to evaluate the severity of both anxiety and depression. The EEG analysis was conducted to verify brain wave pattern changes. We calculated values of theta/beta ratio (TBR), total theta relative power, frontal alpha asymmetry (34A1), and Higuchi Fractal Dimension (HFD). Lastly, we conducted an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to confirm the changes in cortisol level, which is known to elevate in patients with anxiety and depression. Both types of exercise contributed to alleviation of both anxiety and depression. In particular, compared to the control group, aerobic exercise significantly decreased the score of HADS-A (anxiety), while resistance exercise significantly improved HADS-D (depression). In EEG analysis, a significant decrease of TBR in the left frontal region was observed after aerobic exercise. A trend of reduced levels of cortisol was identified after participating in resistance exercise. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized strategies for anxiety and depression and further exploration of the impact of exercise on brain wave activities associated with anxiety and depression. 스트레스는 우리의 삶 속에서 쉽게 유발되며, 불안 또는 우울 장애와 같은 심각한 정서질환을 야기한다. 최근 젊은 성인에서의 불안과 우울의 유병률이 크게 증가함에 따라, 불안과 우울은 긴급하게 해결되어야 하는 사회적 이슈로 자리 잡았다. 불안과 우울의 가장 대중적인 치료 방법은 항불안제 또는 항우울제와 같은 약물적 치료이다. 하지만 이는 느린 치료 효과와 약물 저항성을 보이며, 추가적인 불안을 야기할 수 있다는 문제점을 지닌다. 이러한 이유로, 최근 불안과 우울을 완화시킬 수 있는 비약물적 치료 전략에 대한 관심이 급증하는 추세하다. 운동은 우울과 불안을 개선시켜주는 효과적인 치료전략이 될 수 있다. 운동은 약물보다 부작용이 적으며, 치료 효과가 빠르다는 장점으로 인해 정서 증상 완화의 효과적인 대체 수단으로 여겨진다. 또한, 과거 연구들은 유산소 운동과 저항 운동 모두 불안과 우울 증상 완화에 기여할 수 있다고 제시한다. 특히, 유산소 운동과 저항 운동 등 서로 다른 종류의 운동은 서로 다른 뇌 기전의 변화를 야기함으로써, 불안과 우울 완화에 대한 개별적 전략을 제공할 가능성을 지닌다. 하지만, 현재까지 서로 다른 운동 유형에 따른 특정 정서 질환의 완화 효과는 명확하게 밝혀진 바가 없다. Electroencephalography (EEG)는 정서 질환 환자의 뇌에서 발생하는 전기생리학적 변화를 측정하는 도구이다. EEG를 통해 불안 및 우울 환자의 증상의 심각성 및 완화 정도를 나타내는 바이오마커를 발견할 수 있다. EEG는 운동 전후로 변화하며, 과거 연구들은 운동 후 불안 및 우울과 관련된 EEG 패턴이 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 현재까지 어떠한 종류의 운동이 블안/우울과 같은 특정 정서질환과 관련된 EEG 활동을 개선시키는데 있어 더 효과적인지 밝혀낸 연구는 없다. 해당 연구는 유산소 운동과 저항운동이 정서 증상과 관련 EEG 활동의 변화에 미치는 영향을 비교하고자 한다. 피험자들은 3주간의 wash-out (휴식) 기간이 포함된 6주간의 유산소 운동과 저항 운동에 참여하였다. 불안/우울 증상 정도를 평가하기 위해 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 점수를 측정하였으며, 뇌파 패턴의 변화를 확인하기 위해 EEG 분석을 실시하였다. EEG 마커로는 theta/beta ratio (TBR), total theta relative power, frontal alpha asymmetry (34A1), 그리고 Higuchi Fractal Dimension (HFD) 값을 계산하여 활용하였다. 또한, 불안과 우울 환자들에게서 높게 나타나는 것으로 알려진 Cortisol 수준의 변화를 확인하기 위해 효소면역측정법을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 유산소 운동과 저항 운동은 불안과 우울의 완화 모두에 유의미하게 기여하였다. 특히 대조군 대비 유산소 운동은 HADS-A (anxiety)의 점수를 유의미하게 감소시켰으며, 저항 운동은 HADS-D (depression)의 점수를 유의미하게 개선시켰다. 또한, EEG 분석 결과, 유산소 운동 이후로 좌측 전두엽에서의 TBR 값이 유의미하게 감소하였다. 하지만, 저항 운동은 유의미한 EEG 변화를 야기하지 않았다. 마지막으로, 저항 운동 이후 Cortisol 수준이 낮아지는 경향성을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구는 불안과 우울 완화에 있어 개인화된 개별적 전략의 중요성과 불안과 우울과 관련된 뇌파의 변화에 있어 운동이 미치는 영향을 더 탐구할 필요성이 있음을 확인하였다.

암 환자의 영적건강과 불안의 관계연구

박옥선 연세대학교 교육대학원 2008 국내석사

본 연구는 암 환자를 대상으로 그들의 영적건강정도와 불안을 파악하고 영적건강과 불안의 관계를 규명하여 암 환자를 위한 영적 간호중재 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 시도하였다.연구대상자는 Y대학부속병원에서 20세 이상의 암 환자로 본 연구의 목적을 이해하고 참여에 수락한자, 국문해독이 가능하고 의사소통에 무리가 없는 자, 본인이 진단 명을 알고 있는 자로 179명을 무작위로 추출하였다. 자료수집기간은 2008년 5월 1일부터 5월 31일까지 한 달간이었다.연구도구는 구조화된 설문지를 사용하였으며 설문지는 일반적 특성에 관한 문항과 영적건강과 불안을 측정하는 문항들로 총 78개 문항으로 구성하였다.수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation으로 분석하였다.연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1. 대상자의 영적건강 정도는 평균 68.73± 14.57(최소 21점, 최대 100점) 평균평점 3.43±.74 나타났으며, 세부적으로 실존적 영적건강은 평균 35.89±10.18(평균평점 3.59±0.66), 종교적 영적건강은 32.8 ± 12 . 07(평균평점 3.28±0.92)로 나타났다.2. 대상자의 특성별 영적건강 정도는 여성이 남성(t=-2.792, p=.006) 보다, 종교가 있는 군이 없는 군보다(t=-8.004, p=.000), 기독교군이 불교나 기타군보다(F=16.69, p=.000), 호전되었다고 지각한 군이 변화 없거나 나빠진 군보다(F=6.125, p=.000), 이전생활 회복기대군이 다른 군보다(F=7.429, p=.001), 지지가 매우 높은 군이 보통군보다(F=8.013, p= .000), 종교생활기간 20~30년이 다른 군보다(F=10.921, p= .000), 종교가 필요하다고 인정한 군이 부정한 군보다(F= 63.879, p=.000), 신앙적 도움이 있는 군이 없는 군보다(t=-3.083, p=.003), 신앙 도움에 만족 군이 보통군보다(t=7.769, p=.000), 종교 활동으로 말씀묵상(F=5.878, p=.000), 개인기도(F=7.040, p=.000), 찬송(F= 9.307, p= .000), 공부(F=3.542, p=.018), 예배(F=31.652, p=.000)는 매일하는 군이 다른 군 보다, 삶에 미치는 영향이 많은 군이 다른 군보다, 구원확신이 있는 군이 없는 군보다 (t=-3.842, p=.000) 높은 것으로 나타났다.3. 대상자의 불안 정도는 상태불안 44.2±11.89 (최소 20점, 최대 79점), 기질불안 44.12±10.72(최소 20점, 최대 77점)로 약간 낮은 것으로 나타났다.4. 대상자의 특성별 상태불안 정도는 종교가 있는 군이 없는 군보다(t=2.382, p=.018), 지각된 건강상태는 완쾌나 호전 군이 각각 변화 없거나 나빠진 군보다(F=5.148, p=.001), 인지된 지지가 매우 높은 군이 보통이나 낮은 군보다(F=8.013, p=.000), 종교생활기간은 20~30년 군이 다른 군보다(F=4.739, p=.003), 신앙도움에 만족 군이 보통 군보다(t=-3.644, p=.001), 말씀묵상은 매일하는 군이 다른 군보다(F=3.131, p=.029) 낮은 것으로 나타났다.5. 대상자의 특성별 기질불안은 지각된 건강상태가 완쾌된 군이 다른 군보다, (F=5.865, p=.000), 인지된 지지는 매우 높은 군이 낮은 군보다(F=8.013, p=.000), 종교생활기간은 20~30년 군이 다른 군보다(F=4.681, p=.004), 종교가 꼭 필요한 군이 다른 군보다(F=3.918, p=.022), 도움 만족 군이 보통 군보다(t=-2.581, p=.011), 개인기도는 매일 하는 군이 가끔 하는 군보다(F=3.223, p=.026) 낮은 것으로 나타났다.6. 대상자의 영적건강과 상태불안(r=-.550, p<.001), 기질불안(r=-.467, p<.001)의 상관관계는 각각 역 상관관계였고, 세부적으로는 실존적 영적 건강과 상태불안(r=-.649, p<.001), 기질불안(r=-.697, p<.001) 상관관계, 종교적 영적건강과 상태불안(r=-.401, p<.001), 기질불안( r=-.308, p<.001)상관관계는 각각 모두 역 상관관계를 보였다.이상을 통해 암 환자의 영적건강과 불안은 중정도의 역상관관계로 영적건강 정도가 높을수록 불안정도가 낮은 것이 발견되었다.따라서 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때 병원에서 입원환자와 외래환자의 불안을 감소시키는 방안으로 영적건강을 높혀야 함이 설명되었으므로, 영적건강을 높이기 위한 방법으로 예배, 말씀, 기도 등의 종교 활동을 매일 정착화 시켜야할 근거가 제시되었다. The purpose of this study was to survey cancer patients for their state of spiritual health and anxiety and thereupon, analyze the relationship between their spiritual health and anxiety to provide for some basic data for development of a spiritual nursing intervention program.For this purpose, the researcher randomly sampled 179 cancer patients aged 20 or older who had understood the purpose of this study and agreed to participate in the study; they could comprehend the Korean text and communicate with others, being well aware of the diseases diagnosed. The data were collected for a month from May 1 through May 31, 2008.For the survey, a structured questionnaire was used. The questionnaire consisted of 78 items in total about subjects' demographic variables and their state of spiritual health and anxiety.The collected data were processed using SPSS 12.0 for frequency, percentage, means, SD, T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients.The results of this study can be summarized as follows;1. Subjects' state of spiritual health scored 68.73± 14.57 on average (minimum 21 and maximum 100) or 3.43±.74 of means. In terms of sub-areas, their state of existential spiritual health scored 35.89±10.18 on average (means: 3.59±0.66), while their state of religious spiritual health scored 32.8 ± 12.07 on average (means: 3.28±0.92).2. Subjects' state of spiritual health differed on their demographic variables; the state of spiritual health was higher in women than men (t=-2.792, p=.006), those who had faith than those who had not (t=-8.004, p=.000), Christians than Buddhists or other groups (F=16.69, p=.000), those who perceived that their health condition improved than those who perceived that their health condition remained same or worsened (F=6.125, p=.000), those who expected to return to their former life than other groups (F=7.429, p=.001), those supported high than those supported normally (F=8.013, p= .000), those who had lived a religious life for 20~30 years than other groups (F=10.921, p=.000), those who felt it necessary to have a faith than those who denied faith (F= 63.879, p=.000), those who were supported religiously than those who were not (t=-3.083, p=.003), those satisfied with a religious support than other normal groups (t=7.769, p=.000), those who were practicing meditation on Words (F=5.878, p=.000), personal praying (F=7.040, p=.000), praising (F= 9.307, p= .000), study (F=3.542, p=.018) or worship (F=31.652, p=.000) every day than other groups, those affected much by faith than other groups, and those convinced of salvation than those not convinced (t=-3.842, p=.000).3. Subjects' state of anxiety scored a little lower or 44.2±11.89 (min. 20, max. 79) in terms of state anxiety and 44.12±10.72 (min. 20, max. 77) in terms of temperament anxiety.4. Subjects' state anxiety differed depending on their demographic variables: their state anxiety was lower in those having a faith than those not having a faith (t=2.382, p=.018), those who perceived that their health condition improved than those who perceived that their health condition remained same or worsened (F=5.148, p=.001), those supported high than those supported normally or less (F=8.013, p=.000), those who had lived a religious life for 20~30 years than other groups (F=4.739, p=.003), those satisfied with the religious support than the normal group (t=-3.644, p=.001), and those who were practicing meditation on Words every day than other groups (F=3.131, p=.029).5. Subjects' temperament anxiety differed depending on their demographic variables, too; it was lower in those who perceived that their health condition had been recovered completely than other groups (F=5.865, p=.000), those supported high than those supported low (F=8.013, p=.000), those who had lived a religious life for 20~30 years than other groups (F=4.681, p=.004), those who felt it necessary to have a faith than other groups (F=3.918, p=.022), those satisfied with the religious support than other groups (t=-2.581, p=.011), and those who were praying every day than those who were praying at times (F=3.223, p=.026).6. Subjects' state of spiritual health was negatively correlated with their state anxiety (r=-.550, p<.001) and temperament anxiety (r=-.467, p<.001). In terms of sub-areas, their state of existential spiritual health was negatively correlated with their state anxiety (r=-.649, p<.001) and temperament anxiety (r=-.697, p<.001), and their religious spiritual health was negatively correlated, too, with their state anxiety (r=-.401, p<.001) and temperament anxiety (r=-.308, p<.001).As discussed above, cancer patients' state of spiritual health and anxiety were negatively correlated more or less with their state of anxiety. Namely, the higher their state of spiritual health was, their state of anxiety was lower.Summing up, since this study proved that cancer patients' (whether they were hospitalized outpatients) state of spiritual health should be enhanced in order to lower their state of anxiety, it may well have provided for a ground for worship, meditation on Words, praying and other religious activities which need to be practiced every day to enhance their spiritual health.

Anxiety, Working Memory, and Cognitive Load in Community College Students Solving Statistics Problems

Shidfar, Poorya University of Florida ProQuest Dissertations & The 2024 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This study explored the relationships between cognition and emotion during learning, explicitly focusing on statistics anxiety, cognitive load, and working memory capacity when students solve forward and backward operation statistics problems. The study contributed to knowledge building on statistics problem-solving by addressing two research questions: a) how anxiety and cognitive load relate to performance on statistics forward and backward operation problems, and b) how working memory capacity relates to statistics anxiety, cognitive load, and performance on forward and backward operation problems. The cognitive load theory and the anxiety processing efficiency theory informed the conceptual framework.Participants (n = 61) were undergraduate college students enrolled in introductory statistics courses. Five instruments were used as data sources: a) a test of statistics forward and backward operation problem-solving, b) a survey of perceived cognitive load, c) the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale, d) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and e) the Adaptive Composite Complex Span test of working memory capacity.The results of multiple regression analyses indicated that statistics anxiety was a significant negative predictor of forward and backward operation problem-solving. Cognitive load was not a significant predictor; however, it was positively associated with statistics anxiety. Furthermore, nonparametric correlational analysis revealed a complex relationship between statistics anxiety, cognitive load, working memory capacity, and statistics forward and backward operation problem-solving. Visuospatial working memory capacity was positively correlated with statistics anxiety and perceived cognitive load; however, no significant correlation was found between visuospatial working memory capacity and statistics backward operation problem-solving.Implications for students, faculty, researchers, and university administrators revealed that discussions, hands-on practice, and computational differences between forward and backward operation problem-solving are necessary to decrease anxiety and cognitive load. This study also demonstrates that educational practitioners, instructional designers, and researchers should consider individual differences such as statistics anxiety, working memory capacity, and cognitive load when designing or teaching statistics courses or conducting research on statistics education.

불안장애 해소를 위한 불교적 접근 - 사례를 포함하여 -

박유민 동국대학교 2024 국내석사

Anxiety disorder is a mental affliction that reduces quality of life and causes great difficulties in daily life. The increasing rates of depression and anxiety among young people, along with the loneliness and isolation experienced by the elderly in the era of longevity, are not the only significant factors contributing to anxiety. Rapid societal changes, competitive cultural traits of modernity, and unexpected global pandemics also act as serious catalysts for anxiety. Until now, various research and treatments related to anxiety have been attempted, but the number of people suffering from anxiety is increasing. This study examined the fundamental causes of anxiety disorders and more effective treatment methods in a reality where the number of people whose daily lives are threatened by anxiety disorders is increasing. I have examined the commonly used treatment methods and limitations in clinical practice, as well as explored the fundamental causes of anxiety and its resolution from a Buddhist perspective. In the case of a patient with anxiety disorder who visited the outpatient clinic, the fundamental cause was explored through analysis of the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism, and then mindfulness-based psychotherapy (MBPT) was applied as a way to resolve anxiety. I evaluated the changes made through the Buddhist awareness practice program for about 6 months. Through repetitive insight meditation practice, the patient gradually became less self-centered and came to realize that cognitive and emotional distortions were unconscious reflections and transient phenomena arising within the mind. This realization led to a transformation in their life. This study is significant in demonstrating the effectiveness of insight meditation, a Buddhist practice, not only in enhancing the quality of life but also in effectively improving and healing mental issues such as anxiety.

Foreign Language Anxiety: A Study of Korean EFL 6th to 9th Grade Students : 한국의 초등학교 6학년부터 중학생들의 제 2외국어 (영어) 두려움에 관한 연구

이미경 숙명여자대학교 TESOL대학원 2008 국내석사

This study investigated the foreign language anxiety of Korean 6th to 9th graders learning English, and the relationship between their anxiety and background factors with particular focus on foreign language test anxiety. The participants of this study were 120 students who were studying English in the Foreign Language Center at a large university located approximately one hour from Seoul, Korea. A questionnaire consisting of a background questionnaire and the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS, Horwitz, 1983b) was translated into Korean and administered to the participants. This study found that Korean EFL 6th to 9th grade students in this study had relatively lower FLCAS scores compared to other ESL and EFL students in previous studies. This finding indicates that Korean EFL 6th to 9th grade students are not extremely anxious in foreign language classrooms. The most significant reason for the lower anxiety level of foreign language could be the age factor. The participants in this study are 6th to 9th graders who are much younger than the participants in other studies, which means they most likely started studying English with native speakers when they were younger. Another reason could be positive interactions between teachers and students in this study. In terms of foreign language test anxiety, the results indicated that the participants in this study did not suffer from a higher level of test anxiety in general. However, a few students admitted that they suffered from an extreme test anxiety level to the point of vomiting before important test situations. In addition, among various situations that make students feel uncomfortable or nervous in their English class, some of the students felt most uncomfortable or nervous when they took tests. Therefore, even though the total score of FLCAS was lower and the indicators of psycho-physiological symptoms of test anxiety did not reflect the students’ high level of test anxiety, this may demonstrate that some of the students seemed to experience anxiety related to foreign language tests, which can be a component of foreign language anxiety. 이 연구는 영어를 공부하는 한국의 초등학교 6학년부터 중학생들의 제 2외국어 (영어)에 대한 두려움, 그 두려움과 배경 요소들간의 관계, 특히 외국어 시험에 대한 불안감을 연구하였다. 서울에서 한 시간 가량 떨어져 있는 곳에 위치한 한 대학교 내 외국어학당에서 영어를 공부하고 있는 학생들 중 120명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 두 가지 종류의 설문지: 1) 기초배경 설문지, 2) 외국어 수업에 대한 두려움 척도 설문지 (FLCAS, Horwitz, 1983b)가 한국어로 번역되어 학생들에게 제공되었다. 연구 분석 결과, 이 연구에 참여한 한국의 초등학교 6학년부터 중학생들은 기존 연구에 참여했던 학생들에 비해 상당히 낮은 FLCAS 점수를 보여주었다. 이 결과는 한국의 초등학교 6학년부터 중학생들이 외국어 수업 시간에 그다지 많이 불안해하거나 두려움을 느끼지 않는다는 점을 나타낸다. 이 학생들의 FLCAS 점수가 낮은 가장 큰 요인은 그들의 낮은 연령이다. 이 연구에 참여한 학생들은 기존 연구 참여자들에 비해 훨씬 낮은 연령대로, 이것은 그들이 더 어렸을 때 원어민들과 함께 영어 공부를 시작했었을 것이라는 점을 의미한다. 또 다른 이유로는 선생님들과 학생들 사이의 긍정적인 상호관계를 들 수 있다. 또한, 이 연구에 참여한 학생들은 외국어 시험에 대해 일반적으로 두려움이 높지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 몇몇 학생들은 중요한 시험 직전에 토할 것 같을 정도로 시험에 대한 심각한 불안감을 겪고 있다고 시인하였다. 게다가, 영어 수업 시간에 학생들을 긴장시키고 불안하게 만드는 여러 상황들 중에서 일부 학생들은 시험을 볼 때 가장 두렵고 불안하다고 하였다. 따라서, 낮은 FLCAS 점수에도 불구하고, 이는 일부 학생들은 외국어에 대한 두려움의 한 요소가 될 수 있는 외국어 시험에 대한 두려움을 경험하고 있다는 것을 의미한다.