高興 雲垈里 粉靑沙器의 樣式的 特徵과 編年

권옥희 충북대학교 2017 국내석사

朝鮮 前期는 고려에서 조선으로 왕조가 교체되는 혼란기를 겪었기 때문에 더욱 국가 체제를 정비하고자 노력하였다. 특히 太宗(재위1400~1418)과 世宗(재위 1418 ~1450) 연간에는 왕권을 강화하여 중앙집권체제를 갖추기 위해 재정 확보에 심혈을 기울였다. 이에 따라 稅源을 통해 국가 운영에 필요한 재원을 확보하였고 세원 중 하나인 磁器는 전국에 분포한 磁器所를 통해 공납되었다. 이 때 공납된 자기는 대부분 粉靑沙器였으며, 분청사기는 14세기 후반 강진 磁器所가 해체된 후 전국으로 흩어진 도공들에 의해 발생하였기에 고려 말 퇴락한 상감청자에서 그 淵源을 찾을 수 있다. 하지만 분청사기는 점차 상감, 인화, 박지, 조화, 철화, 귀얄, 덤벙 등 다양한 기법을 지니며 독자적인 도자 양식으로 발전•변모하였다. 분청사기를 생산한 가마 가운데 고흥 운대리는 앞에서 설명한 일곱 가지 기법을 모두 이용하였고, 이 가운데 덤벙분청사기는 동반 생산된 다른 기법들에 비해 정교하게 번조한 양상을 보인다. 또한 운대리 한 지역에만 25基에 달하는 분청사기 가마터가 집중 분포하는 것은 다른 지역 가마터에서는 볼 수 없는 양상으로 고흥 운대리만의 특징이라 할 수 있다. 하지만 고흥 운대리 분청사기 가마와 직접적 관련이 있는 문헌자료나 운영시기를 추정할 수 있는 편년자료가 출토되지 않아 연구에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 지금까지 발굴조사와 정밀지표조사를 통해 확인된 가마구조, 기종과 기형, 장식기법, 문양, 명문 등을 분석하여 제작기술과 양식적 특징을 살펴보고 나아가 고흥 운대리 분청사기의 편년을 세우고자 하였다. 먼저, 발굴조사된 가마터에서 밝혀진 가마구조의 변화를 파악하였고 각 가마터에서 출토•수습된 분청사기 중 출토량이 가장 많은 발과 접시를 유형 분류한 후 새롭게 출현하거나 소멸하는 경향이 나타나 이를 토대로 순서배열법을 이용해 각 가마별로 운영시기를 추정하는 근거로 이용하였다. 그리고 장식기법, 문양, 명문의 종류를 분석하여 각 가마터별로 확인되는 전반적인 제작양상을 통해 편년을 설정한 결과 고흥 운대리 분청사기는 크게 Ⅰ期, Ⅱ期, Ⅲ期로 나눌 수 있었다. Ⅰ期(15세기 2/4분기)는 官窯인 分院이 설치(1469년)되기 前 시기로 공납용 분청사기를 중심으로 생산이 이루어졌다. 그리고 상감과 인화분청사기를 위주로 제작되었고 Ⅰ期 후반기에 귀얄과 덤벙분청사기가 등장하는 특징을 보인다. 가마는 번조실 중앙에 불기둥이 한 개 설치된 ‘단실불기둥(1)요’로 운영되었고 번조받침은 내화토빚음받침과 태토빚음받침이 주로 사용되었다. 폐기장은 흙을 채굴한 유구를 활용하였다. 기종은 일상기와 특수용기 모두 생산하였고 이 가운데 유형 분류가 가능한 발과 접시의 경우 측사면이 완만한 곡선을 이루는 Ⅰ형이 대표 기형으로 제작되었다. 장식기법은 상감과 인화기법을 비롯해 박지, 조화기법도 사용하였고 귀얄과 덤벙기법은 비교적 소량 이용되었으며, 특히 면상감기법은 Ⅰ期에만 사용되었다. 문양은 동물문, 식물문, 기하학문 등 다양한 소재가 확인되는데 특히 인화기법의 문양소재인 집단연권문을 활용한 그릇은 더욱 정교하게 번조한 경향이 나타난다. 銘文 자기는 대부분 인화분청사기로 상감과 인화기법을 이용하여 표기하였고 내저중심에 주로 위치한다. 종류는 ‘天’ • ‘元’ • ‘大’ • ‘十’ • ‘∗’ • ‘田’ 등 사용처와 숫자와 관련되었을 것으로 짐작되는 명문들이 있다. Ⅱ期(15세기 3/4분기~15세기 4/4분기)는 官窯인 分院이 설치(1469년)되기 前後 시기로 공납용 분청사기의 생산이 Ⅰ期에 비해 감소하며 인화귀얄분청사기 위주로 생산이 이루어졌다. 그리고 철화기법이 등장하며 조화, 귀얄, 덤벙기법이 크게 증가하는 특징을 보이는 시기이다. 가마는 번조실 중앙에 불기둥이 두 개 설치된 ‘단실불기둥(2)요’로 운영되어 불기둥이 1개에서 2개로 늘어나 발전된 모습을 보인다. 번조받침은 내화토와 태토에 가는 모래를 섞어 빚은 받침이 주로 이용되어 모래의 사용이 증가하고 있으며, 폐기장은 가마 한쪽의 자연경사면을 이용하였다. 기종은 일상기와 특수용기 모두 생산하였고 이 중 유형 분류한 발은 측사면이 동체 하단부에서 꺾여 수직에 가까운 사선으로 올라 구연에 이르는 형태인 Ⅳ형이 새로 출현하며, 접시의 경우는 구연이 수평으로 꺾여 전을 이루는 형태인 Ⅳ형과 구연이 수직에 가깝게 꺾인 Ⅴ형이 새로 출현하는 특징을 나타낸다. 장식기법은 상감과 인화기법은 감소•소멸하는 반면에 인화귀얄, 조화, 귀얄, 덤벙기법이 1기에 비해 크게 증가한다. 그리고 철화기법이 등장하여 Ⅱ期와 구분되는 경향을 보인다. 문양은 집단연권문, 연주문 등이 더 이상 시문되지 않고 주름문과 종선문 등으로 간략•단순해지며 박지기법은 동물문이 거의 사라진다. 새로 출현한 철화기법은 초화문 계통이 대부분 시문되며 조화기법은 1期에는 시문되지 않았던 구름문 등 새로운 문양이 등장한다. 銘文 자기는 인화귀얄분청사기, 귀얄, 덤벙분청사기로 상감, 인화, 조화, 철화기법을 이용하여 내저중심, 내측면, 외면 등에 표기되는데 1기에 비해 명문을 표기하는 기법과 위치가 다양해진다. 명문의 종류는 ‘礼’ • ‘元’ • ‘大’ • ‘十’ • ‘ㅠ’ 등으로 禮賓寺와 관련된 ‘礼’銘의 관사명이 처음으로 확인되었고 이 밖에 사용처, 숫자와 관련되었을 것으로 짐작되는 명문 등이 있다. Ⅲ期는 (16세기 1/4) 分院이 설치(1469년)된 以後로 공납용 분청사기의 생산의 의무가 거의 사라져 가는 시기로써, 명문자기의 제작이 소멸하는 경향을 보인다. 분청사기의 종류는 상감, 인화, 철화분청사기 등은 대부분 소멸되며 귀얄과 덤벙기법을 이용한 분청사기가만 생산된다. 가마는 번조실 바닥이 계단식으로 발전하여 ‘단실불기둥(2)계단식요’로 운영되었고 번조받침은 모래빚음받침 등으로 모래의 사용량이 증가하면서 굵은 모래도 빈번히 사용하였다. 그리고 받침의 크기도 커지는 양상을 보인다. 폐기장은 가마 양쪽의 자연경사면을 이용하였고 경사도를 극복하기 위해 일부 구간은 段을 만들어 조성한 유형으로 변화하였다. 기종은 발과 접시가 대부분으로 편병과 제기류는 더 이상 제작되지 않고 특수용기도 양이잔과 전접시만 생산되어 기종이 단순해지고 그릇의 기벽이 두꺼워지고 있다. 기형은 1期에 발과 접시 모두에서 대표 유형으로 제작된 Ⅰ형이 소멸되며 장식기법은 귀얄과 덤벙기법의 분장 농도가 옅어지는 경향이 일부 관찰된다. 명문자기는 덤벙분청사기에 철화기법으로 외면에 표기한 사례가 있으며 명문의 종류도 ‘十’銘만 확인되어 거의 소멸하는 양상을 보인다. 지금까지 본 논문은 고흥 운대리 분청사기의 특징과 편년을 알아보기 위해 25基 가마터에서 확인된 자기를 대상으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 가마구조, 기종, 기형, 장식기법, 문양, 명문의 변천 양상을 살펴볼 수 있었고 이러한 분석을 토대로 가마의 선후관계와 제작시기를 추정할 수 있었다. 현재까지 고흥 운대리 분청사기 가마터 25기 중 1호, 2호, 7호, 14호, 15호 가마터만 발굴조사가 되었으며 앞으로 발굴조사가 더 실시되어 자료가 축척된다면 더 명확한 특징과 편년 그리고 본격적인 백자 생산의 여부와 시기도 밝혀질 것으로 판단되므로 이 부분은 향후 연구 과제로 남기겠다.

原三國~百濟 漢城期 大田地域 聚落의 變化樣相

김다희 충북대학교 2017 국내석사

With the increase in the excavation of artifacts, researches on settlements are becoming more diverse. However, detailed studies on the changing regional conditions of Baekje, as well as ones explaining the fragmentary changes that took place during the cultural transitions of the Mahan-Baekje periods, remain limited. Thus, this study attempts to review and analyze the characteristics of such settlements in Daejeon area ― comprising house groups; tomb groups; and production, storage, and associated structures ― to find out more about the changes that took place during the age of the Proto-Three Kingdoms and the Hanseong period of Baekje. Consequently, it was possible to divide the changing trends of the settlements into periods I, II, and III and identify the particular flow of changes that took place in Daejeon in contrast to the surrounding regions. Period I includes the 3rd century, and three groups were discovered in Daejeon. Except for the toprank-center large settlement in Yonggye-dong, only small settlements were found in the region. The relics were located along the river basin under the hills ; the production and storage activities appear to have been centered on house group units within the settlement, and the tomb groups were found to be smaller in size. Period II encompasses the 4th century, and four settlements were found in Daejeon. Around the toprank-center large settlement of the Yonggye-dong site, additional settlements popped up in the lowrank-center regions, while smaller settlements from the previous period developed into middle settlements. Remains were located under hills, and storage facilities were found concentrated in certain areas. Production activities consisted of making earthenware, forges, and beads in the house group areas of such settlements. Tomb group gravesites were still considered small in size. Period III comprises the 5th century, and six settlements were found in Daejeon. Surrounding the middle settlement and toprank-center, which is the Bongnyong-dong dangsan village site, other small and middle settlements were discovered. During Period III, the central point of Period II shifted northwest. The changes attributed to Period III were witnessed in locations (from hills to flat surfaces), sizes of settlements (small), floor plans of residential structures, storage (concentrated), and changes in production and relics. The analysis allowed one to observe the development of settlements through the 3rd and 4th centuries, which was aided by the social structures of indigenous people. From the mid to late 4th century, significant transformations were witnessed with respect to the locations of remains, the sizes of settlements, the floor plans of residential houses, storage, production, and relics, and such changes are reminiscent of the shifts found in the Geumgang basin. Compared to the remains found on Sejong-si area’s Naseong-ri site, the center where the city was formed, the transformation trend of the Daejeon settlement appears to be included as part of its surrounding area. Thus, despite the transformations found in housing and production trends, its tomb group gravesites consisted of tombs built in the Jugu-Togwangmyo and Togwangmyo styles until the end of the 5th century."

청원 두루봉 처녀굴 출토 곰화석 연구

李壽煥 충북대학교 2007 국내석사

Ursidae fossil, which had been excavated from Durubong Cave Complex, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, became the object of this study to classify the species of the fossil, and to analyze the cause of death and relation with human behaviors. The fossil was compared with the characteristics of morphology of ursidae fossil in the Pleistocene period to classify its species, and also, compared with U. deningeri, U. spelaeus and U. arctos in Europe and fossils of U. splaeus and U. arctos, which had been excavated from Upper Cave Site, Zhoukoudian, China, applying the measurement by each part through full system of measurements. After that, the relation between the cause of death and human behaviors was studied by considering whether there were elements of biological changes, which could appear at the surface of fossil, and the status of excavation. The results of the analysis showed that ursidae fossil, which was male, from Cheonyeo-gul had permanent upper and lower teeth, and it was found the species was more than 15 years old by measuring abrasion of enamel and exposure of dentin. Moreover, it did not displayed characteristics of a certain species in morphology which usually appeared during evolution, and had bigger bone structure and teeth than those of U. arctos, which means that it might be an unidentified species or U. arctos var. Otherwise, there was a possibility as like as U. deningeri. However, I think that there was a low possibility of a new species, because Cheonyeo-gul fossil had only one specimen in Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI), and there was no its autapomorphic features. Also, it exhibited differences from general U. deningeri. This Cheonyeo-gul fossil had very similar characteristics in dental formula and teeth, which was considered to be the most important to classify species of ursidae fossil, to U. arctos, but there were differences from the size and sagittal crest of the skull, and most of bones including teeth were bigger than those of U. arctos. According to this, the most reliable opinion could be that it was U. arctos var. by individual variation. It was analyzed that the Cheonyeo-gul fossil died during hibernation, and I could not find evidence of relation between its death and human behaviors.

조선 초기 공주 학봉리 요장의 자기생산 양상 연구

김지호 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

The early Joseon dynasty was a period when the state system was diligently reorganized amid the turmoil over the replacement of the dynasty from Goryeo to Joseon. Hakbong-ri kiln sites, Gongju was a place where ceramic industries were actively carried out in the early Joseon dynasty, and has been under constant investigation since the first investigation was conducted by the Japanese Government-General of Korea in 1927. Nevertheless, no research has been conducted to identify the overall situation of ceramic industry of Hakbong-ri kiln sites. Therefore, this thesis attempt to understand the overall aspect of ceramic production of Hakbong-ri kiln sites. Hakbong-ri kiln sites mark a major change in its aspect of ceramic production from around 1467, when the royal kilns(官窯) was established in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do. therefore, Hakbong-ri kiln sites could be classified into Phase 1(first quarter of the 15th century~3rd quarter) and Phase 2(4rd quarter of the 15th century~second quarter of the 16th century) based on the establishment of the royal kilns. In the Phase 1, Hakbong-ri kiln sites operated single chamber kilns, influenced by the kiln during the late Goryeo dynasty, and the kilns were installed a row of columns in the chamber. In this time, Hakbong-ri kiln sites also produced inlaid Buncheong ware influenced by the Celadons style during the late Goryeo period. and later, produced high-quality inlaidㆍstamping Buncheong ware, which features detailed patterns and refined clay, and clear and transparent glaze. In the Phase 2, Hakbong-ri kiln site operated a kiln with columns installed inside the chamber like Phase 1. but it is different from Phase 1 in that two column were installed in the chamber. In this time, Hakbong-ri kiln sites were freed from the tributary system(貢納), its own style gradually strengthened and produced underglaze iron painting Buncheong ware unique to Hakbong-ri. and Hakbong-ri produced white porcelain and black glazed celadon, also produced a wide variety of pottery types and patterns compared to the Phase 1. In the Phase 2, Hakbong-ri kiln sites products were freed from the supervised process of production(見樣), became rough and turbid of the products style, but also attempted to produce quality white porcelain using a saggar(匣鉢). The factors of the aspect of ceramic production change of Hakbong-ri kiln sites can be found in the process of improving Hakbong-ri kiln production efficiency. In the early Joseon dynasty, the royal kilns were introduced the labor system(立役) and assigned the duty of labor to the craftsmens of each local kilns. at that time, the craftsmens of the Hakbong-ri kiln sites would have also been dispatched to the royal kilns. In the process, it is possible that the craftsmens of Hakbong-ri spread the ceramic industrial technology influenced by the royal kilns to the Hakbong-ri kiln sites. The another factors of the aspect of ceramic production change of Hakbong-ri kiln sites is the change in the consumer base of Hakbong-ri kiln's products from the establishment of the royal kilns. the fact that many of China's northern nomads were included in the forces that played a key role in the founding of Joseon dynasty that there was a major change in the composition of the mainstream class in the early Joseon dynasty. considering the government office of envoy reception’s(內資寺, 禮賓寺) role in the early Joseon dynasty, the government office of envoy receptions would also have been in charge of banquet and hospitality for the China's northern nomads at that time. in this background, it is possible that the Hakbong-ri kiln sites produced an underglaze iron painting Buncheong ware with inscriptions such as ‘內資’, ‘礼賓’ even after freed from the tributary system. Hakbong-ri kiln sites quickly adapted to the social changes in which the royal kilns were installed around 1467 and the consumer of the products was changing. In this process, Hakbong-ri kiln sites introduced columns to kilns ahead of other local kiln sites and secured a wide range of consumers by actively utilizing iron pigments. Hakbong-ri products were consumed in almost all parts of the country, including Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and Jeju-do, it's indicating that Hakbong-ri kiln sites products were more influential than other local kilns. this phenomenon can be characteristic of Hakbong-ri kiln sites in the early Joseon dynasty. In this thesis, there are still problems to be solved, such as the failure to analyze the disturbed sediment near the 5th kiln or the failure to specify where Hakbong-ri products are consumed. due to my lack of research capabilities, I would like to supplement this part through more detailed research if I have a chance in the future. also I look forward that further excavation research will be carried out on Hakbong-ri kiln sites in the future, so that further research can be conducted. 조선 초기는 고려에서 조선으로 왕조가 교체되는 혼란 속에서 국가체제가 부지런히 정비된 시기이다. 공주 학봉리 요장은 조선 초기에 활발하게 요업이 이루어진 곳이며, 1927년 조선총독부에 의해 처음으로 조사가 실시된 이후 지속적으로 조사가 이루어져왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 학봉리 요장의 전반적인 요업상황을 파악하는 연구는 이루어지고 있지 않아서 아쉬움이 남았다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 학봉리 요장의 전반적인 자기생산 양상 연구의 필요성을 느끼고 이에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 학봉리 요장은 1467년경 경기도 광주에 관요가 설치된 시기를 기점으로 자기생산 양상에 큰 변화를 맞는다. 따라서 학봉리 요장은 관요 설치를 기준으로 운영시기를 제1기(15세기 1/4분기~3/4분기)와 제2기(15세기 4/4분기~16세기 2/4분기)로 나눌 수 있다. 제1기의 학봉리 요장에서는 고려 말기 가마의 영향을 받은 단실 불기둥요ㆍ천장지주요를 운영하였고, 소성실 내부에 1줄의 불기둥 또는 천장지주가 설치되었다. 제1기의 생산품 또한 고려 말기 청자 양식을 계승한 상감분청사기에서 시작하여 이후 공납자기 특유의 세밀한 문양표현과 정선된 태토, 맑고 투명한 유약이 특징인 양질의 상감ㆍ인화분청사기를 생산하였다. 제2기의 학봉리 요장은 제1기와 마찬가지로 소성실 내부에 기둥이 설치된 가마를 운영하였다. 다만 소성실 내부에 천장지주를 두 줄로 설치했다는 점에서 제1기와 차이가 있다. 제2기의 학봉리 요장은 자기공납의무에서 벗어나 자기 양식이 점차 지방색이 강해지면서 학봉리 특유의 활달한 양식의 철화분청사기가 생산되었다. 또한 백자와 흑자가 생산되고 제1기에 비해 더욱 다양한 기종과 문양의 자기를 생산하였다. 제2기의 학봉리 요장 생산품은 견양체제에서 벗어나면서 태토가 거칠어지고 유약이 탁해지는 등 조질화가 나타나지만, 匣具를 이용하여 양질백자 생산을 시도하기도 하였다. 학봉리 요장의 자기생산 양상이 변화한 요인은 학봉리 요장이 자기의 생산효율을 개선하는 과정에서 찾을 수 있다. 조선 초기의 관요는 입역제를 도입하여 각 지방요의 장인들에게 입역의 의무를 할당했는데, 당시 학봉리 요장의 장인 역시 입역제를 통해 관요로 파견되었을 것이다. 이 과정에서 학봉리 장인들이 관요의 영향을 받은 匣具 등의 요업기술을 학봉리 요장에 전파했을 가능성이 있다. 학봉리 요장의 자기생산 양상이 변화한 또다른 요인은 관요 설치를 기점으로 학봉리 요장 생산품 소비층이 변화한 점을 들 수 있다. 조선을 건국하는 과정에서 핵심적인 역할을 한 세력 중 중국의 북방민족이 다수 포함되어 있었다는 사실은 조선 초기에 주류 계층의 구성에 큰 변화가 있었음을 보여준다. 조선 초기에 내자시와 예빈시가 맡은 역할을 고려하면, 당시 중국 북방민족의 연회와 접대 업무 또한 사신의 접대를 담당한 내자시와 예빈시에서 담당하였을 것이다. 이러한 배경을 통해, 학봉리 요장은 공납자기 생산의무에서 벗어난 이후에도 ‘內資’, ‘礼賓’ 등의 명문이 시문된 철화분청사기를 생산했을 가능성이 있다. 학봉리 요장은 1467년경 관요가 설치되고 생산품의 소비층이 변화하는 사회적 변화에 빠르게 발맞추어 가마구조의 변화를 꾀하고 지방색이 강한 생산품을 수요층에게 어필하면서 요업을 이어나갔다. 이 과정에서 학봉리 요장은 타요장보다 앞서 가마에 천장지주를 도입하였고 철화안료를 적극 활용한 생산품을 이용하여 폭넓은 소비층을 확보하였다. 조선 초기 학봉리 요장 생산품의 소비지는 서울과 경기도, 충청도, 전라도, 제주도 등 거의 전국을 아우르는데, 이는 당시 학봉리 요장 생산품의 영향력이 타요장의 생산품에 비해 탁월하였다는 것을 보여준다. 이러한 지방요의 영향력은 동시기 타요장에서는 고창 용산리 요장을 제외하면 거의 볼 수 없는 현상으로, 조선 초기 학봉리 요장의 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 5호 요장 인근 교란된 퇴적구를 분석하지 못한 점이나 학봉리 생산품의 소비지를 구체적으로 밝히지 못한 점 등 아직 풀어야 할 문제가 남아있다. 필자의 조사역량이 부족한 관계로 이 부분은 추후에 기회가 된다면 더욱 세부적인 연구를 통해 보완하고자 한다. 또한 앞으로 학봉리 요장에 대한 발굴조사가 추가적으로 진행되어 더욱 심화된 연구가 이루어질 수 있기를 기대한다.

4〜7세기 임진·한탄강 유역 삼국의 관방체계와 변화양상

구우연 충북대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내석사

In the Imjin-Hantan River basin, vertical cliff appears on one or both sides of the river due to the lava plateau formed by volcanic activity, and the natural barrier connecting east and west served as an obstacle to south - north transportation and a natural military hub. For this geographical reason, there are many rapids and ferries in the Imjin-Hantan River area where it is easy to cross the river, and fortresses were built in a form suitable for the topography to prevent enemy invasion and river crossing. Existing research on the Three Kingdoms defense system of the Imjin-Hantan River basin was mainly focused on individual ruins, such as research on the construction technique of a single site, excavation research results, and character definition of the ruins based on literature data, rather than a comprehensive review of the entire defense system. Therefore, this paper examined the characteristics, interrelationships, and transportation routes of each country's defense system in the Imjin-Hantan River basin by paying attention to their temporal and spatial properties, and examined the pattern of possession, defense system and changing aspect in the Imjin-Hantan River basin during the 4th and 7th centuries. The first country to enter the Imjin-Hantan River basin was Baekje, which entered the Imjin River basin from the end of the 3rd century to the first half of the 4th century. Baekje had a close race with Goguryeo and the Imjin River basin as its border, and a defense system was built along the southern of the Imjin River to prevent Malgal and Goguryeo from moving south. The front line defense line was built along the Imjin River basin, and it is estimated that it served as a base for local governments as well as military defense. Around the end of the 4th century, Goguryeo moved southward in earnest, and in a situation where Baekje faced off on the border of the Imjin-Hantan River, Goguryeo constructed a basic type of defense facility called a wooden fence along the north of the Imjin River and the Hantan River. Since then, a stronghold of local domination has emerged at the center of transportation, centering on Eundaeri Castle and Dangpo Castle, Horogoru. In the mid-to-late 6th century, the Imjin-Hantan River area was transformed from the rear base of Goguryeo to the front where a neck-and-neck race with Silla continued, and It is highly likely that Mudungri Boru, Deokjin Castle, and Durubong Boru were built by strengthening military defenses in this area. As Goguryeo Castle is pushed to the north of the Imjin River, Silla Castle begins to be built on the south of the Imjin River and the Hantan River basin. Silla has built many new castles along the Hantan River and is recycling Baekje Castle that was distributed along the lower stream of the Imjin River. In particular, large castles such as Chiljungseong, Daejeon-ri sanseong, and Oknyeobong sanseong are distributed horizontally in the east-west direction along the south of the Imjin and Hantan River, and a defense system was established in connection with the castles located behind them. 임진·한탄강 유역은 화산활동으로 형성된 용암대지와 이후 침식작용으로 인해 강의 한쪽 또는 양쪽 측면에 수직단애가 나타나며, 동-서로 이어지는 천연장벽은 남-북 교통의 장애물이자 천혜의 군사 요충지로 기능하였다. 이러한 지형적인 이유로 임진·한탄강 일대에는 도강이 용이한 여울과 나루터가 많이 분포하고 있으며, 적의 침입과 도강을 저지할 목적으로 지형에 맞는 형태로 성곽이 축조되었다. 임진·한탄강 유역 삼국 관방체계에 대한 기존의 연구는 전체 관방체계에 대한 종합적인 고찰보다는 최종적으로 남겨진 전체 성곽의 연속적인 분포양상을 하나의 관방체계로 인식하는 평면적 연구에 그치거나 단일 유적의 축성기법 연구, 발굴조사 성과 및 문헌자료를 기반으로 한 유적 성격 규명 등 대체로 개별 유적을 중심으로 논의가 이루어졌다. 이에 본 논문에서는 임진·한탄강 유역의 각 국가별 관방유적의 특징과 상호관련성 및 교통로를 시·공간적인 속성에 유의하여 검토하고, 이를 통해 4∼7세기 임진·한탄강 유역의 삼국 점유양상과 관방체계 및 변화양상을 입체적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 임진·한탄강 유역에 가장 먼저 진출한 국가는 백제로, 3세기 말에서 4세기 전반 무렵 임진강 유역에 진출하게 된다. 백제는 고구려와 임진강 유역을 국경선으로 하여 접전을 벌이게 되며, 말갈 및 고구려의 남하를 저지하기 위해 임진강 남안을 따라 성곽을 축조하였다. 임진강 유역을 따라 최전방 방어선을 구축하였는데, 군사 방어뿐 아니라 지방지배의 거점 기능도 수행한 것으로 추정된다. 4세기 말을 전후하여 고구려가 본격적으로 남진하여 내려오며, 임진·한탄강을 경계로 백제와 대치하는 상황 속 고구려는 임진강 북안 및 한탄강을 따라 목책이라는 초보적인 형태의 방어시설을 구축하였다. 이후 은대리성, 당포성과 같은 강안평지성을 중심으로 교통의 요지에 지방 지배의 거점성이 등장하였다. 6세기 중후반 임진·한탄강 일대는 고구려의 후방에서 신라와의 접전이 끊이지 않는 전방으로 변모했고, 호로고루 동벽과 그 주변의 산봉우리 정상에 자리한 무등리보루, 덕진산성, 두루봉보루 등은 이 지역에 대한 군사 방어를 강화하면서 축조되었을 가능성이 크다. 고구려성이 임진강 북안으로 밀려나며, 신라성들이 임진강 남안 및 한탄강 유역으로 축성되기 시작한다. 신라는 한탄강변에 새로이 성들을 많이 축조하였으며, 임진강 하류를 따라서 분포해 있던 백제성을 재활용하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 특히 칠중성·대전리산성·옥녀봉산성 등의 규모가 큰 성을 중심으로 임진강 남안 및 한탄강 남안을 따라 동-서 방향 횡으로 분포하고 있으며 배후에 위치한 성곽들과 연결된 방어체계를 구축하였다.

국내도읍기 고구려 서방 방어체계의 성립과 변화

이미현 충북대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내석사

This study examines the establishment and change of the western defense system of Goguryeo through an examination of the Goguryeo fortresses that are distributed in the western region of Goguryeo during the period of the gungnae capital-city period. As a result of examining previous studies on these defense systems, it was confirmed that the research was conducted only on the existing appearance, ignoring the continuous characteristics of the fortresses, and that there was a lack of examination of the actual defense system and specific defense systems at a certain period. Since there is a lack of research on the actual defense system, this study divided the western defense system of Goguryeo during the period of the gungnae capital-city period into the periods of 1st to 3rd centuries and 4-5 centuries, and examined the changes in this system. It reviewed the documentary records related to Goguryeo castles, battle records, and fort construction in the areas of Hwan-in and Ji'an, where the capital was located, and also reviewed the archaeological data. As a result, the defense system of the 1st to 3rd centuries was characterized by the construction of mountaintop fortresses on the rugged mountains of Hwan-in and Ji'an, and the construction of artificial stone walls only in some sections where defense was lacking, while maximizing the use of natural cliffs. However, based on recent excavation surveys of the stone processing technology and architecture of the stone chamber tombs of the same period, it is judged that the stone walls were built only after the move to the gungnae capital-city period. In the founding period, the country was not strong enough to build castles that required a large number of laborers. Therefore, the battle tactics also showed a passive attitude that focused only on defense. The army at the time was centered on a small group of outstanding warriors, and the battle area was also busy blocking the enemy from invading the capital. These documentary records and the mountain fortresses of the time are consistent. The defense system of the 4th to 5th centuries underwent a variety of changes as the territory of Goguryeo expanded. During this period, not only stone but also earthen walls appeared. While mountain fortresses were still used, large-scale castles also appeared to govern the provinces. Roof tiles were excavated from these castles. In addition, these castles were built not only in the capital but also in the border areas of the country. These changes can be attributed to the changes in the state system to efficiently govern the expanded territory and the increase in the size of the army that could be mobilized. The army was increased by targeting the people, not a small group of elite warrior groups, which made it possible to build castles that required large-scale labor. In addition, the mountain-top mountain fortresses of the 1st to 3rd centuries were also renovated and used. As time went on, the western defense system of Goguryeo during the gungnae capital-city period became even more solid. * A thesis for the degree of Master in February 2024.

朝鮮 後期 地方白磁 硏究

김재형 충북대학교 2017 국내석사

조선 후기 사회는 양난 이후 안정기에 접어들면서, 농업 생산력의 증가, 신분제의 이완, 상공업의 발달 등의 요인들이 유기적인 관계를 가지면서 사회 경제상의 발전을 거치게 된다. 이와 같은 사회 변화 속에서 후기 지방백자는 중기백자와 차별되는 양식적 특징을 보이며, 이전 시기에 못지않은 활발한 생산을 이어가게 된다. 필자는 그동안 연구자들에게 다소 주목받지 못한 18세기 3/4분기 이후에 운영된 지방 백자가마에서 생산된 백자와 당시 제작기술 등을 분석하여, 조선 후기 지방백자의 편년을 재고하는 것을 연구목적으로 설정하였다. 현재까지 발굴조사를 통해 보고된 조선 후기 지방가마에서 제작된 백자 중 높은 비율을 차지하는 반상기명을 중심으로 필자가 제시한 형식분류안을 기준으로 재분류하고, 대표기형과 소수기형으로 구분해 보았다. 또한 특정기형의 발생빈도를 근거로 하여 가마간 운영순서를 설정할 수 있었다. 특정기형의 발생과 소멸은 상대적인 순서만을 의미하기 때문에, 각 가마에서 제작된 청화백자의 문양소재 변천, 가마 구조와 제작방식의 변화를 검토하여 상대적 운영순서를 보완하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 통해 후기 지방백자의 운영시기를 크게 3단계로 설정할 수 있었다. 또한 각 단계별 확인되는 양식적 변화가 나타나는 원인을 사회 경제상의 변화, 관요의 제도 변화, 근대 요업기술의 유입 등에서 찾아보고, 이를 근거로 각 단계별 운영시기를 1期(18세기 3/4분기 ~ 19세기 1/4분기), 2期(19세기 2/4분기 ~ 19세기 3/4분기), 3期(19세기 4/4분기 ~ 20세기 1/4분기)로 설정하였다. 후기 지방백자 1期는 당시 소비층의 요구에 따라 생산품과 생산방식에 변화를 보인 단계로 중기 백자 기형이 대표기형으로 제작되며, 순백자 중심의 제작을 하였다. 이 단계에 들어 지방에서 고족접시가 제작되기 시작하는 것이 특징이며, 이는 중기 백자와 구별되는 특징 중 하나이다. 성형기법상의 특징은 구연 아래에서 꺾여 강하게 외반하는 형태로 성형하였으며, 기벽을 동체 하단부에서 구연까지 비교적 일정한 두께로 성형하였다. 각 가마에서 확인되는 번조방법과 재임방식의 차이를 근거로 이 단계에서 품질을 고려한 제작방식에서 포개구이를 통한 대량생산체제로 전환된 것으로 설정하였다. 가마 구조는 1期 운영단계에 접어들어 분실 계단식 요 구조에서 연실 계단식 요 구조로 전환되는 변화가 확인되었다. 후기 지방백자 2期는 생산방식을 간소화하여 대량생산에 유리한 생산방식을 채택한 운영단계로 중기 백자의 기형이 감소하며, 지방에서 초보적인 청화백자가 제작되는 단계이다. 각 기종별 제작되는 기형이 이전 단계에 비해 감소하는 경향이 확인된다. 단 고족접시는 이전 단계에 비해 생산량이 증가한 것이 특징이다. 이 단계에 들어 구연 아래에서 꺾여 강하게 외반하는 형태로 제작된 백자가 감소하며, 점차 동체 하단부에서 구연까지 자연스럽게 진행되는 형태로 제작되는 성형기법의 변화가 확인된다. 또한 굽 안쪽을 굽 외면의 높이보다 깊게 깎는 방식으로의 변화 역시 이 단계부터 확인된다. 이전 단계와 구별되는 가장 큰 특징은 발, 종자를 중심으로 제한적이지만 간단하게 청화장식을 한 청화백자가 제작되었다는 점이다. 이 단계로 설정한 가마에서는 모든 가마에서 포개구이로만 생산한 것으로 확인되고, 기종별 생산기형과 생산방식의 간소화 등이 확인되어 대량생산의 운영체제가 일반화된 단계로 이해된다. 가마 구조는 불턱과 번조실의 단차를 두지 않으며, 번조실의 평면 형태를 횡장방형으로 조성한 경사형 연실요 구조로 축조되었다. 후기 지방백자 3期는 지방에서 청화백자가 활발히 제작되는 시기로, 다양해진 소비계층의 요구로 인해 대량산생 방식의 요업체제에서 생산방식의 다양화가 확인되는 단계이며, 일본에 의한 근대 요업기술의 전래로 인해 근대 백자로 이행되는 단계이다. 각 기종별 제작되는 기형의 수가 이전 단계보다 더욱 감소한 것으로 확인되었다. 청화백자는 반상기명 외의 기종까지 제작되었으며, 이전 단계에 비해 문양소재가 다양해지고, 사실적인 표현으로 장식성이 강한 청화백자를 제작하였다. 근대 요업기술의 유입으로 인해 전사, 공판화 기법으로 시문한 예가 확인되는 것도 이 단계의 특징 중 하나이다. 생산방식에서 포개구이와 단독번조를 구별하여 생산한 가마들이 확인되어, 일률적인 생산방식에서 벗어나 품질을 구분하여 생산하는 생산방식의 다양화 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 가마 구조는 경사형 연실요 구조에서 번조실간 단차가 있는 연실 계단식 요로 축요방식에 전환이 이루어진 단계로, 이와 같은 변화는 근대 축요기술의 유입과도 관련이 있다. 조선 후기 지방백자는 지방사회에서 질적, 양적으로 성장한 소비계층을 대상으로 판매하기 위해 생산된 생활용기이다. 하지만 화려한 청화백자로 대표되는 당시 관요백자에 비해 심미적으로 떨어지며, 품질 또한 좋지 못한 이유로 연구자들의 관심을 받지 못하였다. 본 연구를 통해 지방가마는 관요백자의 상품성을 따라가지는 못하지만, 당시 지방 수요층의 인식변화와 소비수준 향상에 따른 변화에 발맞춰 생산방식의 변화를 꾀하는 모습을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 후기 지방백자 가마는 단순히 지방수요를 충당하기 위해 대량생산 방식을 통해 볼품없는 백자를 생산한 가마가 아닌, 당시 수요변동에 민감하게 반응하여 생산방식을 변화하거나 새로운 기종, 기법으로 상품성을 높이고자 노력했던 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 조선 후기 지방백자는 당시 지방의 시대상 및 사회상을 보여주는 하나의 지표로서 의의가 있다. 각 검토 대상을 분석하는 과정에서 미진했던 부분은 추후 발굴조사되는 자료를 통해 보완할 수 있으리라 생각된다. 또한 편년을 설정하는 과정에서 새롭게 제시될 수 있는 기준들의 분석과 검토는 향후 연구과제로 남겨 보완하도록 노력하겠다. The late Joseon society, which entered a period of stability after two great war in Joseon, experienced organic relations of the factors, such as the relief of caste system and the development of commerce and industry that led to socioeconomic development. With such social change, the late-Joseon local porcelains showed differentiated stylistic features compared to the mid-Joseon porcelains, and the production of porcelain in the late Joseon society was as active as before. This study aimed to suggest a chronology of late-Joseon local porcelains through the analysis of the production techniques and the relics that were produced in the local porcelain kilns in the third quarter of the 18th century, which was a period out of the academic spotlight. In this study, we focused on the table ware that was a major type of porcelain, among the products of the late-Joseon local porcelain kilns, which was reported through the excavation investigation, and we reclassified the table ware based on the standard of form classification that we have suggested, to sort them into representative shapes and minor shapes. Also, we could identify the order of kiln operation based on the frequency of specific shape occurrence. Since the occurrence and elimination of specific shapes only refer to the relative order, the order determination was further supplemented by reviewing the change of materials for blue and white ware pattern design, and the change of kiln structure and production method. Through such process, the period of late-Joseon local porcelains operation could be classified into three large stages. The reasons for the observed stylistic change were analyzed in terms of the socioeconomic transition, the change of Royal Kilns system, and the introduction of modern ceramic technology, and the three operation periods were established : Phase 1(3rd quarter of 18th century to first quarter of 19th century), Phase 2(2nd quarter of 19th century to 3rd quarter of 19th century), and Phase 3(4th quarter of 19th century to 1st quarter of 20th century). The Phase 1 of late local porcelain was the stage when there was a change in the products and the production methods, in accordance with the consumer needs. The representative shape of this period was the mid-porcelain style, and the plain porcelains were the main product of this period. A characteristic of this period was that they began to produce high-footed dishes in the local kilns, which was a distinct character in comparison to the mid-Joseon porcelains. Regarding the figuration technique, the products were configured in a way that it was strongly bent outward under the rim, in which the wall had a relatively uniform thickness between the bottom and rim. Based on the analysis of the firing method and piling method, it is suggested that production method was changed from the quality-focused method to a mass-production system using stack firing during this period. Beginning from the Phase 1 operation period, it was observed that there was a transition in the kiln structure from the separated stepwise kiln(分室 階段式 窯) to the continuous stepwise kiln(連室 階段式 窯). The Phase 2 of late-Joseon local porcelain industry was the period of adopting the simplified production method that was advantageous for mass production. In this stage, the mid-Joseon ware style was reduced and the elementary-level blue and white porcelains were produced. Also, a tendency was observed that the produced ware styles were reduced for each ware type than the previous stage. However, an increase in the production of the high-footed dishes was a characteristic of this stage. Beginning of this stage, the number of porcelains configured in a way that it was strongly bent outward under the rim were reduced, and the figuration method was steadily changed to have a natural continuum between the bottom and the rim. It was also observed that the internal side of the heel was more deeply cut than the height of the outer heel. The biggest differentiation of this stage from the previous one was that they began to make blue and white ware having limited, but simple cobalt painting from the large and small bowls. It was found that all the kilns identified to be on this stage were used for stack firing method, and the simplification of ware style and production method was observed, which is a clue that the mass-production was generalized in this stage. The kiln structure was that there was no difference in height between the fire bump and kiln chamber, and the chamber plane had an inclined structure formed in a transverse rectangular design. The Phase 3 of late-Joseon local porcelain was a period when blue and white porcelains were actively produced in the local areas, and a stage that showed a change in the mass-production system due to the diversified consumer needs. It was also a stage of transition to the modern white porcelain, in accordance with the introduction of modern ceramic technology from Japan. It was observed that during this period, the number of shapes of each ware style was even more reduced from the previous stage. The blue and white porcelains were produced not only as the table ware, but also as other styles. The blue and white porcelains of enhanced decorative aspects were produced, based on that the pattern materials were diversified and the expression became realistic in this period. The examples of transfer printing technique and stencil technique were observed due to the introduction of modern ceramic technology, which is another distinct feature in this stage. Regarding the production method, separated kilns for stack firing and isolated firing were observed, and a tendency of diversified production, which was differentiated from the previous uniform production, in accordance with the product quality was also found. There was a transition in the kiln structure from the inclined continuous type to the stepwise continuous type, which was in relation to the introduction of modern kiln construction technique. The late-Joseon local porcelains were the daily containers that were produced for the consumer class, who showed a qualitative and quantitative growth in the local communities. However, the late-Joseon local porcelains had not received significant attention from the researchers, because they were aesthetically insufficient when compared to the porcelains produced in the royal kilns that could be represented by the splendid blue and white porcelains, and the quality was also not very good. In this study, although the quality of local porcelains was not as good as that of royal porcelains, we could observe their efforts to change the production method and to enhance the marketability through new styles and techniques, in accordance with the changing trend in the local consumer class and an increase in the level of consumption. Thus, the porcelain of late-Joseon local communities has a significant implication that it is an indicator showing the signs and society of the times. It is suggested that the limitations in the process of analyzing each object could be supplemented by the further data discovered in the following research. Also, the analysis and review of the standards arose during the process of setting the chronology could become the subject of the further study to be supplemented.

1〜7세기 신라 왕도의 경관 변화 연구

이우창 충북대학교 일반대학원 2025 국내석사

Gyeongju played a central role as the capital city in the development of Silla into an ancient country. Wangdo(王都) is a central city that governs the state and houses the kings, which means the capital of the ancient state and serves as the political, economic, and military center of the ancient state. A landscape is a combination of human activities and cultural images, a view from a specific location. This includes both "cultural landscapes" like architectural structures and "natural landscapes" encompassing natural environments. The walls, tombs, temples, and residences of Silla identified in Gyeongju are the main components of the landscape and play an important role in visually revealing the social and cultural trends of the time. While previous studies mainly focused on the central part of Gyeongju and the period after the 6th century, this study examines the landscape changes of the Silla capital from the 1st to 7th centuries. By comprehensively analyzing landscape changes across all areas of the Silla capital, including the outskirts of Gyeongju, the factors and meanings of landscape changes are explored. Following the king's change of title, the Silla capital was divided into three Phases: the Phase Ⅰ(mid-1st to mid-4th centuries), the Phase Ⅱ(mid-4th centuries to early-6th centuries), and the Phase Ⅲ (early-6th centuries to late-7th century). It was confirmed that the landscape changes in each stage resulted from a combination of political, economic, and geographical factors. In the Phase Ⅰ, tombs, dwellings, and production sites were mainly distributed on the outskirts. Because the central area of Gyeongju was covered with wetlands, no settlements were formed in the Stage 1 of Phase Ⅰ. However, Stage 2 of Phase Ⅰ, settlements were formed and people lived in the central area. In the Phase Ⅱ, royal palaces and huge tombs appeared in the central area, In the outskirts, mountain fortresses and production facilities were established. In Phase Ⅲ, Grid-based ward planning was implemented in the central region, accompanied by the addition of temples and residential areas, while tombs were relocated to the outskirts. These landscape transformations reflect the intentions of rulers to legitimize royal succession and consolidate power. These changes were driven by internal factors—such as changes in royal titles, the emergence of powerful rulers, natural environmental changes, the geographical characteristics of the central area, and population growth —as well as external factors, including the adoption of Buddhism, the introduction of Chinese-style city planning, and suburban burials. The changes in the landscape of Silla’s capital are significant as they visually demonstrate the formation of an ancient state and the establishment of a centralized political system.

고구려의 한강권 남부 및 금강권 북부 진출과정 연구

홍기택 충북대학교 2024 국내석사

This thesis studied the southward territorialization process of Koguryeo, which entered the south of the Han River basin and the north of the Geumgang River basin in the 5th and 6th centuries, and explored how territory of the three countries in the Hoseo region changed accordingly. For these studies, not only Koguryeo archaeological data but also Baekje and Silla archaeological data from the south of the Han River basin and north of the Geumgang River basin in the 5th and 6th centuries were referenced intend to show the changes in the three countries' territories in more detail. In addition, the lack of archaeological data was reinforced through literature records. First of all, in order to consider the progress of the southward advance, the south of the Han River basin, represented by the Namhangang River, and the north of the Geumgang River basin, represented by the Miho River-Geumgang River, were divided to closely examine the progress of Koguryo’s Territorialization. The Namhangang River and the Geumgang River flow through the Hoseo area, the central area of the Korean Peninsula, forming their respective river networks and forming each cultural areas in the area. The two rivers are separated by the Charyeong and Sobaek Mountains, which branch from the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range (Taebaek Mountain Range) and extend southwestward, and the south of the Han River basin centered on the Namhangang River is located in the eastern part of the Hoseo area, and the north of the Geumgang River basin centered on the Miho River and the Geumgang River is located in the midwest of the Hoseo area. In the south of the Han River basin, the Chungju area, where the Namhangang River and Dalcheon River meet, is the center, and it was a traffic hub connecting Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do in the north and Gyeongsangbuk-do in the south by water transport and land traffic, and it was suitable for people to live early on due to the fertile Chungju Plain and abundant iron mine. In the north of the Geumgang River basin, many tributaries originating from inland join the Miho River and the Geumgang River, providing a traffic route from inland Hoseo area to western Hoseo area and west coast. In addition, the Miho Plain, which spreads out around the Miho River, and the Sejong Jangnam Plain, the confluence of the Geumgang River and the Miho River, are located, boasting the largest size in the Hoseo area, so many people began to live there since ancient times. The Hoseo area, which encompasses the south of the Han River basin and the north of the Geumgang River basin, provided a driving force for the generation of various political forces around the fertile plains. Also, as a traffic hub between land traffic and water traffic transportation routes, control over the area was essential for the transportation of goods and control of transportation routes in the central part of the Korean Peninsula. Also, as a traffic hub between land traffic and water traffic transportation routes, control over the area was essential for the transportation of goods and control of transportation routes in the central part of the Korean Peninsula. Especially during the Three Kingdoms period, this kind of appearance was evident, It was the time when Koguryeo marched south to take control of a strategic location in the south of the Han River basin and the north of the Geumgang River basin in the 5th and 6th centuries. As a result of Koguryeo's advance to the south, war broke out between Koguryeo and the Baekje and Silla allies over the strategic location in the central region of the Korean Peninsula. At the end of the 4th century, Koguryeo's attack caused Baekje to form a boundary near Koguryeo and the Han River, while taking away the Bukhangang River basin. In the early 5th century, Goguryeo entered Silla using the central inland transportation route and Jukryeong transportation route from the Bukhangang River basin. While Goguryeo controlled Silla, Baekje still held most of the Hoseo area. However, when Silla broke away from Koguryeo's domination in the mid-5th century, Koguryeo waged war against Silla. As a result, Koguryeo, which needed a strategic foothold in the east, began to target the south of the Han River basin, which Baekje owned. Koguryeo invaded the south of the Han River basin in earnest shortly after the Hanseong Invasion in 475. Koguryeo advanced to Chungju through Wonju and made Chungju it's a new strategic base. And based on Chungju, the eastern part of Hoseo, the south of the Han River basin, was converted into a territory. Meanwhile, after the Hanseong Invasion, Koguryeo corps advanced to Anseong and Jincheon along the southern part of Gyeonggi-do. After that, Anseong and Jincheon were converted into territories, making them strategic base in the western region of Hoseo. In this way, Koguryeo completed the lower limit of Koguryeo's directly-controlled Gunhyeon System, which connects Anseong, Jincheon, and Chungju. Meanwhile, Koguryeo forces continued to move south from Jincheon to Sejong, Bugang, and Daejeon along the Miho River basin from Jincheon, putting pressure on Baekje, which was defeated by Woongjin. However, Koguryeo's a southward advance was put on hold in 494 due to the defeat of the Battle of Salsujiwon. For this reason, in the 6th century, Koguryeo lost the southern frontline areas of Daejeon and Bugang, and was pushed to the midstream basin of the Miho River, forming boundaries with Baekje and Silla, and engaged in local war. Until the mid-6th century, Koguryeo defended the midstream basin of the Miho River and the midstream basin of the Namhangang Rive, defended Anseong, Jincheon, and Chungju, which were incorporated into its directly-controlled Gunhyeon System. However, Koguryeo, which lost control of the south of the Han River basin due to Silla's advance into Chungju in the mid-6th century, lost the Han River basin to Baekje and Silla allies in 551. Due to the restoration of the Han River basin by the allied forces, the control of the north of the Geumgang River basin, which Goguryeo had owned, began to falter, and eventually disappeared quickly. Although Koguryeo's advance to the south was not long, it carried out territorial domination in the south of the Han River basin and the north of the Geumgang River basin, leaving traces of Koguryeo archaeological data, literature records, various folktales, and ancient place names. In addition, Koguryeo culture spread to Baekje and Silla, which served as the starting point for cultural changes that reflected Goguryeo styles, such as pottery, tomb styles and buddhist culture in each country. In this way, this thesis examined the process of Koguryeo's Territorialization and expulsion to the south of the Han River basin and the north of the Geumgang River basin through archaeological data and literature data. Because there is still a lack of Koguryeo archaeological data in the Hoseo area, the limitations of this study exist. However, as archaeological data of Koguryeo are continuously being discovered in the south of the Han River basin and the north of the Geumgang River basin, the southward advance of Koguryeo will become clearer in the future.

高麗 14世紀 貢納陶磁 硏究

곽소희 충북대학교 2024 국내석사

This study conducts a detailed examination and analysis of the ceramics of taxation system produced in the 14th century Goryeo. It focuses on the background of their collection, overall conditions, stylistic features, and transportation methods. It aims to elucidate the changes in production characteristics and the evolutionary process over this period. Research on 14th-century celadon, an important link between the Goryeo and Joseon periods in ceramic history, has been limited compared to other periods due to a scarcity of archaeological findings and historical records. The quantity of the ceramics of taxation from this century is also small, leading to insufficient analysis of their form, style, and transportation methods. However, subsequent archaeological excavations have accumulated significant data on the 14th-century ceramics of taxation. This study focuses on reevaluating and analyzing these findings to better understand their current state and historical context. The reason for inscribing official markings on ceramics made for taxation in the 14th century was due to the turbulent domestic and international political situations of late Goryeo, which led to confusion in the tax collection system. As the proportion of in-kind tax collection increased during this period, serious malpractices in the taxation process, such as embezzlement by royal insiders and fraudulent collections, prompted the court to take measures to address these issues. The ceramics of taxation from the 14th century, which are the subject of this study, include celadon with the sexagenary cycle, celadon with official residence inscriptions, pottery, celadon with regnal year inscription, and celadon with tomb inscription. Celadon with the sexagenary cycle is inscribed with 干支 (Ganji) on the celadon, providing crucial chronological data for inferring the production period of the vessels. They were produced in 大口所 (Daekguso) in Gangjin and shipped to Gaegyeong via maritime routes through the West Sea. Despite a maritime transport accident in the year of Gisa (己巳年, 1329), it was observed that a significant quantity had been accumulated in Gaegyeong over an extended period. Additionally, small quantities of this type of celadon were found in official residences, high-ranking temples, sacred sites, and tombs in Gaegyeong and other areas, indicating that some of the ceramics of taxation were distributed elsewhere for use in official or religious ceremonies. Celadon with the sexagenary cycle marks the beginning of the production of ceramics of taxation with inscriptions and the establishment of this style. The style observed in celadon with the sexagenary cycle also precedes and serves as a model for the styles found in Buncheong ware designated for taxation before the establishment of 官窯 (official kiln) in early Joseon. The investigation of ceramics with official residence inscriptions has progressed based on previous research, as the number of privately owned pieces exceeds those found through archaeological excavations. The identified official residences were categorized based on their functions related to the royal warehouse, royal events, and royal cuisine. Although most of these ceramics are privately owned or donated items with unknown origins, the excavation data has revealed that ceramics with official residence inscriptions was also produced in kiln sites outside of Gangjin. In the examination of celadon with regnal year inscriptions and celadon with tomb inscriptions, attention was focused on the production period of the celadon with regnal year inscriptions and the production background of the celadon with tomb inscriptions. Until now, the production period of celadon with regnal year inscriptions was estimated to be from the first year of Zhizheng (至正, 1341) to the sixteenth year of Zhizheng (至正, 1356), based on historical records that banned the use of the Yuan dynasty‘s regnal years in the third year of King Gongmin (1356). However, since the production of Buddhist metal crafts, such as incense burners, has been confirmed up to the twenty-sixth year of Zhizheng, a reassessment of the earliest possible production date for celadon inscribed with “至 正” is necessary. As for celadon with tomb inscriptions, records have been found indicating that royal utensils used in royal tombs during the 14th century were either stolen or the tombs were plundered. It has been confirmed that some of the celadon with the inscription “正陵 (Zhengling)” were either used at places other than their intended destinations or were diverted, suggesting potential misappropriation. Transportation of the 14th-century ceramics of taxation was analyzed by differentiating between maritime and inland transport. Previously, it was understood that regular river transportation became unfeasible due to pirate invasions, which led to the suspension of maritime transport and a shift to overland transport for a certain period. However, during this time, several measures were taken to resume river transport, including addressing operational issues and diversifying transportation methods. Despite being vulnerable to pirate raids, it appears that maritime transport through the West Sea was maintained in the Jeollanam-do and Chungcheongnam-do regions, as evidenced by the steady retrieval of celadon, presumed to have been produced at 大口所 (Daekguso) in Gangjin, from the seabed. Celadon with the sexagenary cycle exhibited standardization in size and a consistent pattern configuration across different forms, indicating that precise capacity and uniform aesthetic qualities were crucial. This suggests that the production of celadon with the sexagenary cycle was primarily focused on ensuring the stable provision of standardized, inscribed pieces. Celadon with official residence inscriptions, on the other hand, was typically found in uniformly sized storage containers, highlighting the emphasis on the production of official residence-marked pottery. It appears that for these ceramics, the contents held within—local tribute products intended for specific destinations—were more critical than the quality of the vessels themselves. Therefore, even if the quality of the vessels was subpar, as long as they maintained certain standard measurements, it was not considered a significant issue. This suggests that production was feasible not only in Gangjin but also in kilns throughout the country.