THE EFFECTS OF A PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR PHYSICS TEACHERS ON THEIR TEACHING AND THE LEARNING OF THEIR STUDENTS

이미경 The University of Iowa 2001 해외박사

The purposes of the study were 1) to investigate the effects of the 2000 Iowa Professional Development Program on classroom teaching and student learning and 2) to examine the effectiveness of Constructivist/STS approaches in terms of student perceptions regarding their science classrooms, student attitudes toward science, and student creativity. The 2000 Iowa Professional Development Program which focused on Constructivist/STS approaches was carried out at the University of Iowa for visiting Korean physics teachers. Several methods of data collection were used, including observations by means of classroom videotapes, teacher perception surveys, teacher interviews, and student surveys. The data collected was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Major findings include: 1. The 2000 Iowa Professional Development Program did not significantly influence teacher perceptions concerning their teaching in terms of ConstructivistlSTS approaches in their classrooms. 2. The 2000 Iowa Professional Development Program significantly influenced improvement in teaching practices regarding Constructivist/STS approaches. 3. Students taught with Constructivist/STS approaches perceived their learning environments as more constructivist than did those taught with traditional methods. 4. Students taught with Constructivist/STS approaches improved significantly in the development of more positive attitudes toward science, while such positive attitudes decreased among students taught with traditional methods. 5. Students taught with Constructivist/STS approaches improved significantly in their use of creativity skills over those taught in traditional classrooms. 6. Most teachers favored the implementation of Constructivist/STS approaches. They perceived that students became more interested in lessons utilizing such approaches over time. The major difficulties which the teachers experienced with regard to the implementation of Constructivist/STS teaching include: inability to cover required curriculum content; getting away from textbooks; acceptance by parents, community, and supervisors; motivating students to be involved in classroom activities; and lack of materials for Constructivist/STS teaching. The results imply that efforts to improve educational conditions, in tandem with more consistent and ongoing professional development programs, are necessary to encourage teachers to use what they learned, to keep their initial interest and ideas alive, and to contribute specifically to the reform of science education.

A study of earth system science in the community (earthcomm) in terms of its congruency with the visions in the national science education standards and its effectiveness in improving student learning

박도영 University of Iowa 2001 해외박사

This study was conducted to investigate the Earth System Science in the Community (EarthComm) curriculum in terms of its congruency with the National Science Education Standards (NSES) and its effectiveness in improving student learning. Thirty-one high schools across the nation were participated in the study during the 1999 - 2000 academic year. Three textbooks (EarthComm and the most used in the US and Korea) were compared in terms of questioning type and level of laboratory activities. Data gathered from field-testing EarthComm Modules I and II were analyzed to find any significant changes between pre- and post- tests. The major findings are: 1. EarthComm includes the most pages and laboratory activities while organized with the least number of chapters and concepts among the three textbooks. 2. EarthComm includes the most questions which are classified as experiential. Non-experiential questions included in EarthComm tend to be 'open-ended.' 3. Higher-order thinking questions are featured in EarthComm; these include inferring and applying questions. 4. Most laboratory activities found in EarthComm are level 1 in which problems and methods/procedures are given with only answers left open. 5. Student learning was enhanced by EarthComm when taught by teachers whose philosophy agreed with the NSES. Conversely, student scores were not significantly increased in classrooms of teachers whose philosophy was not in agreement with the NSES visions. 6. EarthComm does not significantly impact student achievement in terms of school size and the type of community (urban and rural) in which the school is located. 7. Student achievement scores are significantly lower in EarthComm classes with high rates of minority (non-white) students. 8. The differences in student achievement scores between the highly experienced teachers and new teachers is not statistically significant for Module I test while significant for Module II. 9. Student higher-order thinking skills are significantly improved in EarthComm classes. These findings indicate that EarthComm provides a needed program in earth science to meet the visions of the NSES.

Exploring Science Teacher Education in the Philippines through the Lens of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT)

신티아 Graduate School of Daegu University 2017 국내박사

Science teacher education in the Philippines has undertaken a process of self-renewal in the light of various challenges from the past to the present with the goal of producing high-quality pre-service science teachers as key agents of national progress vital for nation building. However, despite efforts of improving the quality of science teacher education, the fact remains that there is still a gap as evident by the result of the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). The challenge is how to produce high-quality pre-service science teachers equipped with a wide range of theoretical knowledge and methodological skills to pass the LET. Hence, the purpose of this study was to explore the science teacher education in the Philippines through cultural historical and activity theory (CHAT). Specifically, this paper aims to answer the following questions: 1) What are the main features of science teacher education in the Philippines from the past to the present? and 2) What is the context of science teacher education in the Philippines at present. This study addresses how the use of CHAT as a theoretical framework can help improve the quality of pre-service science teachers in the Philippines. It is because the main concern now does not only lie in how science educators and policy makers address the contemporary issues related to pre-service science teacher preparation, learning and policy but also necessitates the analysis of the relationships of CHAT elements that exist in the activity systems of science teacher education that mediates their preparation. The use of CHAT provided a graphical representation to understand those relationships that are usually underrepresented in many science teacher educational researches particularly in the Philippines. Also, the use of CHAT aids in understanding the cultural-historic constraints faced by pre-service science teachers during their preparation as they geared up to pass the LET and attain quality. This study is descriptive in nature and to be able to answer the identified questions, the mixed-methods approach was utilized. The quantitative data were gathered through the questionnaires and the qualitative data were gathered from the in-depth written interviews. To further achieve the objectives identified, CHAT was utilized as an analytical tool. The participating educational institutions were selected based on two qualifications: 1) those involved in the preparation of pre-service science teachers; and 2) those offering Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) and Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) major in science. Sixteen educational institutions satisfied the two qualifications and gave their consent to participate in the study. These include one local university, five state colleges and universities, four private sectarian universities, one private non-sectarian college, two private non-sectarian universities, two public science high schools, and one city school division. All these institutions are located in some parts of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. A total of 235 participants consented to be involved in this study. They are 171 pre-service science teachers who are enrolled in a BSED and BEED major in science, 35 in-service science teachers who are teaching basic science and are involved in mentoring pre-service science teachers, 22 professors and 7 administrators who are teaching pre-service science teachers and are involved in the supervision and management of science teacher education institutions. 21 professors and administrators answered the in-depth written interviews. Aside from the questionnaire and interviews, the researcher also made use of secondary data available from teacher education literatures and documents from the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) in the Philippines. Data obtained from these documents and literatures were graphically depicted using the Engstrom triangle and were verified through a survey questionnaire. Internal reliability test using Cronbach Alpha was conducted to validate the internal reliability of the survey questionnaire. All elements with a reliability coefficient above 0.7 were considered for this study and elements with a reliability coefficient below 0.5 were discarded as not acceptable for the purpose of this study. This resulted in a 101- item questionnaire (excluding the 10-background information) from the original 146-item. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, it has undergone face validation by three science educators who are experts in pedagogy, research and instrumentation. The survey contains questions that allow respondents to express their opinion across the 6 CHAT elements (tools, object, division of labor, community, rules and outcome) using a 5-point Likert scale, 1 as the lowest and 5 as the highest. This study was granted approval to conduct a survey questionnaire and in-depth written interview without the informed consent coming from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) since neither personal information nor email addresses are elicited in this study. In-depth written interviews were conducted for the purpose of clarifying some information from the experts provided in the survey questionnaire. The analysis of data included several stages. The first stage was concerned with the analysis of the key features of the past and present activity systems of science teacher education in the Philippines through the lens of CHAT as a theoretical framework that can help improve the quality of pre-service science teachers in the Philippines. The second stage dealt with the statistical treatment of data using mean and standard deviation. The mean was computed for determining the opinion of respondents on the context of science teacher education at present. Standard deviation was used to measure the homogeneity or heterogeneity of responses for each item. Lastly, the third stage involved the qualitative analysis of experts’ views on the goals of science teacher education, factors that constrain or afford possibilities for attaining quality, and the policies that must be strengthened or weakened to achieve the goals of science teacher education. Research question number 1 on the main features of science teacher education in the Philippines from the past to the present, reveals its main features to include the cultural and historical processes that shaped the preparation of pre-service science teachers. Research question number 2 on the context of science teacher education in the Philippines at present includes the resources used, the object of pre-service and science teacher education, the members of the community, the roles played by the participants, the rules that govern the activity and the outcome of the activity system. It was found out that both the context and the main features of science teacher education are constrained by the cultural and historical factors embedded within the activity systems of science teacher education. The historical factors come in the form of socio-cultural practices, conditions of science teaching as a profession, science teaching practices and the socioeconomic status of the country. The historical aspect brought by the participants to the activity system of science teacher education affects the culture that shapes the community. The cultural and historical factors that constrained the activity systems of science teacher education are known as contradictions. The study concluded that the contradictions that emerged in this study may provide an avenue to reinvigorate science teacher education in the Philippines through the lens of CHAT bringing a new concept of pre-service science teacher preparation to attain science teachers’ quality, and may use it for educational practice. This results in a historically new form of social activity which emerges when constraints are resolved. This may help solve the issue of teacher quality in the Philippines and worldwide. However, if the contradictions arising within the activity system of science teacher education remain unconsciously ignored, this activity system may continue to operate in a kind of unstable equilibrium. Thus, may continuously reproduce low-quality pre-service science teachers. Results may encourage policy makers to look at the root cause of low quality pre-service science teacher as catalysts for changing the notion of quality; and hence, to translate these concepts into policies that are meaningful and attainable, inclusive of pre-service science teachers’ needs and interests. Furthermore, results may provide science educators, administrators and policy makers in the Philippines with the impetus to unite and collaborate towards a common goal of attaining optimum quality. CHAT as an analytical tool is strongly recommended to be used by academic researchers, policy-makers, and school administrators as an integral part of improving, if not overhauling the quality of pre-service science teacher education. Furthermore, implications derived from this academic undertaking might help fill the gap on what constitutes a quality pre-service science teacher in the Philippines. This also indicates a quest for pre-service science teachers’ quality and production of highly qualified science teachers to sustain the needs of its local population and of the global community. There is indeed a common reason for the deep-rooted problems or constraints in the preparation for pre-service science teachers regardless of country or context, therefore, there is a need to conduct an in- depth review of the science teacher education across countries. This is imperative in the context of a borderless and globalized education. 필리핀의 과학 교사 교육은 국가 건설에 필수적인 국가 진보의 주요 요원으로 양질의 예비 과학 교사를 양성한다는 목표하에 과거부터 현재까지 다양한 도전에 비추어 자기 갱신 과정을 수행했다. 그러나 과학 교사 교육의 질을 향상시키기위한 노력에도 불구하고 교사 자격 시험 (LET)의 결과로 분명히 나타난 바와 같이 여전히 차이가 남아 있다. 문제는 LET를 통과하기 위한 광범위한 이론 지식과 방법론적 기술을 갖춘 고품질의 예비 서비스 과학 교사를 만드는 방법이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 문화 역사 및 활동 이론 (CHAT)을 통해 필리핀의 과학 교사 교육을 탐구하는 데 있다. 구체적으로 이 논문은 다음과 같은 질문에 답하고자한다. 1) 과거부터 현재까지 필리핀의 과학 교사 교육의 주요 특징은 무엇인가? 2) 현재 필리핀의 과학 교사 교육의 맥락은 무엇인가? 이 연구는 CHAT을 이론적 틀로 활용하는 것이 필리핀에서 예비 과학 과학 교사의 질을 향상시키는 데 어떻게 도움이 되는지를 다룬다. 주요 우려 사항은 이제 과학 교육자와 정책 입안자가 예비 과학 교사의 준비, 학습 및 정책과 관련된 현안을 어떻게 다루는가에 달려있을 뿐만 아니라 활동에 존재하는 채팅 요소의 관계를 분석 할 필요가 있기 때문이다. 그들의 준비를 중재하는 과학 교사 교육 시스템. 채팅의 사용은 특히 필리핀에서 많은 과학 교사 교육 연구에서 일반적으로 미미한 관계를 이해할 수있는 그래픽 표현을 제공했다. 또한 CHAT의 사용은 예비 과학 과학 교사들이 준비 과정에서 직면한 문화 - 역사적 제약을 이해하는 데 도움이 된다. 이 연구는 본질적으로 설명적이며 식별된 질문에 대답 할 수 있도록 하기 위해 혼합 방법 접근법이 활용되었습니다. 정량적 데이터는 설문지를 통해 수집되었으며 정성적 데이터는 심층 서면 인터뷰에서 수집되었다. 확인된 목표를 달성하기 위해 CHAT는 분석 도구로 활용되었습니다. 참여 교육 기관은 다음 두 가지 자격에 따라 선정되었다. 1) 예비 봉사 과학 교사 준비에 참여한 자 2) 과학 분야에서 중등 교육 학사 (BSED) 및 초등 교육 학사 (BEED)를 제공하는 학생. 16 개 교육 기관이 이 두 가지 자격 요건을 충족시키고 연구 참여에 동의했다. 여기에는 지역 대학 1 개, 주립 대학 5 개, 사립 종파 대학 4 개, 비 종파 대학 1 개, 비 종파 대학 2 개, 공립 과학 고등학교 2 개, 도시 학교 1 개가 포함됩니다. 이 기관들은 모두 루존, 비사 야스 및 민다나오의 일부 지역에 위치하고 있다. 총 235 명의 참가자가이 연구에 참여하는 데 동의했다. 그들은 BSED에 등록 된 171 명의 예비 서비스 과학 교사들과 과학 분야의 전공자들 35 명, 기초 과학을 가르치는 35 명의 현직 과학 교사들, 예비 봉사 과학 교사, 22 명의 교수 및 7 명의 관리자들 예비 봉사 과학 교사이며 과학 교사 교육 기관의 감독과 관리에 관여하고있다. 21 명의 교수와 행정가가 심층적인 서면 인터뷰에 답변했다. 설문 조사 및 인터뷰와는 별도로, 연구원은 또한 필리핀의 고등 교육위원회(CHED) 및 전문 규제위원회(PRC)의 교사 교육 자료 및 문서에서 제공되는 보조 데이터를 활용했다. 이 문서들과 문헌들로부터 얻은 데이터는 Engstrom 삼각형을 사용하여 그래픽으로 묘사되었고 조사 설문지를 통해 확인되었다. 설문지의 내부 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해 Cronbach Alpha를 사용한 내부 신뢰도 테스트가 수행되었다. 신뢰성 계수가 0.7 이상인 모든 요소는 본 연구에서 고려되었으며, 0.5 미만의 신뢰도 계수를 갖는 요소는 본 연구의 목적 상 허용되지 않는 것으로 폐기되었다. 그 결과 원래 146 항목에서 101 항목 설문지(10 배경 정보 제외)가 되었다. 설문지의 유효성을 보장하기 위해 교수법, 연구 및 계측의 전문가인 3 명의 과학 교사가 Face validation. 설문 조사에는 응답자가 5 점 Likert 척도 (최저점은 1 점, 최상위점은 5 점)를 사용하여 6 개의 CHAT 요소 (도구, 대상, 노동부, 지역 사회, 규칙 및 결과)에 대한 의견을 표명 할 수있는 질문이 포함되어 있다. 이 연구 설문지 설문 조사와 심층 면담을 Institutional Review Board (IRB)의 사전 동의없이 실시하도록 승인되었다. 조사 설문지에 제공된 전문가의 일부 정보를 명확히하기 위해 심층 서면 인터뷰가 수행되었다. 데이터 분석에는 여러 단계가 포함되었습니다. 첫 번째 단계는 필리핀의 과학 선생님 교육의 질적 향상을 도울 수있는 이론적 틀로서 CHAT 렌즈를 통해 필리핀 과학 교사 교육의 과거와 현재 활동 시스템의 주요 특징을 분석하는 것과 관련이 있다. 두 번째 단계는 평균 및 표준 편차를 사용하여 데이터의 통계 처리를 처리했다. 평균은 과학 교사 교육의 맥락에서 응답자의 의견을 결정하기 위해 계산되었다. 표준 편차는 각 항목에 대한 반응의 동질성 또는 이질성을 측정하는 데 사용되었다. 마지막으로, 세 번째 단계는 과학 교사 교육의 목표, 과학 교사 교육의 목표를 달성하기 위해 강화되거나 약화되어야하는 정책, 품질 달성 가능성을 제약하거나 여지가있는 요인에 대한 전문가의 견해에 대한 질적 분석이 포함되었다. 필리핀에서의 과학 교사 교육의 주요 특징에 관한 연구 질문 1 번은 과거부터 현재에 이르기까지 예비 서비스 과학 교사의 준비를 형성하는 문화적, 역사적 과정을 포함하는 주요 특징을 보여준다. 현재 필리핀의 과학 교사 교육에 관한 연구 문제 번호 2는 사용된 자원, 예비 봉사 및 과학 교사 교육의 대상, 지역 사회 구성원, 참가자가 수행하는 역할, 활동 및 활동 시스템의 결과, 과학 교사 교육의 맥락과 주요 특징은 과학 교사 교육의 활동 시스템에 포함 된 문화적, 역사적 요소에 의해 제약을 받는다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 역사적 요인은 사회 문화적 관행, 직업으로서의 과학 교습 조건, 과학 교육 관행 및 국가의 사회 경제적 지위의 형태로 나타난다. 참가자가 과학 교사 교육의 활동 시스템에 가져온 역사적인 측면은 지역 사회를 형성하는 문화에 영향을 미친다. 과학 교사 교육의 활동 시스템을 제약 한 문화적 및 역사적 요인을 모순이라고합니다. 이 연구는 이 연구에서 나타난 모순들이 CHAT 렌즈를 통해 필리핀의 과학 교사 교육에 활력을 불어 넣을 수있는 통로를 제공하여 과학 교사의 질을 달성하기위한 예비 서비스 과학 교사 준비의 새로운 개념을 제시하고 이를 사용할 수 있으며, 또한 교육 관행을 위해 사용할 수 있다고 결론 지었다. 이것은 제약이 해결 될 때 나타나는 사회 활동의 역사적으로 새로운 형태를 낳는다. 이것은 필리핀과 전세계에서 교사의 질 문제를 해결하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 그러나 과학 교사 교육 활동 시스템에서 발생하는 모순이 무의식적으로 무시된다면 이 활동 시스템은 일종의 불안정한 균형 상태로 계속 운영 될 수 있다. 이것은 지속적으로 낮은 수준의 예비 봉사 과학 교사를 재현할 수 있습니다. 결과는 정책 입안자들이 질의 개념을 바꾸기 위한 촉매제로서 낮은 수준의 예비 봉사 과학 선생님의 근본 원인을 바라 보도록 장려 할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 개념을 의미있는 성취가 가능한 정책으로 바꾸기 위해서는 예비 봉사 과학 교사의 필요와 관심을 포함한다. 또한, 결과는 필리핀의 과학 교육자, 관리자 및 정책 입안자에게 최적의 품질을 달성한다는 공통의 목표를 향해 연합하고 공동 작업 할 수있는 원동력이 될 수 있다. 분석 도구로서의 CHAT은 예비 서비스 과학 교사 교육의 질을 개선하지 않는다면 학계 연구자, 정책 입안자 및 학교 행정가가 개선의 필수적인 부분으로 사용할 것을 강력히 권장한다. 또한, 이 학문 사업에서 파생 된 함의는 필리핀의 우수한 예비 서비스 과학 선생을 구성하는 것에 대한 격차를 해소하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 이것은 또한 지역 사회 주민들의 요구와 지역 사회의 요구를 충족시키기 위해 예비 봉사 과학 선생님의 질과 우수한 과학 교사의 양성을 위한 모색을 나타낸다. 실제로 국가나 상황에 관계없이 예비 봉사 과학 교사를 준비하는 데 뿌리깊은 문제나 제약이있는 공통된 이유가 있기 때문에 각국의 과학 교사 교육에 대한 심층적인 검토가 필요하다. 이것은 국경없는 세계화 교육의 맥락에서 필수적이다. 키워드 : 문화 역사 활동 이론 (채팅), 예비 서비스 과학 교사, 교육 인증서, 제약, 과학 교사 교육

Development of the inquiry model for science-gifted students based on the scientists' practical research process

오창호 Korea National Univ. of Education 2008 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to develop a scientific inquiry model which makes scientific inquiry accessible to science teachers as well as students, to develop inquiry training program and to apply program to the science-gifted students. To develop a scientific inquiry model, research process which was demonstrated by ten scientists who were working at the academic research institutions or the industrial research institutions was investigated. Data were collected through the scientists?f journal articles, lab meetings and seminars, and observation of their inquiry process. After analyzing the scientists?f inquiry strategies and processes of inquiry, the Selective Strategic Inquiry model named SSI was developed. The SSI model consists of four domains, fifteen stages, and link questions, such as "if", "why", and "how". And then, the researcher found out the characteristics of the science high school students with a focus on their inquiry processes and strategies and compared with the scientists' inquiry processes and strategies. To analyze the science high school students' inquiry process, 10th grader, ten students who were in the science high school were observed. The scientists' and science high school students' practical inquiry processes were analyzed, and their procedural characteristics were compared with. Based on this result, the inquiry training programs for science-gifted students were developed. The program constructed with three modules eighteen days program and was made for the science-gifted student's educational improvement, therefore program was applied to the science-gifted students to find out how the program affects to the science-gifted students. To investigate the effects of the inquiry training program, two programs were applied to 5-6th grader twenty-nine science-gifted students during twenty-eight hours. The results of this study indicate that the SSI model stressed that inquiry process is a selective process rather than a linear or a circular process. Overall, these findings can have implication science educators in their attempt to design instruction to improve the scientific inquiry process. Comparison of the scientists' with the science high school students' inquiry processes and strategies indicated that students should inquire with logicality when they met a scientific problem situation and they should manage inquiry skills with logical relationship. Through the application of the inquiry training program, the researcher found out that the science-gifted students have enough capability to conduct scientific inquiry if they receive an adequate guidance. Although the students conducted their inquiry with some mistakes, they had enough ability to accomplish scientific inquiry. 이 연구의 목적은 과학 교사와 학생들이 과학적 탐구에 접근할 수 있는 과학 탐구모델을 개발하고, 모델에 근거한 탐구 훈련 프로그램을 개발하여 과학 영재학생을 대상으로 적용하는 것이다. 과학 탐구모델을 개발하기 위하여 대학 연구소 및 산업 연구소에서 연구를 수행하고 있는 과학자 10명의 연구를 분석하였다. 연구에 사용된 데이터는 과학자의 저널 저서와 랩미팅, 세미나, 그리고 연구자의 직접 관찰 등을 통해 수집되었다. 과학자의 연구 전략과 연구 과정을 분석한 뒤, 선택적 전략 탐구 모델(Selective strategic inquiry model)을 개발하였으며, SSI 모델은 4개의 도메인(Domain)과 15개의 스테이지(Stage), 그리고 if, why, how의 연결 의문으로 구성되어 있다. 더불어 과학고등학교 학생들의 탐구 과정과 전략을 과학자의 연구 과정 및 전략과 비교 분석하여 그 특징을 찾아내었다. 과학고등학교 학생들의 탐구 과정을 분석하기 위하여 과학고등학교에 재학 중인 10학년 10명의 학생들의 자유탐구과정을 참여 관찰하였다. 이를 통해 과학자와 과학고등학교 학생들의 실제적인 탐구 과정을 분석하고 과학 탐구의 과정적 특징들을 비교한 뒤, 이 결과를 바탕으로 과학 영재를 위한 탐구 훈련 프로그램을 개발하였다. 이 프로그램은 3개의 모듈, 18시간 분량으로 개발되었으며, 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위해 초등학교 5-6학년 과학영재 29명을 대상으로 28시간 동안 투입하였다. 이 연구의 결과 SSI 모델은 전통적인 과학적 탐구 모델이 강조하는 선형이나 순환형의 탐구 과정보다는 실제 과학적 탐구 과정이 선택적 과정임을 강조한다. 과학자와 과학고등학교 학생의 탐구과정 및 전략의 비교 분석은 학생들이 과학적 문제 상황에서 논리적 탐구를 해야 하며, 탐구 방법의 논리적 연계가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다. 과학 탐구 훈련 프로그램의 적용 결과, 과학 영재들이 탐구 과정에서 비록 몇 가지의 미숙한 양상을 나타내지만, 적절한 안내를 받을 때 과학적 탐구를 수행할 수 있는 충분한 능력을 가지고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 과학 교육자가 과학적 탐구 능력을 향상시키기 위한 교수 방법을 설계할 때 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

Research on Emerging Research Area on Bio-science using Scientometric Analysis

김정준 과학기술연합대학원대학교 2017 국내박사

Importance of bio-medical science is rising economically. In this context, it is mandatory to find emerging technology area for decision making to policy maker and chief officer. It is necessary to investigate not only scientific knowledge database but also changes of policy and laws of countries. It is because policy, law, research, development in science area are interact with each other. In this paper, I tried to analyze bio-science fields in policy, law, scientific knowledge database. Also, I first tried to use clinical trial registry in scientometric analysis to find emerging technology area. First, I analyzed and suggested emerging technology area in conflicted East Asia region through multi-dimensional analysis using policies, laws, and scientific knowledge. Second, I perform multi-dimensional analysis to find emerging technology area with clinical trial registry. Clinical trial registry is valuable database to indicate candidate to have huge economic impact in medical science. This research can be applied to decision helping system for policy maker or chief officer to analyze policy, law, and scientific knowledge multi-dimensionally.

What is Wrong with Taxonomy Learning? The Essentialist Belief on Classification of the Biological Categories

YustikaSya'bandari 강원대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

다윈 시대 이전에 개발된 분류 체계는 분류법에 관한 개인의 인식에 중대한 영향을 미쳤다. 지난 150년 동안 진화에 대한 지식의 실질적인 개선에도 불구하고, ‘정적 종(static species)’ 개념은 사람들이 생물학적 범주에 대해 어떻게 생각하는지에 영향을 미치는 문화적 현상이었다. 이 본질적인 문제는 특히 과학 교육의 맥락에서 제기되어야 한다. 예비 과학 교사들은 분류학의 개념을 어떻게 설명할까? 기초 이론 접근은 본질주의에 초점을 맞추었으며 생소한 생물들을 분류함에 있어 인도네시아 예비교사들의 사고 메커니즘을 탐구하는 것으로 수행되었다. 본 연구에는 교육대학에서 과학 관련 분야를 전공하는 20명의 학생이 참가하였다. 결과는 분류학 학습에서 본질주의 사고 메커니즘을 통해 제시되었다. 첫째, 안정적인 분류 과정(압축, 증폭, 화석화)은 학습 과정에서의 확인을 통해 본질주의를 강화할 수 있다. 또한, 분류에서 사용된 범용 언어는 특별히 필요성 및 내재의 신념을 가진 압축 프로세스에서 분류범주의 특징을 지나치게 일반화한다는 것이 확인되었다. 둘째, 분류학 학습에서의 분류는 예비 교사들로 하여금 분류범주가 변동될 수 없음을 인식하도록 유도한다. 이 문제는 범주 내 변동성을 수용하거나 거부하는 참가자 모두에게 발생하였다. 마지막으로, 과학교육 개선을 위하여, 학습자가 직관적인 지식을 사용하는 방식으로 인해 발생할 수 있는 생물학적 오개념을 방지 하기 위한 교육방법을 제시하였다. The classification system developed in the pre-Darwinian period brought a significant impact on individuals’ perceptions regarding taxonomy. Despite the substantial improvement of knowledge of evolution in the remaining 150 years, the static species concept has been a cultural phenomenon that affects how people think about biological categories. This essential issue should be posed, particularly in the context of science teaching. How do preservice science teachers explain the concept of taxonomy? The grounded theory approach was performed to explore Indonesian preservice science teachers’ thinking mechanisms in classifying unfamiliar living things, focused on the essentialism. A total of 20 participants from science-related majors in the college of education participated. The results presented through the mechanism of essentialist thinking in taxonomy learning. First, a stable process of classification (compression, amplification, fossilization) might reinforce essentialism through confirmation in the learning process. Furthermore, the used generic language in the classification prompts the overgeneralization of the features of a category, especially in the compression process with the belief of necessity and inherence. Second, the classification in taxonomy learning induces preservice teachers to perceive that category is immutable. This issue arose for both who accept or reject the variability features within a category. Finally, teaching recommendations for science education reform were presented to avoid the biological misconceptions resulting from how students use an intuitive of knowing.

The Role of Small Innovative Firms in Multi-technology Innovation : The Case of Rapid Prototyping Industry

황정태 University of Sussex 2006 해외박사

다중기술융합 관련 기존의 연구들은 대체로 대기업만을 다루었으며 중소기업은 단순히 전문공급 기업으로 좁은 기술 분야로 한정되어 논의되었다. 그러나 이러한 기존연구들은 혁신중소기업이 일부 다중기술융합이 나타나는 산업에서 보여주는 활동을 적절히 설명하지 못한다. 본 연구는 특별히 중소기업이 활발한 활동을 보이고 있는 다중기술혁신산업의 예로 쾌속조형시스템 산업을 조사 연구 하였다. 이 산업 분야에서는 중소기업이 단지 발명 뿐 아니라 상업화에 있어서도 탁월한 성과를 보이고 있다. 본 논문은 산업사례연구를 통하여 과연 어떠한 조건하에서 중소기업이 다중기술융합 혁신에서 중추적인 역할을 할 수 있는 지를 살펴본다. 이를 위하여 기존의 연구저술을 살펴보았으며 이는 크게 두 분야의 연구로 정리된다. 첫째는 다중기술융합에 대한 직접적인 연구이며, 둘째는 기술체제 (technological regime)와 시장구조 같은 환경조건에 대한 연구이다. 이러한 논문을 살펴보고 종합하여 연구ㆍ분석의 틀을 제시하였다. 이에 맞추어 다중기술융합 혁신을 정의하고 측정하였으며 또한 선택된 기술체제와 시장관련 요인들을 측정하도록 하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면, 중소기업이 쾌속조형시스템 혁신에서 매우 중심적인 역할을 하고 있는 점이 확실히 판명되었다. 다중기술융합 혁신의 세 가지 특징으로 다양한 기술범위 (range), 높은 기술통합도 (integration), 그리고 높은 과학연관도 (science intensity)를 꼽을 수 있는데, 특허분석을 통해 알아본 결과 중소기업이 기술범위, 기술통합도, 그리고 과학연관도의 세 지표를 모두 만족하는 핵심적인 발명과 창조 활동을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 더 나아가 기술관련 요인들에 대한 분석을 통해 기술체제의 조건들 (conditions of technological regime)이 해당 산업을 창의적인기업가체제 (entrepreneurial regime)로 규정하고 있다는 점을 밝혀내었다. 즉 쾌속조형시스템 산업에서는 기술혁신 창출기회가 많으며 (high technological opportunities), 요소기술이 보편적으로 사용되어 접근성이 높고 (high pervasiveness) 더불어 기술융합시에 기술의 발명집단의 불연속성이 나타나는 낮은 기술연속축적성 (low cumulativeness)의 특징이 나타나는 것으로 판명되었다. 또한 시장구조에서 여러 하부시장들이 존재하는 파편화되고 세그먼트화 된 환경임이 밝혀 졌으며 이로 인하여 새로운 기업이 진입하기 쉬운 환경이 나타났다는 점을 알아내었다. 신생 기업들도 이러한 세그먼트화 된 환경을 이용하는 전문화된 전략을 취하는 경우가 많아 현재 세그먼트 시장구조가 고착되고 있는 상황임을 알아내었다. 이러한 기술 및 시장관련 요인들이 신생기술중심 중소기업 (new technology based firm)에 유리한 영향을 주게 되어 기존의 다중기술융합이 대기업에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것보다 더욱 결정적으로 작용하였던 것이다. 이점이 중소기업이 쾌속조형시스템 산업에서 다중기술융합혁신의 핵심적인 역할을 이행한 배경이었다. In conventional literature, multi-technology innovation is almost exclusively associated with large corporations. If small flrms are involved, they are usually seen as playing specialized role within relatively narrow technological areas. However, this is not consistent with the role that small firms seem to play in some multi-technology industries. This thesis investigates one of such specific industries - the Rapid Prototyping (RP) system manufacturing industry, where small firms are not only prominent in invention with multi-technological characteristics but also in the commercialisation of product incorporating multiple technologies. The thesis uses the case study of the industry to explore the conditions under which small firms may play significant roles in multi-technology innovation. To do so, it spans two areas of literature: one about multi-technology innovation and the second about industrial dynamics. In the latter, the literature about both technological regimes and market structure was reviewed to identify favourable conditions for small firms. On the basis of the reviews, a framework was developed for defining and measuring inventions with multi-technological characteristics and for measuring selected aspects of technological regimes and market structure. The results show that small innovative firms play central roles in RP multi-technology innovation in terms of the range of different technologies involved, their integration, and the science intensity of innovation. The analysis demonstrates that an 'entrepreneurial regime' exists in the RP industry, with a high level of technological opportunities, a high level of pervasiveness, and low cumulativeness. In addition, market related conditions also favour small firms because high market segmentation exists and the specialisation of firms reinforces the fragmented market structure. These industrial conditions favouring small innovative firms outweigh the conventional advantage of large multi-technology corporations.

Postgraduate OB-GYN training program evaluation in university of health science Lao PDR using CIPP model

Chanthalangsy, Panima Graduate School, Yonsei University 2022 국내석사

Abstract in Korean 라오스의 산부인과 전공의 수련 프로그램 평가에 대한 연구 : CIPP 모델을 중심으로 Panima CHANTHALANGSY Dept. of Medical Science The Graduate School Yonsei University Background: 프로그램 평가는 교육 프로그램의 질과 효과를 모니터링하고 개선하기 위해 프로그램의 설계, 구현 및 결과와 관련된 정보를 체계적으로 수집 및 분석하는 것이다. 라오스에서 산부인과 전공의 교육 수련 프로그램은 "생식, 산모, 신생아 및 아동 건강 중재 (RMNCH, reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health) 전략 및 실행 계획"을 기반으로 2017년에 시작되었다. 그러나 아직까지 수련 프로그램에 대한 적절한 평가가 이루어진 바는 없다. 이 연구의 목적은 라오스 보건과학대학의 산부인과 전공의 수련 프로그램 평가를 통해 현재 프로그램의 만족도와 장점 및 단점을 분석하고 발전 방향에 대한 제언을 하는 것에 있다. Method: 이 연구는 CIPP(Context Input Process Product) 분석 방법을 사용하여 프로그램 평가를 진행 하였으며 혼합 연구 방법을 채택하였다. 정량적 분석에서는 교수자 및 전공의 전수 (N=120) 를 대상으로 한 38개 항목에 대한 설문조사를 진행하였다. 전공의와 교수자의 응답 차이를 확인하기 위해 독립표본 t-test를 수행하였다. 질적 분석은 전공의 3명, 교수자 3명을 대상으로 시행하였으며 설문분석 결과를 토대로 작성된 반구조화된 질문으로 심층면담을 통해 과정의 차이점을 파악하였다. Results: 정량 분석 결과 상 교수자와 전공의들 사이에서 유의한 인식 차이를 보인 항목은 교육 과정 유지에 대한 어려움 (교수자3.66±1.03, 전공의 3.27±0.98, p=0.04) 과 성취한 학습 성과 (교수자3.57±0.85, 전공의 3.14±0.95, p=0.01) 두 항목이였다. 질적 분석 상에서 교수자들은 시간 부족을 교육 과정 유지에 대한 어려움의 주 원인 이야기 했다. 학습 성과 충족에 대해서는 비록 전공의 자가 평가가 교수자보다 낮게 나오기는 했으나 주로 실제 환자를 대상으로 교육이 이루어지므로 교육 성과 달성에 도움이 많이 된다는 공통적인 의견을 주었다. 그 외에 전공의 및 교수자 모두 정기적인 평가가 이루어지고 있지 않는 것에 대한 문제 제기를 하였으며 교육 활동 및 피드백 개선이 필요하다고 하였다. Conclusion: 프로그램 평가 결과를 토대로 한 교육 과정 개선 작업 즉, 정기적인 평가 및 피드백을 통해 "생식, 산모, 신생아 및 아동 건강 중재(RMNCH) 전략 및 실행 계획"을 바탕으로 한 전공의 수련을 한 단계 더 발전 시킬 수 있을 것 이며 라오스 지역 사회의 모성 건강 증진에 이바지 할 것이라 생각된다. Keywords: 프로그램 평가, 교육과정평가, CIPP 평가모형, 산부인과 전공의 수련 프로그램.  ABSTRACT Postgraduate OB-GYN Training Program Evaluation in University of Health Sciences Lao PDR using CIPP Model Panima CHANTHALANGSY Dept. of Medical Science The Graduate School Yonsei University Background: Program evaluation is a systematic collection and analysis of information related to the design, implementation, and outcomes of a program, to monitor and improve the quality and effectiveness of the program. The OB-GYN residency training program in Lao PDR began in 2017 based on the “Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions (RMNCH) Strategies and action plan”. Unfortunately, proper evaluation of the training program was not done. This study aims to evaluate the postgraduate OB-GYN residency training program at the University of Health Sciences in Lao PDR and evaluate satisfaction, strengths and weakness and suggestions for the current program. Method: The CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) classification was used to develop criteria and indicators. A mixed research method was adopted for this study. In the quantitative analysis, Complete enumeration survey (N = 120) was done with total 38 items were used to collect instructional content for quantitative analysis, and an independent sample t-test was performed to verify the difference in the responses between the residents and the lecturers. In the qualitative analysis, an in-depth interview was done to three residents and three faculties with semi-structured questions including results from the survey analysis, to identify the differing opinions in the course. Results: Two significant differences in perspectives of the program were shown between lecturers and residents, difficulties in maintaining the course (professors 3.66±1.03, residents 3.27±0.98, p=0.04) and learning outcomes achieved (professors 3.57±0.85, residents 3.14±0.95 , p=0.01). Lack of time was the main reasons for professors having difficulties to maintain the curriculum itself. In addition, although resident self-evaluation about the outcome was lower than that of the professors, they gave a common opinion that it is very helpful in achieving educational outcomes because the education is mainly done with actual patients. All groups suggested that improving teaching activity and feedback is needed. Conclusion: Throughout the curriculum improvement based on the program evaluation results, i.e, regular evaluation, and feedback, will advance the residency training program based on the RMNCH strategy and will contribute to the promotion of maternal health in the Lao PDR. Keywords: CIPP Evaluation Model, Curriculum Evaluation, OB-GYN Residency Program Evaluation, Program Evaluation.

Thermal management and neutronics calculations for medium to high power neutron production targets

Behzad, Masoud Sungkyunkwan University 2014 국내박사

Neutron sources can be applied for various purposes from nuclear medicine to material science, and they can be used for power generation and waste transmutation in the form of accelerator driven system in future. Although research reactors are the prime source of neutron generation, they need to address the major issues like proliferation risks, safety, aging, nuclear wastes, etc. These issues limit the future development of reactors as a clean, safe and sustainable solution. Developing accelerator-based production of neutrons can be one of the solutions to overcome the problems associated with research reactors. It is worth mentioning that one of the most critical component in the accelerator complex is the target irradiation system which is composed of different parts. Among all parts in the target irradiation system, there is a component that is bombarded by particles, referred to as the target. Despite all the progress in target technology, this area needs more research for new applications of neutron sources. Target study can be complex as several parameters like geometry, materials, cooling flow, particle interaction, etc. are involved in its design and testing. The cost of target station in an accelerator site is quite considerable, hence the target design as well as its operating condition should be treated properly to prevent any failure. The simulating tools in physics and engineering are employed in design and optimization stages. These simulation tools cover several aspects of target study from neutronics, safety, shielding, radiation protection, material damage to heat transfer. Among these, this thesis is focused on thermal management and neutronics characterization of several target systems for neutron production. The accelerator technology is well established for different types of applications; a general description of which is explained in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 briefly covers a few different applications of neutron sources. Potential materials for neutron source targets are also reviewed in Chapter 2. The majority of the beam power loss occurs in the target material. The heat is generated by the interaction of charged particles with target medium. Chapter 3 explains the physics of charged particle interaction with matter. The theory is accompanied by simulation of charged particle interaction with different target materials (as well as different geometry and projectile) in order to obtain the neutron yield and energy deposition in target volume for spallation process. It is also essential to consider an optimal cooling configuration for the targets. The theory of fluid mechanics, stress analysis and the related simulation tools are further discussed in Chapter 3. An alternative to reactor-based production of 99Mo (as one of the major application of neutron sources) is the accelerator-based method via 98Mo(n,γ)99Mo reaction. Neutrons are produced by bombarding targets with proton (or deuteron) beam. The total beam power considered for this work is 2 kW, and beryllium is selected as target material. The heat transfer analysis was done for two type of coolants; helium and water. Thermal analysis of a multi-channel helium cooled device is performed with the computational fluid dynamics code CFX. Different boundary conditions are taken into account in the simulation process and many important parameters such as maximum allowable solid target temperature as well as uniform inlet velocity and outlet pressure changes in the channels are investigated. The simulation has been carried out for water-cooled beryllium target as well. The temperature distribution in different components is obtained for the target bombarded by protons or deuterons. Stress analysis of the water-cooled beryllium target is also done in this work. The results of the simulation for beryllium target are given in Chapter 4. The idea of designing a high power (100 kW) portable neutron product target is the main theme of Chapter 5. Such device fits in several laboratories' scope which are planning to use neutron sources. Additionally neutron irradiation can be used for research in material science. Neutronic analysis as well as heat transfer analysis of the liquid metal target are highlighted in Chapter 5. Furthermore it has been tried to improve the primary design of the liquid metal target from fluid mechanics point of view. Chapter 6 lists and describes the challenges in studying neutron source targets from physics and engineering point of view. The proposal for future works is given in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis.

Geometric matching algorithms for terrain data

윤상덕 Pohang University of Science and Technology 2018 국내박사

Computational geometry is a field of theoretical computer science. The main purpose of this field is to design algorithms for problems which are related with geometric figures such as points, lines, polygons, and high-dimensional objects. Computational geometry has risen since 1970s as people found that many existing problems in theoretical computer science could be abstracted to geometric figures and their relations. These abstractions were quite intuitive, enabling people to solve the problems in simple and elegant ways. Shape matching has been studied for a long time as a main subfield of the computational geometry. The problems in shape matching concern how to measure the similarity between geometric objects and have been widely studied in various applications. Terrain matching is a variant of shape matching problems that deals with terrain data. Terrain is defined as a 2-dimensional surface in R^3 which is monotone to the z-axis, i.e., every line parallel to the z-axis does not intersect it or intersects it at a point. Terrain matching has been extensively used for various applications to locate the exact position of objects. Aircrafts usually use Inertial Navigation System (INS) to estimating the position. However, to avoid the accumulation of error, periodic fixed of exact position of the aircrafts is necessary so Global Positioning System (GPS) and terrain matching algorithm is used. A typical method applied to find the most similar sub-terrain is the shape matching between features extracted from the terrain data. Linear edges, curves, contour lines, and Gaussian curvatures are widely used as the features. Although using the features describes some local characteristics of a terrain, it has a limitation in fully reflecting the overall geometric properties of the terrain. In this thesis, we study how to solve terrain matching problems while considering the whole geometric properties of terrain data.