Michael Graves建築言語의 意味論的分析에 관한 硏究

홍성천 서울市立大學校 1988 국내석사

Communication, development, and cultural preservation: The case of Gullah history and culture on James Island, SC

Graves, Brian Andrew The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation explores contemporary issues of communication, commercial development, and Gullah preservation on James Island, South Carolina. All along the coastal region of the Southeastern United States, African American communities, known as "Gullah," have retained more of their African cultural and linguistic heritage than any other large African American community. From the times of slavery to the present, Gullah communities have lived in a Southeastern coastal landscape remarkably similar to the shores of Western Africa. During the later part of the twentieth century, however, "modern" suburban, commercial, and resort developments have transformed the region's physical, social, and economic geographies and threatened the culture's survival. In the wake of these developments, efforts to preserve Gullah culture have emerged, often with an emphasis on tourism, news, and entertainment projects designed to merge economic and cultural activity. The central thesis of this dissertation is that while forces of "development" and "cultural preservation" often appear to be at odds in popular discourse, they are actually different sides of the same coin in so far as they are a forced contextualization of people and places within systems of knowledge and communication that privilege modern European conceptions of history, politics, economics, and culture. Missing in the dominant social imagery of Gullah culture today, which either portrays a people who are behind the curve of modern progress, or, that evokes nostalgia for a now "obsolete" way of life, is an adequate representation of the present and ongoing struggle of Gullah history, identity, and sense of place. By looking at specific and concrete situations of development and cultural preservation on James Island, the chapters of this dissertation examine how Gullah communities themselves articulate their own history and culture, and define their roles as political actors in the modern world, both through and against dominant modern conceptions of history, culture, politics, economics, and communication. Through a locally oriented cultural political economy approach, the study also seeks to understand, through the work of cultural theorists James Carey and Harold Innis, among others, how culture as a concept can be used to develop a more detailed and fruitful analysis of the political and economic problems of communication, modern development, and cultural preservation.

Modeling of large deformations in drying viscoelastic materials

Graves, Jason Aaron University of Minnesota 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

Adverse influences of changing moisture conditions affect many products, and have significant economic ramifications for industry. For example, variations in humidity lead to the development of residual stresses in composite materials whose constituents have different hygroscopic expansion coefficients. This may cause unwanted effects such as delamination or fracture of fibers, which may render the product unusable instantly, or may significantly shorten the intended life. In particular, this is of concern in the area of electronic devices, which by their very nature are composite. To predict and prevent problems of this kind various quantifying techniques have been developed. This research is dedicated to a group of technologically important problems, involving negative moisture effects on viscoelastic materials, which do not seem to be adequately covered by the available models and techniques. Specifically, large instantaneous elastic deformations, large viscoelastic deformations, large hygroscopic shrinkage, changing material properties and coupling mass transfer with stress analysis characterize these problems. A very important example (because of its scale and cost) of such a problem has to do with drying viscoelastic coatings. There is ample evidence that strains developed in the process of drying can be large and that inelastic deformations are present. Yet, to analyze problems of this sort, very drastic simplifying assumptions of small strain elasticity and elastoplacticity have been used. It is proposed here to formulate and analyze all these effects which have not been considered in the past. Materials used in coatings are typically polymeric; they are clearly viscoelastic and they often exhibit large strains. It is expected that the results of the proposed research will complement and aid experimental investigations and will consistute a significant step towards a better understanding and identification of important aspects and parameters of several practical problems.

Socioeconomic status, stress and mortality: A life course approach

Graves, Katelyn The Florida State University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

The link between socioeconomic status (SES) and health and mortality has been well-established, but evidence continues to suggest that this relationship begins in early life with parental SES. There is evidence that allostatic load (AL) mediates the relationship between SES and mortality, and SES is inversely associated with AL across the life course (Seeman et al. 2004; Seeman et al. 2008; Hawkley et al. 2011; Evans & Kim, 2012). Existing longitudinal studies using biologically objective health outcomes are limited, and this study incorporates measures of both perceived stress and the body's physiological response to stress, observed over time, in older adults. Using the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), this dissertation aims to fill gaps in the literature by exploring the associations between socioeconomic status across the life course, allostatic load, and mortality. I examine 1) how SES in childhood affects SES, perceived stress, and allostatic load in older adults; 2) how childhood SES affects change in allostatic load over 5 years; and 3) if childhood SES indirectly impacts mortality risk through SES and stress in late adulthood. Results add to existing findings by showing significant relationships between SES and mortality in late adulthood, with allostatic load and perceived stress partially explaining this relationship. Results also contribute to the field showing an indirect relationship between childhood SES and allostatic load in late life. Individuals who grew up in low SES households show significantly higher allostatic load scores in late adulthood. This association is mediated mostly by educational attainment, but wealth also plays a role. This study also provides two examples for studying allostatic load across two time points, and results show that childhood SES affects allostatic load change in a similar manner to a singular measure. The findings highlight the importance of the association between childhood SES and adult educational attainment, as the effects carry over into many adult outcomes.

The development of environmentally friendly organic methodologies: Organic transformations via the Meerwein-Schmidt-Ponndorf-Verley-Oppenauer (MSPVO) reaction manifold

Graves, Christopher Robert Northwestern University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

The mechanistic details of the aluminum-catalyzed Meerwein-Schmidt-Ponndorf-Verley (MSPV) reduction of ketones were ascertained. A series of kinetic experiments demonstrated that this reaction proceeds through monometallic catalyst activation. Under high 2-propanol concentration, conditions that are shown to inhibit the reduction pathway, rate dependence was zeroth-order with respect to the carbonyl substrate. Strong correlation between computationally obtained (DeltaG ‡ ∼ 20.5 kcal/mol, DeltaH‡ ∼ 17.1 kcal/mol, DeltaS‡ ∼ -11.4 eu) and experimentally determined (DeltaG‡ = 21.8 kcal/mol, DeltaH ‡ = 18.5 kcal/mol, DeltaS‡ = -11.7 eu) energetic parameters suggests a concerted, direct hydrogen transfer to be operative at the rate-determining step. Additionally, detailed ligand studies imply that while a tetrahedral aluminum geometry results in the most active MSPV reduction catalysts, the enantioselectivity of the reaction increases when the aluminum center can achieve a penta-coordinate geometry, with the fifth ligand weakly coordinated to the axial site of a pseudo square pyramid. The development of an environmentally friendly Al-based catalytic methodology for the Oppenauer oxidation of alcohols is also discussed. Using nitrated benzaldehyde derivatives as the oxidant and simple, ligand-free aluminum species (AlMe3, Al(OiPr)3) as catalytic precursors, a wide range of functionalized alcohols can be transformed to the corresponding organic carbonyls in high yield (>97%) and short reaction times (<0.5 h). Benzylic, propargylic, allylic, and aliphatic 1° and 2° alcohols were all selectively oxidized under the reaction conditions, and a straight-forward protocol for product isolation was developed via simple filtration over alumina. Expansion of the asymmetric MSPV chemistry to include the first example of an Al-mediated reduction of imines with 2-propanol is also reported. Unprecedented yields and selectivities were obtained in the MSPV reduction of a variety of benzylic and aliphatic N-phosphinoyl ketimines. Although this process utilizes a stoichiometric amount of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binapthyl (BINOL), the recovery and reuse of this chiral auxiliary was demonstrated.

Computational and Physical Quality Assurance Tools for Radiotherapy

Graves, Yan Jiang University of California, San Diego 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Radiation therapy aims at delivering a prescribed amount of radiation dose to cancerous targets while sparing dose to normal organs. Treatment planning and delivery in modern radiotherapy are highly complex. To ensure the accuracy of the delivered dose to a patient, a quality assurance (QA) procedure is needed before the actual treatment delivery. This dissertation aims at developing computational and physical tools to facilitate the QA process. In Chapter 2, we have developed a fast and accurate computational QA tool using a graphics processing unit based Monte Carlo (MC) dose engine. This QA tool aims at identifying any errors in the treatment planning stage and machine delivery process by comparing three dose distributions: planned dose computed by a treatment planning system, planned dose and delivered dose reconstructed using the MC method. Within this tool, several modules have been built. (1) A denoising algorithm to smooth the MC calculated dose. We have also investigated the effects of statistical uncertainty in MC simulations on a commonly used dose comparison metric. (2) A linear accelerator source model with a semi-automatic commissioning process. (3) A fluence generation module. With all these modules, a web application for this QA tool with a user friendly interface has been developed to provide users with easy access to our tool, facilitating its clinical utilizations. Even after an initial treatment plan fulfills the QA requirements, a patient may experience inter-fractional anatomy variations, which compromise the initial plan optimality. To resolve this issue, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) has been proposed, where treatment plan is redesigned based on most recent patient anatomy. In Chapter 3, we have constructed a physical deformable head and neck (HN) phantom with in-vivo dosimetry capability. This phantom resembles HN patient geometry and simulates tumor shrinkage with a high level of realism. The ground truth deformation field can be measured from built-in surface markers, which is then used to verify the accuracy of an important ART step of deformable image registration. Our experiments also demonstrate the feasibility of using this phantom as an end-to-end ART QA phantom with an emphasis on testing the dose deliver accuracy.

Early Advanced Imaging among Washington State Workers' Compensation Claimants with Non-Specific Acute Occupational Low Back Pain: An Evaluation of Precursors, Costs, Utilization, and Outcomes

Graves, Janessa M University of Washington 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Early use of advanced diagnostic imaging for non-specific, acute low back pain (LBP) is associated with increased healthcare utilization and costs, yet does not contribute to improved medical management or health outcomes for patients. Evidence-based guidelines recommend use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the first six weeks of symptoms for acute LBP only among patients with characteristics that may indicate neurological impairment or serious underlying conditions. Other patients should be treated conservatively, only receiving imaging if symptoms persist beyond six weeks. For workers' compensation programs, adherence to these guidelines is important to avoid mis- and overuse of imaging for LBP, which is a common and costly occupational condition. This dissertation describes three population-based, prospective cohort studies of workers' compensation claimants with acute occupational LBP in Washington State. The first study assessed the factors associated with receiving early MRI and found that workers who were male or whose initial office visit was with a surgeon were more likely to receive early MRI. Workers with elevated work fear-avoidance, higher Roland scores, or increased injury severity were more likely to receive early imaging than counterparts with lower levels or scores. The second study evaluated the impact of early imaging on the utilization and cost of healthcare in the year following imaging. Results showed that workers with early MRI were less likely to have subsequent advanced imaging, more likely to have outpatient visits, and had higher adjusted mean costs for outpatient and inpatient care, disability compensation, and other workers' compensation expenses. The third study evaluated the effect of early imaging on health outcomes 1 year after imaging. Results showed that imaging was not associated with 1-year health outcomes but was associated with an increased likelihood of long-term disability for workers with mild/major sprains. Early MRI was associated with longer disability duration for all workers. Occupational LBP is a multi-factorial, complex condition. Early MRI plays an important role in its diagnosis, but inappropriate use may have deleterious consequences that could be avoided through adherence to evidence-based guidelines.

School culture, racial identity performance, and the academic achievement of Black adolescents

Graves, Daren A Harvard University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

For the purposes of this paper, I was interested in the roles of Black high school students' school cultures and developing sense of racial identity on their academic performance. The guiding principle of this research is the conception that racial identity is mediated by the context in which in one finds oneself. In a pilot study conducted on the same sample, I found that Black students in small schools were more likely to report positive school-related values and experiences than Black students in large schools. Furthermore, the data from this pilot study indicated that the small schools manifested racialized aspects of school cultures that allowed Black students to explore the relevance of their racial culture and identity. By considering the importance of the school culture, I was able to begin to understand some key differences in how Black students perceived their racial identity and how they experienced and valued their school experiences. In my current research, I looked more closely at the intersection of racial identity and school culture by examining how Black students describe and understand their context-based racial identity and the racialized aspects of their schools' cultures. I was also interested to see if there was any relationship between how Black students understand their context-based sense of racial identity and their academic achievement. One of the main findings of the research showed that high-achieving Black students, across different types of school cultures, were more likely than Black students of other achievement levels to display a critical racial awareness, while also identifying meaningful opportunities to explore their racial identity at their schools. Also of interest is the fact that students of different Black ethnicities displayed differences in both how they made sense of their racial identity and in how they perceived racialized aspects of their schools' cultures. This work is important because it indicates a need to look at the achievement gap in ways that do not over-generalize its causes or solutions. Black students who have specific ways of looking at themselves and their academic contexts may face different challenges in their individual attempts to bridge the achievement gap.

A comparative study of the life satisfaction of early retirement military officers

Graves, Russ Thomas Texas A&M University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This study compared the life satisfaction of early retirement military officers with several comparison groups on the basis of Retirement Descriptive Index (RDI) scale scores. The RDI is a self-report instrument that assesses life satisfaction across four scales: Activities, Finances, Health, and People (associations). "Early" retirement from the military, after as few as 15 years of service, was possible between 1993 and 1999 under the Temporary Early Retirement Authority Program (TERA), enacted by Section 4403 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 to reduce post-Cold War U.S. military personnel strength. This was a departure from the traditional 20 to 30 year military career length referred to in this study as "regular" military retirement. A total of 57,693 personnel from the five military service branches, including 12,790 officers, retired early under this legislation. Previous research has revealed that many military retirees experienced adjustment difficulties during their post-retirement midlife military-to-civilian transition. A long-existing problem has been the inability to predict or prevent these adjustment difficulties. To examine one aspect of the adjustment of military retirees, the RDI was electronically administered via the internet to 122 early retirement military officers and 824 regular retirement military officers with retirement dates from the same period. RDI scale scores for the early retirement military officers were compared to those of the regular retirees. Additionally, comparisons were made with the RDI scale scores of other groups, including regular retirement military officers from previous studies, and early retirement civilians from a previous study. Analysis of RDI scale scores, using inferential statistical procedures including One-Way Analysis of Variance, chi-square tests of independence, and independent-samples t tests, revealed that early retirement military officers experienced slightly lower measures of life satisfaction in general than all comparison groups, and specifically experienced lower levels of satisfaction with their financial situations. Qualitative (anecdotal) data was included to complement the statistical analysis. Recommendations for research and practice were made regarding early retirement military officers.

Curriculum-based measurement: Attitudes and training practices in teacher education programs

Graves, Misha Nicole Indiana University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) has been shown to be an effective tool for screening and progress-monitoring in the general education classroom. However, CBM has been slow to gain a foothold among teachers. The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to the implementation of comprehensive CBM training in pre-service teacher education programs. Faculty members (n = 141) in Elementary Education teacher training programs at NCATE-accredited colleges or universities in a large, Midwest state were surveyed regarding their; (1) Knowledge of and attitudes towards CBM, (2) Attitudes toward evidence-based practice; (3) Attitudes regarding the importance of pre-service training in CBM; (4) Attitudes regarding the importance of CBM in general education classrooms; and (5) current CBM training practices. Survey data were analyzed using Logistic Regression modeling, and results indicated that respondents' beliefs regarding the importance of CBM in the general education classroom and the importance of CBM training for pre-service teachers were the most significant predictors of respondents' including CBM training in their course curricula. Results are discussed with consideration of practical implications for school psychologists and teacher educators interested in increasing the use of CBM and other evidence-based practices among general education teachers. Recommendations for future research are discussed.