석유화학 공단지역 초등학교 대기 중 중금속 분포 특성

홍성란 부산대학교 2002 국내석사

간호사와 의사의 보완대체요법에 대한 태도

홍성란 중앙대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to make a descriptive research study of the attitudes of nurses and doctors toward supplementary alternative therapy and their awareness of its field applicability and therapeutic effect, social concern for that and related communication. The subjects in this study were 150 nurses and 132 doctors in C university hospital in Seoul. Data were gathered from March 30 to April 17, 2011. An instrument that modified Jang Eun-hee(2002)'s recited version of Son Hang-mi(2002)'s inventory geared toward assessing the attitudes of nurses toward supplementary alternative therapy was used to evaluate the attitudes of the nurses and doctors to supplementary alternative therapy. The collected data were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS WIN 18.0. Statistical data on frequency and percentage were obtained, and t-test and ANOVA were carried out. Besides, Scheffe test was conducted to make a post-hoc analysis. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. As for the attitudes of the nurses and doctors toward supplementary alternative therapy, 66.8 percent of the nurses took a positive attitude, and 5.5 percent took a negative attitude. The former outnumbered the latter. Likewise, 50.4 percent of the doctors took a positive attitude, and 18.0 percent took a negative attitude, and the former outnumbered the latter. The rate of the doctors who took a positive attitude was smaller than that of the nurses who did. To be specific, the nurses viewed social concern for that most favorably, followed by related communication, field applicability and therapeutic effect, and the doctors viewed related communication most favorably, followed by social concern, field applicability and therapeutic effect. As a result of scoring the attitudes of the two groups toward supplementary alternative therapy, the nurse gave a mean of 2.99 to field applicability, and the doctors gave 2.65 to that. The former gave higher marks to that than the latter(t=5.765, p=0.000). Likewise, the nurses gave 2.88 to therapeutic effect, and the doctors gave 2.57(t=6.747, p=0.000). The nurses gave 3.05 to social concern, and the doctors gave 2.86(t=3.540, p=0.001), and the former gave 3.04 to related communication, and the doctors gave 2.92(t= 2.402, p=0.017). Overall, the nurses gave 2.97, and the doctors gave 2.69(t=6.370, p=0.000). All the intergroup gaps were statistically significant, and the nurses gave higher marks to supplementary alternative therapy than the doctors. Concerning the attitudes of the nurses by general characteristics involving academic credential, those who received graduate school or higher education(F=7.293, p=0.001) gave significantly higher marks. They gave significantly different marks to the roles of supplementary alternative therapy according to their individual cognitive characteristics (F=7.293, p=0.001), and that was statistically significantly more regarded as auxiliary therapy. They gave significantly different marks according to their application experiences(F=12.683, p=0.000) and educational experiences(F=5.221, p=0.024). The high expense of that therapy was statistically significantly more pointed out as a major problem with supplementary alternative therapy(F=3.046, p=0.031), and they had a significantly different intention(F=9.591, p=0.000) when they were asked a question whether they intended to receive education about that in the future or not. Regarding the attitudes of the doctors by general characteristics including age, those who were aged 36 and up took a significantly better attitude. By marital status, the married doctors took a significantly better attitude (F= 26.460, p=0.000). By academic credential, those who received graduate school or higher education took a significantly better attitude(F=24.528, p=0.000). By title, the professors took a significantly better attitude(F=22.624, p=0.000). By career, those who had five years of career or more took a significantly better attitude(F=13.966, p=0.000). By cognitive characteristics, there were differences among their opinions on the roles of supplementary alternative therapy according to cognitive characteristics, and that was significantly more looked upon as a remedy. And there were significant gaps among their attitudes according to application experiences(F=27.323, p=0.000) and educational experiences (F=5.347, p=0.022). As for what improvements should be made, they had a statistically significantly different opinion on the benefits of medical insurance(F=5.191, p=0.002), and they had a statistically significantly different intention about whether to receive education about supplementary alternative therapy in the future or not. 2. The attitudes of the nurses and doctors toward supplementary alternative therapy in 2002 and 2011 was compared. In 2002, the rates of nurses who took positive and negative attitudes respectively stood at 72.7 and 3.0 percent. In 2011, the rates of the nurses who took positive and negative attitudes respectively stood at 66.8 and 5.5 percent. There were changes in the positive awareness of the nurses in general. In 2002, the rates of doctors with positive and negative attitudes respectively stood at 57.1 and 17.7 percent. In 2011, the rates of the doctors with positive and negative attitudes respectively stood at 50.4 and 18.0 percent. There were changes in the positive attitude of the doctors. To be specific, no positive changes were found in their awareness of the therapeutic effect of supplementary alternative therapy, social concern and related communication, but both of the nurses and doctors took a more favorable attitude to its field applicability. The findings of the study indicated that there was a growing concern among patients for supplementary alternative therapy, and that the increasing importance of supplementary alternative therapy had an impact on nursing intervention and medical treatment in the medical and nursing sector that deals with patients in person. 본 연구의 목적은 보완대체요법에 대한 태도를 실무적용, 치료적 효과, 사회적 관심, 의사소통 영역으로 나누어 간호사와 의사의 태도를 비교하고 인지정도를 알아보는 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구방법으로 연구대상은 서울시내 C대학병원 1개 병원의 간호사 150명, 의사 132명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자료수집은 2011년 3월 30일부터 4월 17일까지였다. 연구도구는 간호사의 보완대체요법에 대한 태도를 측정하기 위하여 손행미(2002)가 개발하여 장은희(2002)가 재인용한 태도 측정 도구를 수정한 도구를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 18.0을 이용하여 전산처리 하였고, 빈도와 백분율, t-test와 ANOVA로 분석하였으며, scheff test로 사후검증 하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 보완대체요법에 대한 간호사와 의사의 태도는 간호사는 긍정이 66.8%, 부정이 5.5%로 긍정이 많았고, 의사도 긍정이 50.4%, 부정이 18.0%로 긍정이 많았으나, 간호사보다 긍정의 비율이 낮게 나타났다. 요약 하면 각 영역별로 간호사는 사회적 관심, 의사소통, 실무적용, 치료적 효과 순으로 긍정이 높았고, 의사는 의사소통, 사회적 관심, 실무적용, 치료적 효과 순으로 높게 나타났다. 간호사와 의사의 보완대체요법에 대한 태도를 평균 평점으로 나타낸 결과는 실무적용에서는 간호사가 평균 평점이 2.99점, 의사의 2.65점(t=5.765, p=0.000)보다 높았으며, 치료적 효과에서도 간호사 2.88점, 의사 2.57점(t=6.747, p=0.000)으로 나타났다. 사회적 관심에서도 간호사 3.05점, 의사 2.86점(t=3.540, p= 0.001), 의사소통에서는 간호사 3.04점, 의사 2.92점(t=2.402, p=0.017)으로 나타났으며, 전체평균 평점에서는 간호사 2.97점, 의사 2.69점(t=6.370, p=0.000)으로 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이고 있으며, 간호사가 의사보다 평균 평점이 높았다. 간호사의 일반적 특성에서는 학력(F= 7.293, p=0.001)에서 대학원 이상이 유의하게 높게 나왔으며, 개별적 인지특성에서는 보완대체요법에 대한 역할(F= 7.293, p=0.001)은 치료의 보조요법에 높은 점수로 통계적으로 유의했다. 적용경험(F=12.683, p=0.000)과 교육경험(F=5.221, p=0.024)에 유의하게 나타났으며, 문제점(F=3.046, p=0.031)으로는 고가 비용문제에 높은 점수로 통계적으로 유의했고, 앞으로의 교육의향(F=9.591, p=0.000)에 유의함을 보였다. 의사의 일반적 특성에서는 연령별 태도(F=17.541, p=0.000)에서 36세 이상 유의한 차이를 나타냈고, 결혼 상태(F=26.460, p=0.000)는 기혼에서 유의했고, 학력(F=24.528, p=0.000)은 대학원 이상에서, 직위(F=22.624, p=0.000)는 교수, 병원경력(F=13.966, p=0.000)에서는 5년 이상에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 개별적 인지특성에서는 보완대체의 역할(F=5.229, p=0.002)에서 치료제에서 유의했고, 적용경험(F=27.323, p=0.000)과 교육경험(F=5.347, p=0.022)에 유의했으며, 개선점(F=5.191, p=0.002)으로는 의료보험 혜택에서 통계적으로 유의했고, 교육의향(F=20.293, p=0.000)에 유의함을 보였다. 2. 2002년도와 2011년도의 간호사와 의사의 보완대체요법에 대한 태도를 비교해본 결과, 2002년도의 연구에서는 간호사의 긍정 72.7%, 부정 3.0%였고, 2011년에는 긍정이 66.8%, 부정이 5.5%로 간호사의 긍정적인 인식의 차이가 전체적으로 변화하였다. 의사는 2002년도에는 긍정 57.1%, 부정 17.7%였고, 2011년에는 긍정이 50.4%, 부정이 18.0%로 긍정적 태도가 변화됨을 알 수 있다. 각 영역별 태도에서도 치료적 효과, 사회적 관심, 의사소통에서 긍정적 변화는 없었으나 실무적용에서는 간호사와 의사모두 긍정적인 태도가 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 증가되고 있는 환자의 보완대체요법에 대한 관심과 더불어 환자를 직접적으로 대하는 간호 및 의료 실무에서 보완대체요법의 중요성이 간호중재와 의학적 치료에 영향을 미치고 있다.

마인드 맵을 통한 일기쓰기 지도가 초등학교 쓰기장애 학생의 쓰기표현력 및 일기쓰기 태도에 미치는 효과

홍성란 이화여자대학교 교육대학원 2005 국내석사

일기쓰기는 학생들이 가장 쉽게 접할 수 있는 글이기도 하지만, 매일 써야하는 부담감 때문에 학생들이 쓰기 싫어하는 글이기도 하다. 매일 반복되는 일상 속에서 글감을 찾기가 어렵고, 생각과 느낌 그리고 반성을 꼭 집어 넣어야 하는 형식에 큰 부담을 느끼고 있다. 특히, 쓰기장애 학생의 경우에는 글을 쓰기 위해 생각들을 촉진하고 구조화시키는 과정에 있어서 더 많은 어려움을 가지고 있다. 선행연구들에서는 마인드 맵을 사용했을 때 학생들의 사고활동이 활발해지고 아이디어의 양이 향상되었음이 강조되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 ‘마인드 맵’ 활동이 초등학교 쓰기장애 학생의 쓰기표현력과 일기쓰기 태도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이 목적을 위하여, 인천 시내 초등학교에 재학 중인 5, 6학년 쓰기장애 학생 20명을 연구 대상자로 선정하여, 실험집단 10명, 통제집단 10명으로 나누어 구성하였다. 두 집단에게 모두 사전검사(일기쓰기태도 질문지 응답과 1주일간의 일기 내용 분석, 한달간 쓴 일기 횟수)를 실시한 후, 실험집단에게는 15회기(각 회기 당 40분)의 일기형식, 글감잡는 방법, 마인드 맵 정리 방법에 대한 교수를 실시하였고, 통제집단에게는 1-2회기동안 일기 형식, 글감잡는 방법에 대한 교수를 실험집단과 동일하게 실시하였으나, 그 이후에는 일반적인 일기쓰기 과정을 따르도록 하였다. 실험 처치가 끝난 후 실험집단과 통제집단에게 사전검사와 동일하게 사후검사를 실시하였다. 일기쓰기태도는 일기에 대한 인식, 반응, 수행과정을 묻는 5단계 Likert 척도 질문지를 사용하여 측정하였는데, 일기 내용은 글의 내용, 글의 길이, 글의 정확도(철자 정확도, 띄어쓰기 정확도, 문장부호 정확도, 문법 사용의 정확도) 측면에서 평가하였다. 검사 결과 처리는 사전검사 점수를 공변인으로 한 공분산 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 쓰기표현력에 있어서, 1. 쓰기장애 학생의 일기글의 내용에서는 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타났다. 즉, 쓰기장애 학생의 일기쓰기표현력은 글의 내용에서 마인드 맵 활동 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 더 향상되었다. 2. 쓰기장애 학생의 일기글의 길이에서는 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타났다. 즉, 쓰기장애 학생의 일기쓰기표현력은 글의 길이에서 마인드 맵 활동에 대한 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 더 길어졌다. 3. 쓰기장애 학생의 일기글의 정확도에서는, 철자 정확도, 문장부호 사용 정확도에서 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타났고, 띄어쓰기 정확도에서는 두 집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타나지 않았다. 즉, 마인드 맵 활동에 대한 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 철자 정확도, 문장부호 사용 정확도에 있어서 더 유의하게 향상되었다. 문법사용 정확도에서, 조사 사용, 주술 호응에 있어서는 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타난 반면, 시제호응, 꾸미는 말 사용, 접속사 사용에 있어서는 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타나지 않았다. 즉, 마인드 맵 활동 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 조사 사용, 주술 호응에 있어서 더 정확성을 보였다. 쓰기장애 학생의 일기쓰기 태도에 있어서, 4. 정의적 측면의 일기쓰기 태도 전반에서는 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타났다. 즉, 마인드 맵 활동 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 일기쓰기 태도 전반에 있어서 더 크게 향상되었다. 5. 일기쓰기에 대한 반응, 일기쓰기 수행과정에 대한 태도에서 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타난 반면, 일기쓰기 인식면에서는 두 집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타나지 않았다. 즉, 마인드 맵 활동 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 일기쓰기에 대한 반응, 일기쓰기 수행과정에 대한 태도가 더 크게 향상되었다. 6. 일기쓰기 횟수에 있어서 실험집단과 통제집단 간에 유의한 차가 나타났다. 즉, 마인드 맵 활동 교수를 받은 실험집단이 일반적인 일기쓰기를 한 통제집단보다 일기쓰기 횟수가 더 크게 향상되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합해보면, 마인드 맵을 통한 일기쓰기 지도가 쓰기장애 학생의 쓰기표현력 및 쓰기 태도에 있어서 전반적으로 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 마인드 맵 활동은 무엇을 써야할지 모르는 학생들에게 쓸거리를 쉽게 찾을 수 있도록 도와주고, 쓸거리와 관련된 생각을 촉진시켜 일기글의 내용을 풍부하게 만들며, 또한 풍부한 쓸거리는 일기쓰기에 두려움을 느끼는 학생들에게 글쓰기의 중요성 뿐 아니라 일기쓰기에 대한 자신감을 키워주어 학생들의 글쓰기 태도 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 마인드 맵 활동이 교육 현장에서 초등학교 쓰기장애 학생의 쓰기표현력 향상과 쓰기 태도를 긍정적으로 변화시키기 위한 교수 방법의 하나로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Diary writing is the most common type of writing for students but it is still burdensome to students because it requires writing everyday. It is difficult to find materials of writing in routine everyday life and is very burdensome to follow the form of thoughts, feelings and reflections. In particular, students with written expression disabilities have many difficulties in the process of stimulating and structuring thoughts to write. Previous researches emphasized that the use of mind map activated students’thinking and improved the quantity of ideas. Thus the present study was designed to examine the effects of diary writing training through mind map on the written expression and diary writing attitude of elementary students with written expression disabilities. For this purpose, twenty from 5th and 6th grade students with written expression disabilities were selected at an elementary school in Incheon, and were divided into an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). Both groups had a pre-test (a survey using a questionnaire on diary writing attitude, the contents of diary written for a week, and the number of times to write diary for a month). After the pre-test, the students in the experimental group were taught the structure of diary, how to find topics and how to order mind map for 15 sessions (40 minutes per session), but those in the control group were taught the structure of diary and how to find topics for only 1~2 sessions and then had ordinary diary writing education afterward. After the experiment, the experimental group and the control group had a post-test, which was identical to the pre-rest. Diary writing attitude was measured using a questionnaire of 5 point Likert scale asking about students’ perception on, response to and process of diary writing. The diary was evaluated based on the story content, the length, and the accuracy (spelling, spacing, punctuation marks, and grammar) of writing. The results of the tests were analyzed through ANCOVA with the pre-test scores as covariates using SPSS WIN. The results of this study are summarized as follows: With regard to writing expression, 1. A significant difference was found between the experimental group and the control group in the contents of diary writing. That is, students with written expression disabilities who had mind map activities showed more improvement in the contents of writing than those who had ordinary diary writing. 2. A significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control group in the length of diary writing. That is, students with written expression disabilities who had mind map activities showed more improvement in the length of writing than those who had ordinary diary writing. 3. As for the accuracy of diary writing, significant differences were found between the experimental group and the control group in the accuracy of spelling and punctuation marks but not in the accuracy of spacing. That is, the students in the experimental group who had mind map activities showed more improvement in the accuracy of spelling and punctuation marks in diary writing than those in the control group. In terms of the accuracy of grammar, significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the control group in the use of particles and subject predicate agreement but not in the sequence of tenses, the use of predicative, and the use of conjunctions. That is, the students in the experimental group who had mind map activities showed more improvement in the use of particles and subject predicate agreement than those in the control group who had ordinary diary writing. With regard to the diary writing attitude and frequency in students with written expression disabilities, 4. A significant difference was found between the experimental group and the control group in general diary writing attitude. That is, the experimental group who had mind map activities showed more improvement in general diary writing attitude than the control group who had ordinary diary writing. 5. Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the control group in response to diary writing and the process of diary writing but not in perception on diary writing. That is, the experimental group who had mind map activities showed more improvement in response to diary writing and the process of diary writing than the control group who had ordinary diary writing 6. A significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control group in the frequency of diary writing. That is, the experimental group who had mind map activities showed more improvement in the frequency of diary writing than the control group who had ordinary diary writing. Summing up the results of this study, diary writing training through mind map appeared to be generally effective in improving written expression and writing attitude in students with written expression disabilities. That is, mind map activities helped students, who did not know what to write, find materials of diary writing, stimulated thoughts related to materials of writing to enrich the contents of diary writings, gave understanding of the importance of writing, developed confidence in writing in students who were afraid of writing and, consequently, had a positive effect on students’ writing attitude. Thus, mind activities are considered to be applicable in the field of education as a teaching method for improving writing expression and developing positive attitude toward writing in elementary students with writing expression disabilities.

출산장려정책이 출산에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 출산율과 출산의지를 중심으로

홍성란 安東大學校 2016 국내박사

본 연구는 출산장려정책이 출산에 미치는 영향요인을 규명하기 위하여 전국 226개 기초자치단체를 대상으로 국가통계포털(KOSIS)의 출산관련 자료를 활용하여 출산장려정책이 출산에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하고, 출산율 연구를 보완하기 위해 설문조사를 실시하여 출산장려정책이 출산의지에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하였다. 또한 연구의 신뢰성을 높이기 위해 시·군·구 우수 기초자치단체 4곳을 선정하여 출산장려정책 성공사례를 분석하여 저출산 극복방안을 제시하였다. 주요 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전국 기초자치단체를 대상으로 출산장려정책이 출산율에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석한 결과, 출산장려정책이 출산율을 높이는 것으로 나타났는데, 출산장려금(합계)을 일천만원 지원할 경우 합계출산율은 0.073명 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 출산장려정책 만족도가 출산의지에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석한 결과, 출산장려정책 만족도가 높을수록 출산의지가 높게 나타났다. 정책적 요인 중 영향을 미치는 인자는 출산장려정책이었는데, 출산장려정책이 1단위 높아질 때 출산의지는 0.152 증가하는 것으로 나타나, 출산율 분석결과와 마찬가지로 출산장려정책이 출산의지에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 문화·가치관적 요인 중 출산의지에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 변인은 자녀관과 인생관이었으며, 자녀관이 1단위 긍정적일수록 0.495 증가할 것으로 나타났고, 인생관은 1단위 긍정적일수록 0.169 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사례연구 분석결과 출산장려금(합계)을 많이 지원하는 기초자치단체가 그렇지 않은 기초자치단체보다 출산율이 높았고, 임신·출산친화환경을 조성하기 위하여 산부인과가 없는 지역에 찾아가는 산부인과 운영이 출산율 증가에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 그리고 맞춤형 일자리 창출사업, 출산과 양육에 따른 근로자의 일·가정 양립여건 조성, 출산에 대한 사회적 인식과 환경 마련, 여성 근로자의 육아환경 조성 등이 출산율을 높이는데 긍정적으로 작용한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려해 볼 때 인구학적 요인과 사회·경제적 요인도 중요하지만 정책적 요인이 큰 영향을 주는 중요한 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 출산장려정책 입안 시 결혼과 임신하기 좋은 환경을 조성하여 출산으로 이어질 수 있도록 지역별 도시 규모에 맞는 취업-연애-결혼-출산 그리고 양육친화 환경 조성 방안이 모색되어야 할 것이다. 또한 출산의지가 출산으로 이어지기 위해서는 세심한 정책설계 뿐만 아니라, 근본적으로 중앙정부와 지방정부가 협치하여 현 세대와 미래세대의 긍정적 가치관 변화를 유도할 수 있는 실효성 있는 출산친화정책을 지속적으로 개발하여야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 전국 기초자치단체를 대상으로 출산장려정책의 효과성을 규명하기 위하여 출산율 자료를 활용하였다는 점과 이를 재확인하기 위하여 설문자료 분석과 기초자치단체의 출산장려정책 성공사례 분석을 병행하여 출산장려정책의 효과성을 규명하고 시사점을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다.

Aspergillus niger에 의한 글루콘산의 생산

홍성란 전북대학교 대학원 1994 국내석사

The production of gluconic acid from glucose by the fermentation of Aspergillus niger(KCTC 2119) was studied. It was found that the conversion products from glucose by filamentous fungi were markedly influenced by the pH, temperature, substrate concentration, inoculum size and medium composition. Cells of A. niger were grown well on the medium containing 40g/L of glucose, whereas the growth was inhibited with the glucose concentration at higher than 40 g/L. The higher value of dry cell weight and productivity were obtained when adding 0.1 g/L of corn steep liquor. Optimum concentration of (NH₄)₂SO₄for gluconic acid production was 0.5 g/L. Optimum concentration of MgSO₄ㆍ7H₂O used as a sulfur source was 1 g/L. It was also found that the cell concentration and gluconic acid production were at the maximum level when grown on the medium containing 0.2g/L KH₂PO₁, and 0.2g/L K₂HPO₄. Also, the optimum culture conditions were 33℃ and pH 5.5 and the maximum gluconic acid production was obtained in the culture medium 110 g/L glucose, 0.5 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ at 33℃ and pH 5.5. The metabolic parameters such as specific growth rate, cell and gluconic acid yields and overall gluconic acid productivity were estimated for process improvement.

임신말기 C3H쥐에 복강내 lipopolysaccharide 주사 후 태반, 태아와 자궁내막에서의 IL-6, IL-13 및 TIMP-3의 발현에 관한 연구

홍성란 이화여자대학교 1997 국내박사

임신 말기의 자궁 감염시 미생물에서 유리된 물질이 단구세포(monocyte)를 자극하여 cytokines을 분비시키고 이들이 융모막, 양막, 탈락막등에서 prostaglandin 분비를 촉진하므로써 조기분만을 유도 한다고 알려져 있다. 이러한 cytokines 중에는 interleukin-1, interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor등이 있으나, 이 중 IL-6은 자궁내 염증시 가장 예민한 반응을 나타냄으로 자궁내 감염 진단에 임상적으로 유용하게 사용할 수 있다. 활성화된 T-helper 세포에서 생성되며 염증과 면역 반응의 기능에 관여하는 cytokine인 IL-13과 세포 밖 기질을 분해하는 matrix metalloproteinases의 활성화를 억제하는 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase(TIMP)의 한 종류인 TIMP-3은 최근 발견된 것으로 IL-6과 IL-13 및 TIMP-3과의 관계는 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않으나, IL-6과 IL-13의 관계를 보면 IL-13이 조혈세포내 단구 세포에서 IL-6의 생성을 억제하나, 각화성 상피세포, 내피세포, 중피세포등 비조혈세포에서는 IL-6의 생성이나 발현을 증가시킨다는 연구 결과가 보고되었다. 또한 TIMP-3은 임신시 자궁 및 태반조직의 증식과 태아 발달에 따라 그 출현 정도가 변화 될 수 있는 물질로 IL-6에 의해 TIMP-3의 생성이 항진된다는 보고가 발표되엇다. 따라서 본 실험은 임신 말기 쥐에 lipopolysaccharide(LPS) 주사 후 양수 및 모체 혈청에서의 IL-6 의 농도 변화와 태반, 태아 및 자궁내막 조직에서의 IL-6, IL-13 및 TIMP-3의 존재 유무 및 생성 변화를 관찰하여 이들의 상호 관계를 연구하고져 하였다. 임신 제15일 된 46마리의 C3H 쥐를 대상으로 하여 이 중 실험군 38마리에는 복강내 LPS를 주사하고 대조군 8마리에는 phosphate buffered saline를 주사하여 30분, 1시간, 2시간, 4시간, 5시간 및 8시간 후에 모체 혈청 및 양수내 IL-6를 EIA 방법으로 측정하고, 면역조직화학적 방법으로 태반, 태아 및 자궁내막의 IL-6 및 IL-13의 발현 및 PCR을 이용한 조직내 TIMP-3을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. EIA 방법으로 측정시 LPS가 주사된 실험군은 모체 혈청 및 양수 내에서 대조군에 비해 IL-6의 농도가 증가하였고, 이는 LPS 주사 후 1, 2, 4, 5 시간에 증가되었다가 8 시간에는 대조군에 유사하게 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 면역조직화학 염색에서 IL-6은 태반, 태아, 융모양막, 탈락막 및 자궁내막 상피에서 모두 발견되었고, 이는 LPS 주사 후 30분에는 대조군과 유사하였으나, 주사 후 1, 2, 4 시간에는 강한 조직 내 발현을 보여 모체 혈청 및 양수 내 IL-6 농도의 증가 시간과 일치된 소견을 보였다. 대조군 및 실험군의 모든 조직 내의 IL-6 발현은 태아 조직인 태반, 태아 및 융모양막에서 모체 조직인 탈락막 및 자궁내막 상피보다 더 강한 발현을 보였다. 그러나 LPS 주사 후에는 모체 조직에서 태아 조직 보다 더 의의 있게 IL-6 발현이 증가 되었다. LPS 주사 후 증가된 양수내 IL-6 의 농도는 모체 혈청내 IL-6 농도 부분과 태반, 태아, 탈락막 및 자궁내막과 같은 양수 주변 조직내에서의 IL-6 발현 부분이 비슷한 비율로 함께 영향을 미쳤다. 2. IL-13은 면역조직화학 염색에서 대조군 및 실험군의 태반, 태아, 융모양막, 탈락막, 자궁내막 상피세포 모두에서 발현 되었으며, 실험군은 대조군에 비해 모든 시간 대에서 증가된 발현을 보였고, 태아 조직이 모체 조직에서 보다 그 발현 정도가 강한 경향을 나타내었다. 3. TIMP-3을 PCR 방법으로 측정시 대조군과 실험군의 태반, 태아, 융모양막 및 탈락막에서 모두 발현되었고, LPS 주사 후 대조군에 비해 30분에 발현 정도가 증가하기 시작하여 2시간에 최고로 발현되다가 5시간 후에는 발현 증가 추세가 감소되었다. LPS 주사 후 TIMP-3 발현은 태반에서 대조군에 비해 의의있게 증가되었으나, 기타 조직에서는 의의있게 발현이 증가되지는 않았다. 4. IL-6과 IL-13과의 관계를 보면 LPS 주사 후 태반, 태아, 융모양막, 탈락막을 포함한 자궁내막 조직에서 IL-6 및 IL-13의 발현은 대조군에 비해 1시간 후에 증가되고 2시간 후에는 증가 정도가 적어지기 시작하여 4시간 및 8시간 후에는 유사하게 증가된 발현을 보여 서로 비례적 상관 관계를 보였다. 5. IL-6과 TIMP-3과의 관계를 보면 태반, 태아, 융모양막 및 탈락막에서 LPS 주사 후 대조군에 비해 IL-6은 30분및 1시간에 TIMP-3 보다 먼저 증가되었고 1시간 및 2시간에 먼저 증가가 감소되는 양상을 보였다. 이와같은 연구 결과를 종합하여 보면 임신 쥐에서 LPS가 주사된 실험군은 대조군에 비해 양수 및 모체 혈액내 IL-6 증가를 보였고, 자궁내 태아 조직 및 모체 조직의 IL-6, IL-13 및 TIMP-3이 대조군에 비해 그 발현 정도가 증가되었고, IL-6 및 IL-13 발현은 시기적으로 정비례이나, TIMP-3은 그 발현 증가가 IL-6보다 시기적으로 늦게 증가 또는 감소하였다. 따라서 LPS 주사로 인한 임신 말기 쥐의 자궁내 염증 반응 유도시 IL-6, IL-13 및 TIMP-3이 모두 관여되며 IL-6 및 IL-13은 TIMP-3 보다 조기에 작용 할 것이라는 가능성을 제시 할 수 있으나 IL-13 및 TIMP-3은 연구 초기 상태로 이에 관해서는 보다 더 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. The mechanisms responsible for the onset of labor in women are not completely understood. Growing evidence suggests that bacterial products such as endotoxin could stimulate monocytes or macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF, IL-6 and IL-8, which in turn stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis by amnion, chorion and decidua and result in the onset of labor. Amniotic fluid IL-6 could be a sensitive indicator for prospective diagnosis of acute histologic chorioamnionitis, so amniotic fluid IL-6 is considered as an important cytokine. IL-13 and TIMP-3, recently described, have been known to relate to IL-6. IL-13, a novel T-helper cell lymphokin, has been shown to upregulate IL-6 production in keratinocytes, endothelial cells and mesothelial cells, whereas it downregulates IL-6 production in human monocytes. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3(TIMP-3), new type distinct from TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, is known to be stimulated by IL-6. In this study , we examined C3H pregnant mice at 15 days(70% gestation) after treament of lipopolysaccaride(LPS) or phosphate-buffered saline to observe the changes of IL-6 concentration in maternal serum and amniotic fluid and expression of IL-6, IL-13 & TIMP-3 in placenta, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus and endometrium, and to investigate the correlation among IL-6, IL-13 and TIMP-3. The results are as follows : 1. IL-6 in serum and amniotic fluid after treatment of LPS was significantly elevated; peaked at 1, 2, 4, 5 hours and decreased to control level at 8 hours (P<0.05). IL-6 in placenta, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus, decidua and endometrial epithelium was overexpressed significantly at 1, 2, 4 hours after treatment of LPS(P<0.05) which was corresponding to the elevation time of concentration of IL-6 in senum and amniotic fluid. IL-6 overexpression was more strong in fetal tissue such as placenta, chorioamnionic membrane and fetus than maternal tissue such as decidua and endothelial epithelium, but more significantly increased in maternal tissue than fetal tissue after treatment of LPS(P<0.05). Increased concentration of amniotic fluid IL-6 after treament of LPS was equally originated from transplacental crossage of maternal serum IL-6, and direct local production of IL-6 from placenta, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus and decidua(P<0.05). 2 IL-13 in placenta, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus, decidua and endometrial epithelium was overexpressed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 hours after treament of LPS, but not significant statistically. The overexpression of fetal tissue was more strong than maternal tissue . 3. TIMP-3 was expressed in both of experimental & control groups in placneta, fetus, chorioamnionic membrane and decidua. TIMP-3 was elevated at 0.5 hour, peaked at 2 hours, and decreased at 5 hours after treatment of LPS(P<0.05). TIMP-3 overexpression was more significantly increased in placenta than other tissues (P<0.05). 4. Overexpressions in IL-13 and IL-6 in placenta, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus and decidua and endometrial epithelium revealed direct proportional correlation coefficient(Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.5212 ; P<0.05). Both of IL-6 and IL-13 were elevated at 1, 2 hours and decreased at 4, 8 hours coincidentally. 5. IL-6 expression was a head of overexpression of TIMP-3 in placenta, fetus, chorioamnionic menbrane and decidua after treatment of LPS. IL-6 elevation preceded TIMP-3 at 0.5, 1 hour ,and IL-6 decrease preceded at 1, 2 hours. In comparision with cotrol group mice, the concentrations of serum and amniotic fluid IL-6 were increased, and IL-6, IL-13 and TIMP-3 in fetal and maternal tissue were overespressed in experimental LPS-treated mice. Overexpression IL-13 and IL-6 revealed direct proportional correlation, and overexpression of IL-6 was ahead of overexpression of TIMP-3 after treatment of LPS. In conclusion, all of IL-6, IL-13 and TIMP-3 may relate with inflammatory response, and changes of IL-13 and TIMP-3 may suggest parallel correlation to the IL-6 in fetal and maternal tissue after treatment of LPS.

지방정부의 출산장려 정책에 관한 연구 : 안동시를 중심으로

홍성란 안동대학교 대학원 2010 국내석사

As there has been a sense of crisis with Korean birth rate falling to the lowest level in the world, this study is intended to survey the realities of the low birth rate in Korea and analyze the causes. In addition, the study is to examine the ideas of childbirth held by fertile women residing in Andong City and to analyze their satisfaction with the local government's policies to promote childbirth. Both literary surveys and questionnaires have been used to reach these goals. The analysis model has established a demographic factor, a social factor, and an economic factor as independent variables, and the low birth rate as a dependent variable. The subjects of the study are male and female residents in Andong City aged twenty or above. 350 questionnaires were mailed, 300 out of them were recollected, and thirty out of the returned questionnaires were excluded due to their low validity. In the end, 270 questionnaires were analyzed and the data derived were processed and analyzed with the statistical program SPSS of ver.17.0. The analysis has led to the following findings. There are three aspects on the complicated causes of the low birth rate: economic, social and institutional. As for the economic aspect, the educational expenses and child-rearing costs are thought of as heavy burden. From a social viewpoint, the values of marriage have changed, and institutionally, there is no sufficient support system such as a maternity leave or a parental leave. To help Andong City solve these problems and promote childbirth, the followings are suggested. First, the educational institutions should be improved to solve the problems of educational expenses and nursing costs. Second, recently, the values of marriage have changed. Work is given priority to marriage. This prevalent way of thought has led young people to avoid childbirth. They should be persuaded to believe that marriage and childbirth are very valuable, and to have their values changed. Third, of late, there has been an increasing tendency to avoid childbirth because of the difficulty of handling work and child-rearing. To solve this problem, legal actions should be taken to make systems such as a maternity leave and a parental leave. As the above research findings have shown, the problem of the low birth rate is not only a personal or familial matter, but a national one. Therefore, to ensure the effectiveness of the policies to promote childbirth, local governments as well as the national government should be committed to making the environment favorable to childbirth and nursing, and raising the low birth rate.

초등학생 미술치료 효과에 대한 메타분석

홍성란 한국교원대학교 교육대학원 2010 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of art therapy programs conducted from 2004 to 2009 in Korea for elementary school students, and the dependency of the effect on each dependent variable or moderating variable. As a method for the study, a meta-analysis is used for inducing a synthetic conclusion by converting results of many studies to particular index values. For the analysis, 108 of doctoral dissertations, master thesis, and articles which study solutions using art therapy for problems of elementary school students were examined. And finally, 91 studies were selected, which compare the latter with the former clearly by setting up experiment group and control group, present statistical values of results obviously, are proper for the condition of dependent variables. Since many of the studies measured more than one dependent variables, from the 91 studies, 162 effect sizes were calculated by Cohen's analysis method(1998) and used for further analysis. The results of the meta-analysis are summarized as follows. Firstly, the overall mean effect size of the art therapy programs in this study turned out to be 1.79. The result shows that art therapy programs for elementary school students were very effective. Secondly, by each dependent variable, the mean effect size on emotion of art therapy programs in this study was 2.06, the mean effect size on problem action of that was 1.86, the mean effect size on self-consciousness of that was 1.74, and the mean effect size on sociality of that was 1.54. Thirdly, the mean effect size of the art therapy programs classified by moderating variables(grade, character of a group, group size, total session, session duration, intervention period) is also calculated. By grade, the mean effect size is 1.95 for senior grade, 1.53 for lower grade, and 1.73 for mixed grade. By character of a group, 1.85 for maladjusted children, 1.70 for normal children, 1.54 for disabled children. By group size, 2.08 for less than 7 children, 1.96 for 8~19 children, 0.94 for more than 20 children. By total session, 2.79 for 16~20 times, 1.80 for more than 21 times, 1.48 for 11~15 times, 1.25 for less than 10 times. By session duration, 2.30 for less than 60 minutes, 1.67 for more than 90 minutes, 1.65 for 60~90 minutes. At last, By intervention period, 2.05 for 13~16 weeks, 1.97 for more than 17 weeks, 1.77 for 9~12 weeks, 1.67 for 5~8 weeks, 1.39 for 1~4 weeks. The conclusion of the study are followings. Firstly, art therapy programs on elementary school students are very effective. Secondly, art therapy for emotion is the most effective in various dependent variables. Thirdly, as a result of each moderating variable, art therapy for higher grade, maladjusted children, smaller group and during shorter session duration is more effective. And, when total session is 16~20 times, and intervention period is 13~16 weeks, the programs have the largest effect. This study can enlarge applicability of art therapy and provide a basic information helping to design and conduct studies on effectiveness of art therapy programs as well as to organize or operate effective art therapy programs in the future. 이 연구는 2004년부터 2009년까지 국내에서 초등학생을 대상으로 실시한 미술치료 프로그램의 전체평균 효과크기를 살펴보고, 미술치료 프로그램의 종속변인별 효과크기의 차이와, 미술치료 프로그램의 처치특성변인별 효과크기의 차이를 알아보기 위한 목적으로 이루어졌다. 연구방법으로는 많은 개별 연구들의 결과를 동일한 측정치로 환산하여 종합적인 결론을 이끌어 내는 메타분석을 실시하였으며, 미술치료 프로그램이 초등학생의 문제해결을 목적으로 연구된 논문을 1차 선정기준에 의거하여 108편의 논문을 수집하였고, 이를 실험집단과 통제집단을 설정하여 사전-사후를 비교한 실험논문, 사례 수 및 통계적 수치가 정확히 제시되어 있으며 종속변인의 조건에 적합한 논문 91편을 최종 선정하였다. 그 결과 총 91편의 분석대상논문에서 162개의 효과크기가 산출되었고, Cohen(1988)의 효과크기 해석기준에 따라서 해석하였다. 메타분석을 통해 산출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미술치료 프로그램이 초등학생에게 미치는 전체평균 효과크기(ES = 1.79)는 큰 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 종속변인별 평균효과크기는 정서영역(ES = 2.06), 문제행동(ES = 1.86), 자아개념(ES = 1.74), 사회성(ES = 1.54)의 순서로 효과가 나타났다. 셋째, 처치특성에 따른 효과크기는 차이는 다음과 같다. 대상학년별 효과크기는 초등학교 고학년(ES = 1.95)이 저학년(ES = 1.53)과 혼합학년(ES = 1.73)보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났고, 대상특성별 효과크기는 부적응 아동(ES = 1.85)이 일반아동(ES = 1.70)과 장애아동(ES = 1.54)보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 집단크기는 7명이하(ES = 2.08), 8~19명(ES = 1.96), 20명이상(ES = 0.94)의 순서로 나타났다. 집단의 총시행 회기수에 따른 효과크기는 16~20회(ES = 2.79), 21회이상(ES = 1.80), 11~15회(ES = 1.48), 10회이하(ES = 1.25)의 순서로 나타났으며, 회기당 시행시간에 따른 효과크기는 60분미만(ES = 2.30)이 90분이상(ES = 1.67)과 60분이상 90분미만(ES = 1.65) 보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 처치기간에 따른 효과크기는 13~16주(ES = 2.05), 17주이상(ES = 1.97), 9~12주(ES = 1.77), 5~8주(ES = 1.67), 1-4주(ES = 1.39)의 순서로 그 효과가 입증되었다. 이 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미술치료 프로그램은 초등학생에게 큰효과가 있다. 둘째, 미술치료 프로그램의 종속변인별 결론을 내리면 초등학생의 정서영역을 목적으로 다룬 미술치료가 가장 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 미술치료 프로그램의 처치특성 변인별 결론을 내리면 미술치료 프로그램의 학년이 높을수록, 부적응 아동에게 집단크기가 작을수록, 회기당 시행시간이 짧을수록 높은 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 총시행 회기수는 16~20회가 가장 효과가 크게 나타났으며, 처치기간은 초등학생에게 13~16주가 가장 효과적임을 나타내었다. 이 연구는 초등학생을 대상으로 한 미술치료의 활용도를 높이고, 효과적인 미술치료프로그램의 구성 및 운영과 더불어 더 발전된 미술치료 프로그램의 효과성 연구의 설계 및 수행에 도움이 되는 기초자료를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다.

Studies on the artificial skin and cell culture using the three-dimensional gelatin-based scaffolds

홍성란 漢陽大學校 大學院 2001 국내박사

This thesis is related with the development of a new artificial skin and the polymer scaffold for tissue engineered organs. The biomaterials used as wound dressing and scaffold for in vivo tissue engineering are usually required to disappear by resorption into the body after accumulation of tissue regeneration. Therefore, the artificial skin and the culture matrix prepared in this study were mainly composed of natural polymers such as gelatin, denatured collagen, and polysaccarides (i.g., alginate, hyaluronate and chitosan). Taking the advantage of unique properties of each biomaterial itself, we prepared various complex sponges made of gelatin-alginate, gelatin-hyaluronate, chitosan-hyaluronate and gelatin-chitosan-hyaluronate, while expecting the synergic wound healing effect. The thesis includes 9 chapters. Chapter 1 described the overview of the tissue engineering, wound healing mechanism, artificial skin, artificial liver and the objectives of the thesis. Chapter 2 showed the preparation and characteristics of a porous crosslinked gelatin-alginate (GA) sponge for an artificial skin. A gelatin-alginate sponge was crosslinked with a non-toxic, biocompatible cross-linker, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). The crosslinking degree was characterized by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay. To enhance the efficacy of medicated wound dressings, the antimicrobial agents such as silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) and gentamicin sulfate were released in a controlled, sustained manner. Based on the biological measurement of drug release, we found out that the drugs loaded sponges were sustained behaviors. A water uptake ability test, in vitro a collagen degradation test and in vivo an animal test were employed to confirm the applicability of this GA sponge as a wound dressing. An in vivo animal test using a Wister rat showed rather the good wound healing effect of the gelatin-alginate sponge containing AgSD than vaseline gauze in our full-thickness skin defect model. In Chapter 3, the crosslinked gelatin-hyaluronate (GH) sponge showed the cross-linking degree of 10-35%, the mean pore sizes of 40-160m, the porosities of 35-67%, and the tensile strength of 10-30 gf/cm2. Especially, the porosities measured by an image analysis showed a tendency to increase with hyaluronic acid (HA) content, resulting in an increased water uptake. The resistance to collagenase degradation in vitro increased for up to 2 days. A silver sulfadiazine (AgSD)-impregnated gelatin-HA sponge was also prepared and compared with a conventional vaseline gauze by applying it onto the dorsal skin defect of the Wistar rat for 5, 12 and 21 days. Histological results showed an enhancement of wound healing in an AgSD-impregnated gelatin-HA sponge. In Chapter 4, the polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) composed of chitosan and hyaluronic acid (CH) were prepared at various pH regions and weight ratios. The pH of a polyion solution determines the properties of the formed PECs because the degree of neutralization depends on the pH of polyion solutions. Therefore, the maximum electrostatic interaction between two polyions is obtained from their fully ionized form. Viscosity measurement of the PEC revealed that the amount of ionized amino groups in chitosan determined the optimum mixing ratio in the preparation of PECs. PECs exhibited the decreased intensity of a wide angle X-ray diffractometer (WAXD) patterns meaning that the crystalline structure of chitosan was interrupted as it is the ionically complexed nature caused the drop in the thermal stability. Histological studies of PEC sponge containing AgSD confirmed the proliferation of fibroblasts in the wound bed and the distinct reduction of infectious cells. In Chapter 5, we compared the wound healing effects in GA, GH and CH sponges as wound dressings in the defect of a rat skin. GH sponge with AgSD was found to show the best wound healing properties as a wound dressing. In Chapter 6, the effect of antibiotic and EGF on the cell proliferation in GH sponges was investigated during epidermal healing on the full-thickness skin defect of a Wistar rat. An immunohistochemical technique, employing PC10, a monoclonal antibody against the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was applied to wounded tissue sections. The number of PC10-positive cells was very high for the sponge with EGF at postoperative days 5, then gradually decreased as the time was prolonged. Also we found that antibiotics restrained the cell proliferation during the migratory phase. The sponge with both antibiotic and EGF showed good wound healing performances on the whole for a healing period. The epithelium was fast regenerated with EGF-impregnated sponges at day 5. The GH sponge with both antibiotic and EGF had the synergic effect which demonstrated a good wound healing at day 21. In Chapter 7, we inveastigated the biodegradability of GH and gelatin-chitosan-hyaluronate (GCH) sponges after the implantation in the subcutaneous connective tissue of a Wistar rat. Fibroblast infiltrated into the GH sponge matrix and regenerated collagen to fill up the matrix. A GH73 sponge induced the more inflammatory response than a GH91 sponge. The inflammatory response might be stimulated by hyaluronic acid up to day 10 and then decreased. In the in vivo degradation test, these sponges retained their stability for more than 15 days and collagen infiltration and newly generated vessel was detected after 15 days of operation in rat model. From the histological review, the portion of chitosan in the sponge played a role in the inflammation response as the similar results of the blood test of rats. The blood test and histological study revealed that GH and GCH sponges had good biocompatibility and low antigenicity available for tissue engineering scaffolds. In Chapter 8, Gelatin-hyaluronic acid sponge was prepared for the cultivation of fibroblasts. The pore size of a GH sponge was optimized to promote the in-growth of fibroblasts by varying the freezing temperature and the mixing ratio of the components. The addition of hyaluronic acid affected the mechanical strength of sponge and the cell attachment. In order to prepare the dermal substrate containing fibroblasts, fibroblast were seeded in the GH sponge at a cell density of 4105 cells/sponge. The attachment of the fibroblasts in a GH91 sponge was better than that in a GH55 sponge. Moreover, the proliferation of fibroblast in GH sponge was rapid and remained constant up to 14 days of operation when compared with cells grown on the monolayer tissue culture plate. The culture of fibroblast in a three-dimensional GH sponge matrix provided physiologic environments similar to in vivo condition. In Chapter 9, we designed a gelatin modified with lactobionic acid (MGLA). The modification of gelatin with galactose residues significantly increased the attachment of hepatocytes on the substrate. The MGLA was prepared to increase a specific interaction between hepatocytes and the matrix. Hepatocytes cultured in the three-dimensional MGLA sponge released much less lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) than those cultured on a collagen type I-coated monolayer. Moreover, the survival rate of hepatocytes cultured in MGLA sponge was longer than those of collagen type I-coated monolayer culture. Hepatic specific metabolic functions, namely, the secretion of serum albumin and the synthesis of urea were well maintained and the formation of spheroidal hepatocytes was promoted in MGLA sponge. A three-dimensional MGLA sponge had the advantageous features to obtain high cell density and to sustain cell viability and liver functions compared with monolayer culture.

박재삼 시연구

홍성란 경기대학교 대학원 1998 국내석사

This thesis aims to clarify the radical difference of poetic representation between earlier and later poems by Park Jae-Sam by tracing various aspects of change in his view of death as well as his death-imageries. Park's poems can be divided into two categories, i.e. the earlier and later poems, and "In Remembrance of Things Past," published in 1983, stands right in the middle of the 40 years of his writing. Most of the death-imageries in earlier poems, as I observed, are represented in the space of light, the bright space where the sunshine (i. e. the light-image) and the sea (i. e. the water-image), into which the juvenile characters in the narrative dive, merges with each other. True, earlier poems carries with them a tragic mood indeed, but they never simply give way to the mood of lamentation. Instead, they, I argue, show a certain sign of getting over from that tragic dimension through the beautiful lyricism. Such an aspect can also be traced in the space of mundane trivialities. The later poems, however, are heavily imbued with depressing death-imageries that reflect, sure enough, his tragic sense of limitation and futility according as he gets older in poverty and starts to recognize the hard fact of his personal death that was coming nearer. The death-imagery and the view of death in the earlier poems can conveniently be divided into two spaces: the space of narrative and the space of routine. The space of narrative is a space in which such characters as Miss Chunhyang, Miss Shim Chong and Mrs. Mun of Nampyuong, and their behaviours are represented in poetically transfigured ways. The death-imageries in the space of routine, however, are represented in far more diversified ways. The narrator, for example, stays aloof from the death of others as well as of his own and, accordingly, guarantees his portrait of death the aesthetic distance needed. In the poetic space of earlier period, Park could maintain the poetic tension and pure lyricism because he was at that time quite healthy. That explains why the death-imageries in the earlier poems, no matter what the space, are so beautifully transfigured into a space of rebirth and resurrection, i.e. a space of brightness where the water-image and light-image dynamically merges with each other. The most important point in Park's view of death in earlier period is that he recognizes death as an entrance that eventually leads to rebirth and resurrection. But in "In Remembrance of Things Past," the starting point of his later period, the poet gradually changes, through the medium of restrospection, his view of death as something positive to something foolish and dreamy. In other words, he comes to deny in his serial poems the positive elements in his juvenile experience, as he is forced to face the coming of his own death. In "In Remembrance of 'Things Past," therefore, the aspects of gradual transition of the poet's perspective of death and its representation can be traced because in the same collection we can see new symptoms of change in his recognition of death which is, I suggest, subsversive to earlier one. And such a tendency continues to be portrayed in "In the Vicinity of Taegwanryung Peak" which truly opens the way to later poems. From "In the Vicinity of Taegwanryung Peak," the dominant mood of his poems is to be the futility, the nihilism and the sense of limitation as a mortal being in confrontation of his own death. Such a recognition of limitation as a human being naturally leads to his tragic perspective, i.e. his sense of death as total disappearance as well as complete destruction. Park finally conveys the destiny of man as a mortal being through such poignantly direct medium as paradox, irony and cynicism.