ATM을 기반으로 한 공군 방공 통신망 개선에 관한 연구

이영근 國防大學院 2000 국내석사

교사특성에 따른 초등학생의 체육수업 만족도에 관한 연구

이영근 서울시립대학교 2011 국내석사

ABSTRACT A Study on The Elementary School Students′Satisfaction of The Physical Education based On Teachers′Characteristics Lee Young-Keun Department of Physical Education Graduate School of Education of the University of Seoul This study is aimed to offer necessary information in designing and operating the physical education of elementary school through the study of elementary school students'satisfaction of physical education based on teachers'characteristics(gender, educational career, yes or no physical education major, yes or no physical education teacher, physical job training time, yes or no of coaching school sports club). In order to achieve this study objective, the questionnaire was carried out targeting 50 teachers and 300 students in the 5th and 6th grade of elementary school within Seongbuk-gu,Seoul. The collected data was used SPSS statistical program for windows. In order to understand the general characteristics in the study subjects, the frequency analysis was calculated, in order to examine whether there was difference in satisfaction with physical education based on teachers'characteristics, one-way ANOVA was carried out. As a result of analysis, the following conclusions were obtained. First, according to analyzing the satisfaction of physical education based on teachers'gender, the boy students had the high satisfaction but there was no significant difference. The boy students had the high satisfaction in the levels of education interest, but there was no significant difference in the levels of skill understand, fitness improvement, education pride, education participation. Second, according to analyzing the satisfaction of physical education based on teachers'educational career, the teachers'educational career had significant difference. the teachers'educational career was the higher, the satisfaction of physical education was the higher. When the teachers'educational career was more than 20 years, both boy and girl students'satisfaction of physical education was the highest. And when the teachers'educational career was 11~19 years, students'satisfaction of physical education was secondly highest. The satisfaction of physical education based on teachers'educational career; the levels of skill understand, fitness improvement, education pride, education interest, education participation had statistical significant difference. Third, according to analyzing the satisfaction of physical education based on whether or not teachers'physical education major, the satisfaction of a major was the higher than non-major in physical education, but the difference was not statistically significant. Fourth, according to analyzing the satisfaction of physical education based on whether or not physical education teachers, the satisfaction of homeroom teachers, but the difference was not statistically significant. Fifth, according to analyzing the satisfaction of physical education based on teachers'physical job training time, it was the highest when the physical job training time was 31~59 hours, and it was the secondly highest when the time was 60 hours over. But the satisfaction of physical education based on teachers'physical job training time was not statistically significant. Sixth, according to analyzing the satisfaction of physical education based on whether or not teachers'coaching school sports club, the satisfaction of not coaching school sports club was the higher than coaching school sports club, but the difference was not statistically significant. Seeing the above conclusions, when the physical education teachers are placed, it is considerated for teachers'educational career to improve the elementary school students'satisfaction of physical education. And it is improved for physical job training system to give the students with satisfaction practically but satisfaction of only teachers. Key Words : teachers'characteristics, the physical education of the elementary school students, satisfaction 국 문 초 록 교사 특성에 따른 초등학생의 체육수업 만족도에 관한 연구 서울시립대학교 교육대학원 체육교육전공 이 영 근 본 연구는 교사의 특성(성별, 교육경력, 체육교육 전공여부, 체육교과전담 경험여부, 체육과 직무연수 이수시간, 학교스포츠클럽 지도여부)에 따른 초등학생의 체육수업 만족도에 관한 연구를 통해 초등학교 체육수업을 설계, 운영하는데 필요한 정보를 제공하는 것이 목적이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 서울특별시 성북구에 소재한 4개 초등학교 5, 6학년 교사 50명과 학생 300명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 회수된 자료는 Windows용 SPSS 통계 프로그램을 이용하였다. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성을 파악하기 위해 빈도분석을 실시하였고, 교사의 특성에 따른 초등학생들의 체육수업 만족도가 유의한 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 일원 변량분석(One-way ANOVA)을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 교사의 성별에 따른 체육수업 만족도를 살펴보면, 남자가 더 높게 나타났으나 그 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 수업흥미도의 경우에는 남자가 여자보다 높게 나타났으나 기능이해도, 체력향상도, 수업자신감, 수업참여도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 교사의 교육경력에 따른 체육수업 만족도를 살펴보면, 교육경력 20년 이상이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 11~19년이 다음으로 높게 나타났으며 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의하여 교사의 교육경력이 높아질수록 만족도가 높음을 알 수 있다. 교사의 교육경력에 따른 체육수업 만족도 즉, 기능이해도, 체력향상도, 수업자신감, 수업흥미도, 수업참여도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 셋째, 교사의 체육교육 전공여부에 따른 체육수업 만족도를 살펴보면, 체육교육을 전공한 교사의 만족도가 전공하지 않은 교사의 만족도보다 높게 나타났지만 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 넷째, 교사의 체육전담교사 경험여부에 따른 체육수업 만족도를 살펴보면, 만족도 전체의 경우 체육전담교사 경험이 없는 교사의 만족도가 경험이 있는 교사의 만족도보다 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 그 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 다섯째, 교사의 직무연수 이수시간에 따른 체육수업 만족도를 살펴보면, 31~59시간이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 60시간 이상이 다음으로 높게 나타났으나 직무연수 이수시간에 따른 만족도 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 교사의 학교스포츠클럽 지도 경험여부에 따른 체육수업 만족도를 살펴보면 학교스포츠클럽 지도를 하지 않은 교사의 만족도가 클럽지도를 한 경험이 있는 교사의 만족도보다 높게 나타났으나 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때, 초등학생의 체육수업 만족도를 높이기 위해서는 체육교과 전담교사 배치 시 교사의 교육경력을 고려하여 배치해야 한다. 또한 체육과 직무연수 제도가 교사들만의 만족을 위한 연수가 아닌 실질적으로 학생들에게 만족감을 줄 수 있는 연수가 되도록 개선되어야 한다. 주요어 : 교사특성, 초등학생 체육수업, 만족도

나트륨의 섭취수준이 정상 성인 여성의 혈압과 혈청 지질 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이영근 숙명여자대학교 대학원 1996 국내박사

최근 만성퇴행성질환의 이환율이 증가하고 있는 현시점에서 고혈압과 관련이 있는 Na섭취 수준이 정상 성인여성의 혈압, 혈청지질 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 본 연구에서는 2차에 걸쳐 실험하였다. 1차 실험에서는 일상식이를 섭취하는 한국 성인여성의 Na 대사에 관한 연구를 하기 위하여 건강한 성인 여대생 20명을 대상으로 이들이 섭취한 3일간의 식이를 수거하고 혈액, 대·소변 분석을 통해 Na대사와 관련된 제 요인들에 대하여 살펴보았다. 또한 2차 실험에서는 l차 실험을 토대로 하여 1차 실험에 참여한 대상자들에게 Na수준을 고 Na식이(290.48mEq Na)와 저 Na식이(51.26mEq Na)로 다르게 하여 각각 6일동안씩 공급한 후 혈압, 혈청내 지질농도와 혈액의 일반성분함량을 비교 분석하고 이들을 다시 대상자들의 salt-민감도인 salt-sensitive에 따라서 salt-sensitivity, salt-resistant, counter-reactive군의 3군으로 분류하여 비교 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1차 실험결과 연구대상자들의 평균 BMI는 21.08kg/m²로 정상범위에 속하였으며, 평균수축기혈압, 확장기혈합은 각각 110.25mmHg, 67.50mmHg였다. 혈청지질, 혈당, 인슐린, 혈청단백질 수준, thrombin time 및 prothrombin time은 모두 정상범위에 속하였다. 혈액중 면역글로불린함량은 IgG와 IgA는 정상범위였으나 IgM은 20%가 정상수준보다 높았다. Na의 1일 평균섭취량은 120.86mEq으로 한국인 영양권장량의 안전섭취량 수준의 81%로 나타났으며 소변과 대변의 1일 평균배설량은 99.88mEq(83%), 4.45mEq(4%)였다. 식이, 혈액 및 대소변중 Na함량은 혈청 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지질, Apo AI, ApoB나 혈액응고시간과는 상관관계를 나타내지 않았으나 소변중 Na함량은 합토글로빈과 유의한 정의 상과관계를 나타냈다. 수축기혈압은 혈청콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, ApoB와 유의적인 상관관계가 있었으며 혈청 합토글로빈은 혈당과 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 이완기혈압은 체중과 체질량지수(BMI)와 유의하게 부의 상관관계를 보였으나 인슐린이나 면역글로불린은 유의적인 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 2차 실험결과에서는 고 Na식을 섭취할 때보다 저 Na식을 섭취할 때에 혈액중의 헤모글로빈, 크레아티닌, 요산, 합토글로빈, ApoB, 인슐린과 면역글로불린은 유의하게 증가한 반면 LDL-콜레스테롤은 증가하는 경향만 보이고 이완기혈압, 평균혈압, 중성지질, ApoA1, 혈액응고시간은 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 수축기혈압, 헤마토크릿치, 혈청의 단백질, 알부민, 글로불린, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤은 Na섭취수준에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 연구대상자를 salt-sensitivity에 따라 3군으로 분류한 후 고 Na식과 저 Na식 섭취시의 저 Na식에서 변화된 사항은 다음과 같다. 평균혈압은 salt-sensitive군과 salt-resistant군에서는 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의차가 없었던 반면, counter-reactive군에서는 오히려 유의하게 증가하였다. 요산은 salt-sensitive군에서 유의한 증가를 하였으나 salt-resistant군과 counter-reactive군에서는 유의차가 없었으며 합토글로빈은 salt-sensitive군과 counter-reactive군에서 유의한 증가를 보였고 salt-resistant군에서는 유의차가 나타나지 않았다. LDL-콜레스테롤은 salt-resistant군과 counter-reactive군에서 유의하게 증가하였으나 salt-sensitive군에서는 유의적인 차이가 보이지 않았으며, ApoB는 salt-sensitive군과 counter-reactive군에서는 유의하게 증가한 반면, salt-resistant군에서는 유의차가 없었다. 인슐린은 salt-resistant군에서 유의하게 증가하였으나 salt-sensitive군과 counter-reactive군에서는 유의차가 나타나지 않았다. 이와는 반대로 저 Na식에서 ApoAl은 salt-sensitive군에서 유의하게 감소하였으나 salt-resistant군과 counter-reactive군에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그밖에 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지질, HDI-콜레스테롤이나 prothrombin time은 Na섭취수준에 의한 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 연구를 종합해보면 고 Na식이보다 저 Na식이에서 이완기 혈압, 평균혈압, 혈청 중성지질, ApoA1함량과 혈액응고시간이 유의적으로 감소된 반면 헤모글로빈, 크레아티닌, 요산, 합토글로빈과 ApoB, 인슐린은 유의적으로 증가되었다. 또한 대상자를 salt-sensitivity에 따라 3군으로 분류하여 비교했을 때는 Na섭취수준에 대한 혈액성상과 혈청지질의 변화는 지질의 종류에 따라 3군이 다르게 나타났다. 특히 혈청지질의 일부와 합토글로빈, 요산, 인슐린은 Na섭취수준에서 민감하게 반응하였다. 그러므로 저 Na식이는 혈압뿐만이 아니라 다른 혈액성상에도 영향을 미쳐 그로 인한 개개인의 전체적인 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 salt-senstivity도 역시 중요하게 고려되어져야 한다고 본다. 따라서 혈압저하를 목적으로 하는 Na제한식의 실시는 다양한 체내의 생화학적 변화와 개인의 salt-sensitivity를 고려한 보다 체계적이고 광범위한 연구가 뒷받침되어야 할 필요가 있으며 이에 따른 적절한 Na제한식의 식이요법을 실시하는 것이 더욱 중요할 것으로 본다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and biochemical parameters related to Na metabolism and the effects of dietary Na levels on blood pressure, serum lipids, and blood parameters in healthy adult women. In the first study, 3-day dietary food records and food collections, anthropometric assessments, and biochemical analyses of serum, 24hr-urine, feces were used to evaluate the relationship between Na metabolism other variables in 20 healthy adult women. The mean BMI was optimal and mean blood pressure was 110.25/67.50mmHg in the subjects. Daily intake of energy was 1578.84kcal, 79% of RDA for Koreans. Also, daily intakes of Na and K were 120.86 mEq and 44.20mEq, respectively. Other physical and biochemical parameters were comparable to the normal ranges. The urinary and fecal excretions of Na were 99.88mEq/day and 4.45mEq/day, and those of K were 30.41mEq/day and 8.66mEq/day, respectively. Body retention, retention rate, and apparent digestibility of Na were 11.76mEq, 13.23%, and 96.31%, and those of K were 5.82mEq, 8.69% and 80.12%, respectively. Urinary and fecal Na/K ratio were 3.48 and 0.52. There were significantly positive correlations between 1) urinary Na, K excretions and intakes of Na or K, 2) urinary Na excretion and serum haptoglobin level and 3) serum K and globulin levels in serum, respectively. There were negative correlations between 1) urinary K excretion and semen ApoA1/Apo B, 2) fecal K excretion and Serum IgA level, 3) systolic blood pressure and serum haptoglobin, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Apo B levels, 4) diastolic blood pressure and BMI. In the second study, 20 subjects were entered into a 2-week crossover study of low-Na diet(51.26mEq) versus high-Na diet(290.48mEq). At the end of low-Na diet and high-Na diet period anthropometric assessments and biochemical analysis of serum, 24hr-urine, feces were conducted. To compare the results, subjects were divided into 3 groups by salt-sensitivity BMI, skinfold thickness of triceps, diastolic and mean blood pressure were lower in low-Na diet than those in high-Na diet. In salt-sensitivity group, decreases in systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure by low-Na diet were shown. Hemoglobin, uric acid, haptoglobin, and creatinine levels in serum were significantly higher in low-Na diet than those in high-Na diet. Among groups with different salt-sensitivity, increment of uric acid and haptoglobin by low-Na diet were shown in salt-sensitive or counter-reactive group. There were no difference in serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol between two diets. Blood pressure, triglyceride, ApoA1 and blood aggregation time were significantly lower in low-Na diet than those in high-Na diet. Serum Apo B, immunoglobulin, creatinine, uric acid, haptoglobin and insulin was significantly higher in low-Na diet than that in high-Na diet. But serum glucose levels were not different by two diets. In salt-resastant and counter-reactive groups, serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly increased by low-Na diet. Thrombin time and prothrombin time were significantly decreased in low-Na diet, and thrombin time was significantly decreased by low-Na diet in counter-reactive group. Body retention of Na was significantly lower in low-Na diet compared to that of high-Na diet. But The level of Na intake did not affect urinary and fecal excretions, body retention of K, retention rate and apparent digestability of Na and K. According to this study, it is concluded that low-Na diet decreased blood pressure, serum triglyceride, serum Apo A1 level and blood aggregation time while serum Apo B, immunoglobulins, creatinine, uric acid and insulin levels were increased. When the subjects were devided into 3 groups by salt-sensitivity, responses of serum lipids and other blood parameters to Na level were different. Especially, the levels of ApoA1, ApoB, haptoglobin, uric acid, insulin and imrnunoglobulin were very sensitive to the level of Na intake in the salt-sensitive group. Therefore, this study suggests that Na-restricted diet affects not only the blood pressure, but other biochemical parameters which in turn affects an individual's overall health. Also salt-sensitivity should be considered as an important determinant. Therefore, it could be suggested that restricted Na diet to decrease blood pressure should be considered various biochemical changes and individual salt-sensitivity.

都市設計 目標體系와 視知覺的 制御要素의 相關性 分析

이영근 忠南大學校 大學院 2001 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to analyze the result and problem of urban design as comparing urban design status following regulation substance by urban design guidelines and it's application. To research of this study, five representative new towns as Bundang in Seongnam, Peyongchon in Anyang, Sanbon in Gunpo, Dunsan in Daejeon, Haeundae in Busan are selected. These cities are commonly developed around the early 1990s in Korea. This study is consisted of three parts as theoretical study, general case study, and specific case study. The first part of this study reviews theoretical backgorund on the urban design guidelines, urban design regulations and control elements. The second part shows the result of comparative analysis between the control substance and the implementation of development in urban design. Main contents of analysis contain boundary of applications, presentational method of regulations, types of regulation, degree of regulatin, type of incentive, exceptional items, similarity of regulation content, and degree of observance for regulation. Through the above main parts, the problems of urban design can be categorized in four types. The first type is related on the degree of regulation; it contains shared-wall, roof, building direction, screen wall, screen shutter, and finishing method of wall surface. The second is the regulation standard, which contains floor area ratio, building height, land use, color, parking, and vehicular entrance. The third is management in usage, which contains private signs, open space of building front, open space of building-to-building, pedestrian path, arcade, and vehicular path. The fourth is the implementation of control elements, which contains harmony of existed building, root garden, and fence. The last part of this study analyzes the inter-relationship between visual objectives of urban design and control elements. Visual characterstics which related on urban design objectives are obtained as continuity, identity, amenity, activity, and publicity. Control elements, which is to support visual characteristics are as below: ·Control element for continuity: shared-wall development, height, building limitation, building line, open space of building front, roof, and arcade ·Control elements for identity: shared-wall development, Building height, Building line, Building direction, and Roof ·Control element for amenity: Open space of building front, shield landscape, public landscape, roof garden, and pedestrian path ·Control element for activity: Building direction, open space of building front, pedestrian path, arcade, and public landscape ·Control element for publicity: Open space of building front, public open space, and public landscape From the above research and analysis, we can conclude that a control element covers not only a specific single goal but also various others. Based on the survey of actual development status in detail, The supporting effect of a control element for the goal does not appear similarly. On the center of above mentined control elements, it analyzes the development characteristics in the degree of supporting for the goal. As a conclusion, this study proposes the basic ways of improvement and suggestions. *A thesis submitted to the committee of Graduate School, Chungnam National University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Conferred in February 2001.

共通不動點定理의 擴張

이영근 慶尙大學校 1992 국내석사

韓國租稅行政의 理念性 評價와 그 發展方向에 관한 硏究

이영근 慶星大學校 大學院 1994 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to present an accurate picture of Korean Tax Administration on the basis of the tax values and principles to be maximized in tax administration and then to propose a way to improve them. The tax administration in Korea today has a tendency toward authoritative, buraucratic, unilateral and directive implementations rather than for public services. Henceforth from 1980, we had to change the goal of our tax administration from simple Tax-Increasing to More of Public Services oriented which are enough to help and assist the nation to attain the goal of Self-Compliance. The tax administration should become the "Services" for the nation, that is to help and assist taxpayers to follow the tax laws. This study tries to suggest the idea on how to administer the democratic and cooperative tax-administration and -techniques on the basis of the tax administrative ideologies(the value to be maximized in Korean Tar Administration) In this respect, this study is constructed to answer the follows. (1) Does the present definition of tax and tax administration which are using today sutable to the democratic society? What is the Democratic Tax Administration? (2) What kind of values and principles has been dominated Tax Administration of Korea until now? (3) What is the normative values and principles to be maximized in Tax Administration of Korea, and now how are they realizing in Tax Administration? (4) What is the ideas how to improve the tax administration and to enhance the desirable administrative values and ideologies. This study also has analyzed and put it order the past and present charsteristics of Korean Tax Administration and summarized such fundmental denotes on it such as objective, function, organization of tax administration and tax policy. As an analytical frame to assess present Ideologies of Korean Tax Administration, this study has suggested the future oriented and desirable Ideology Model which is congenial to Democratic Tax Administration. This Model has invoked Co-productivity Model in the service delivery by Whitaker. In the Model, it is suggested the mission of future-oriented Tax Administration. The mission is to explore ways and means to further raise co-productivity in Public Service Delivery. To maximize co-productivity in the tax administration process, it is to encourage and achieve the highest possible degree of voluntary compliance with the tax laws and regulations and to maintain the highest degree of public confidence in the effectiveness and efficiency of the service. And what is more important mission should be to encourage and achieve the highest possible degree of fairness and equality of the tax structure and administration as well as openness and participation in the tax administration process. This study has also surveyed to assess the picture of Korean Tax Administration, based on the variables presented in the Ideology Model. The Certified Tax Accountants as a tax specialists was picked up through random sampling. The findings of the empirical study are as follows. First, the degree of the Legality in the Korean Tax Administration is more or less higher than other ideologies, such as efficiency, fairness and responsiveness of Tax Administration. Second, the degree of effectiveness is the most higher ideology. that is because since the 1960s, our government has emphasized securing revenues(Tax-Increasing) to propel economic development. Third, the degree of fairness or equality which means distributional justice and an equitable sharing of Tax Burden is lacking in both the sector of tax structure and the sphere of tax administration. Fourth, the biggist problemetic value and principle in the Korean Tax Administration is the responsiveness to the need of tax payers. It was assessed by the indicators such as the degree of openness in various administrative information, the degree of accessbility to administrative materials, and the degree of participation in the tax policy making and implementation process. To maximize co-productivity in tax administration, value and principles, such as efficiency, effectiveness, legality, equality and responsiveness should be improved concurrently. To improve such ideologies, we should alter the tax administration policy suitable to existing circumstances, subdevide and re-deligate the power and authorities to the national, regional and district offices and organization internally. Plan, program and workprogram should be decided by appropriate officials and organizations, and should be decided accordance with what could really be considered fair to the public. And also the legality should be emphasized to be kept both the Office of National Tax Administration and tax payers. To improve efficiency and economy in Korean Tax Administration, scientific management and Mass Data Processing System should be introduced. Tax-relevent organizations incuding the Office of National Tax Administration should be functionally reorganized from the present work-oriented organization to client-oriented organization. Ways on how to improve equality or fairness in Tax Administration has been presented as follows. - Tax reform to equitable tax burdens - Change to approriate ratio between the direct tax system and indirect tax system - Rational management of Tax-Reduction System - Adoption to Tax Expenditure Budget Sysyem - Development of how to prevent tax evasion and noncompliance To improve tax-payer's responsiveness and democratic procedure, the appellate system should be changed to the practical and effective system to prevent infringement of tax-payer's right. Furthermore, the authoritative, arrogant and impolite attitude of tax officials should be improved and replaced with a new spirit of serving, assisting and guiding taxpayers, and make them to enjoy their everyday life without any stress on their property.

鐵骨과 鐵筋콘크리트로 構成된 複合構造보 連結部의 應力傳達에 관한 實驗的 硏究

이영근 釜慶大學校 大學院 2001 국내석사

Gradient 演算字를 이용한 胸部放射線 映像의 改善에 관한 硏究

이영근 東亞大學校 大學院 1990 국내석사

In this paper, Gradient operators such as sobel and Roberts operators, not only enhance image edges but also tend to enhance noise. We found that sobel operator subjectively produced much better results than did the Roberts operators for the same image. By applying pill box, Gaussian, or median filtering prior to applying a gradient operator, noise was reduced. The resulting improved visualization can be particularly helpful for objects that can be difficult to visualize without processing such as lung nodules.

다양한 정밀도를 갖는 저전력 MAC 연산기 설계

이영근 한양대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

휴대용 전자 장치들이 점점 더 DSP(Digital Signal Processing) 능력을 요구하고 있는 추세이며, DSP 응용 분야에서 전력 소모를 줄이는 것이 시간 지연이나 크기를 줄이는 문제 등에 비해서 더 중요한 요소로 부각되고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 회로를 설계함에 있어서 정확한 동작에 영향을 주지 않는 범위에서는 전력 소모를 줄이기 위하여 약간의 오차는 허용하는 것이 추세이다. FIR(Finite Impulse Response) 필터와 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transformation)과 같은 많은 DSP 응용 분야는 계수를 곱함으로써 결과를 도출한다. 그러므로 계수 곱셈을 최적화시키는 것이 회로의 전체 성능을 향상시키는 결과를 가져다준다. 계수가 2의 거듭 제곱 꼴인 경우, 시프트(shift)를 이용하여 곱셈 연산을 대체할 수 있다. ARM 프로세서 경우, 배럴 시프터(barrel shifter)는 계수가 2의 거듭 제곱 꼴인 경우, 빠른 곱셈 처리를 위하여 중앙연산처리 장치의 보조 장치로 동작한다. 예를 들어, 4를 곱하는 것을 왼쪽으로 2만큼 시프트하는 연산으로 대체할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 2개 이상의 배럴 시프터를 사용함으로써 이 생각을 확장한다. 또한 이런 설계로 인하에 효과적으로 곱셈기를 사용하지 않고 곱셈 연산을 하는 회로를 만들어 냈다. 본 논문에서 2개 또는 3개의 시프터를 사용함으로써 계수들을 표현할 수 있는 범위를 넓힐 수 있었다. 이렇게 표현된 계수들을 바탕으로 FIR 또는 DCT 동작을 거의 오차가 없게 실행하였다. 게다가 다양한 정밀도(Variable Precision) 기법을 적용함으로써, 제안된 구조들은 기존의 구조들과 동일한 결과를 얻으면서도 전력 소모, 회로 크기 등의 성능 면에서 큰 향상을 보였다. 결과를 살펴보면, 최상의 회로 구조로 제안한 3개의 배럴 시프터와 다양한 정밀도를 가지는 구조가 연산에 대한 오차가 거의 없으면서도 전력 소모가 곱셈기로 이루어진 구조에 비해 56% 감소한다. 다양한 정밀도의 효과만 보더라도 25%의 성능 향상을 보였다. 이러한 결과들이 본 논문에서 제안된 구조는 전력 소모를 줄이는데 효과가 크다는 것을 증명해 주었다. As more and more portable devices require DSP capabilities, reducing or area when running DSP applications on mobile devices. Therefore, the design constraint that computation results should be 100% accurate is sometimes relaxed in order to reduce power consumption as long as the error bound is tolerable. Many DSP applications such as FIR filtering and DCT (discrete cosine transformation) require multiplications with constants. Therefore, optimizing the performance of the constant multiplication is highly desirable to improve the overall performance. It is well-known that shifting can replace a constant multiplication if the constant is a power of 2. In case of ARM processors, a barrel shifter is employed as part of the main ALU to implement faster multiplication with a constant when the constant is a power of 2. In this thesis, we extend this idea in such a way that by employing more than 2 barrel shifters we can design highly efficient constant multipliers. We have found that by using 2 or 3 shifters, we can generate a large set of constants, and using these constants we can execute a typical set of FIR or DCT applications with none or little errors. Furthermore, with variable precision support, we can carry out a fairly large class of DSP applications with high computational efficiency. Compared with conventional multipliers, we could achieve up to 56% of power saving while having negligible computational errors.

BaTIO3계 PTC세라믹의 특성에 미치는 첨가물의 영향과 전기적 특성에 대한 모델링

이영근 경상대학교 2001 국내박사