금형 구조부 가공을 위한 효율적 공구 충돌 알고리즘 조사

金炯滿 성균관대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

In mold structure machining, tool interference is a phenomenon which results from a collision between a blade of tool and a workpiece. Also tool collision is a phenomenon which results from a collision of holder with the object to be machined. These phenomena not only cause damages to mold and tool but also increase machining time and cost. To detect a collision of a tool to mold structure, first of all, the mold structure and a tool must be defined with famous geometric models such CSG, B-rep, and Voxel. A tool is defined as a combination of the blade, the shank, and the holder. This thesis reviews various collision detection algorithms using z-map and computer 3D graphic collision detection algorithms for the tool in machining a mold structure. Especially, those algorithms have been reviewed based on their effectiveness. The effectiveness of an algorithm can be defined as its accuracy, less memory size, and fast computational speed. Based on this research, both the characteristics of the collision detection algorithm have been summarized, and more effective method`s for detecting collisions have been proposed.

식이내 지방의 함량과 섬유소의 첨가가 흰쥐의 체내 지방대사에 미치는 영향

이금형 고려대학교 1980 국내석사

ADSL 시스템용 4차원 TCM복호기의 저전력 구조 설계 연구

이금형 연세대학교 대학원 2000 국내석사

본 연구에서는 ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 시스템에서 부호화 및 변조 방식으로 사용되는 4차원 TCM(Trellis Coded Modulation) 복호기 저전력 구조 설계를 위한 계산량 감축 방식 및 이의 하드웨어 구조를 제안한다. 제안된 방식은 부집합 디코딩을 통한 트렐리스상 가지값 계산을 모듈 연산으로 대체하고 전체 복호과정을 가지값 계산, 비터비 복호, 부집합 디코딩 순서로 변형한다. 제안된 TCM 복호기 구조는 가지 매트릭 계산부, MLSE(Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation)를 수행하는 비터비 디코더부, 공유 구조를 갖는 부집합 디코더 및 Demapper로 구성된다. MLSE에 필요한 4차원 가지 매트릭 계산은 곱셈 연산이 필요한 부집합 디코딩을 모듈 연산으로 대체하여 연산량을 줄였고, 부집합 디코딩은 비터비 복호로 선택된 부집합에 대해서만 수행하므로 저전력 설계가 가능하다. ADSL 시스템에서 필요한 부호화 이득을 갖는 복호기 설계를 위해 수신 신호 해상도와 비터비 디코더 디코딩 깊이를 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 결정하고 이를 근거로 VHDL을 이용하여 제안하는 복호기를 설계하였다. 상위 수준의 검증이 확인된 모델을 LG 0.6㎛ 공정을 이용하여 하위 수준으로 합성하고 검증하였다. 제안된 4차원 TCM 복호기는 38K 게이트로 합성되었으며, 부호화 이득이 3.8dB∼4dB를 얻을 수 있었다. This thesis presents a new method for reducing the decoding operation in 4D(Dimension) TCM(Trellis Coded Modulation) for ADSL(Asymmetric Digital subscriber Line). The simple modulo operation replaces the operation of multiplication in branch metric calculation. Single subset decoder is shared with four subset decoders by modifying the entire decoding procedure as follows: branch metric calculation, Viterbi decoding, Subset decoding. The architecture of proposed TCM decoder consists of 4D metric calculation, Viterbi decoder, Subset decoder and Demapper. 4D metric calculation performs branch metric calculation with no need for multiplication, Viterbi decoder determines 4D subset using MLSE(Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation), Subset decoder to decode 2D signals is shared with four subsets, The proposed architecture and the decoding technique reduces power consumption because multiplier in branch metric calculation for MLSE is substituted by modulo operation and the modified decoding procedure reduces the number of subset decoding. The precision of input signal and viterbi decoding depth to design TCM decoder which satisfies the required coding gain are determined using computer simulation. With those two parameters, the our proposed 4D TCM decoder is synthesized and verified using VHDL. The proposed TCM decoder is designed and verified with 0.6㎛ CMOS technology of LG. It contains about 38K gates and guarantees coding gain 3.8dB∼4dB.

밀레니얼-Z세대 다주택자의 주거투자성향에 관한연구

이금형 동의대학교 부동산대학원 2022 국내석사

Considering the Millennial-Z generation in their 20s and 30s who live in modern times, words such as youth, passion, and challenge are also emerging but the view of those who looking at the Millennial-Z generation these days is not so hopeful. They indirectly experienced the difficulties of their parents due to the IMF financial crisis in their youth and they are being pushed into the employment market, which is becoming fierce in the global financial crisis and the global economic crisis caused by COVID- 19. Millennial-Z generation (born in 1982-2006) is a term referring to the younger generation in their 20s and 30s who live in this modern age and their consumption pattern and movement are completely different from the baby boom generation. Also, because they are becoming the center of future society and have strong influence, the study on the Millennial-Z generation is expected to be an important issue in each field in the future. Millennial-Z generation is suffering from employment difficulties in the economic crisis several times in entering society, and even if they are employed, most of them are irregular workers and are not guaranteed the stability of employment. They also have a lot of difficulties in the economic sector due to the steep rise in housing cost and living expenses. In order to solve the anxiety about this future, they started to invest in various ways by collecting seed money, and one of them is to increase assets and prepare for unstable future through investment in residential real estate, which is a relatively stable asset. This study examined literature and previous studies on Millennial-Z generation and multi- house owners living in Busan Metropolitan City and surveyed the current status of residential real estate, important factors of choice and propensity in residential real estate investment. Based on this data, the results of the study on the investment propensity of Millennial-Z generation with multi-housing were summarized as follows. First, the analysis of general status of the Millennial-Z generation with multi-homeowners showed that the office workers were the most in the occupational group and in the total ratio, 56.4% of the respondents with annual income of more than 45 million won accounted for more than half, with less than 300 million won in assets, and many households living together with couples and children. In addition, the reason why they invest in residential real estate is that the majority of respondents said that they have profit from the market (66.4%), followed by 38.2% of the respondents. Second, the analysis of the current status of housing ownership of Millennial-Z generation with multi-housing showed that 87.3% of the two homeowners were the most, and as mentioned above, 61.8% of the respondents did not have rental income because they want to have market profit and prepare for their old ages. As a result of multiple responses to the types of real estate they own, 90% of respondents have apartments and the area they own was Busan Metropolitan City with 57.3%, followed by local small and medium cities with 22.7%. And it was found that the higher the age, the higher the proportion of multi-homeowners. Third, as a result of the average analysis of important optional factors when investing in residential real estate, Investment in economic factors (3.98m), loan regulation (3.9m) in social factors, traffic accessibility (4.08m) in location factors, parking facilities (3.92m) in facility factors, and risk facilities (3.8m) in environmental factors showed high scores in importance within each factor. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the investment propensity of residential real estate, the investment propensity of millennial-Z generation was most common in risk neutral type (68.6%), they preferred goods value of 100~300 million won and investment of 50~ 100 million won, and the preferred investment target was apartments (84.5%). In addition, the expected annual return is 50 ~ 100%, and it is expected to rise 75.5% from the real estate price increase forecast. As a result of this study, we understand why Millennial-Z generation is forced to invest in residential real estate, the government should not drive them as real estate speculators, but should implement various deregulation policies so that they can freely invest in the market economy in accordance with the market economy society and should make sure that the real estate price is stabilized by being formed according to the market principle. 현대를 살아가는 20,30대 밀레니얼-Z세대를 바라보면 젊음, 열정, 도전의식등의 단어가 생각나기도 하지만, 요즘 밀레니얼-Z세대를 바라보는 시선들은 그리 희망적이지는 않다. 청소년 시기 IMF 외환위기로 인한 부모세대들의 어려움을 간접적으로 체험했고, 사회에 나와서는 글로벌 금융위기와 코로나 19로 인한 세계적 경제 위기 속에서 치열해지는 고용시장에 내몰리고 있는 실정이다. 밀레니얼-Z세대(1982~2006년생)는 이러한 현시대를 살아가는 20,30대 젊은 세대를 지칭하는 용어로써 이들의 소비패턴과 움직임은 부모세대인 베이비붐세대와는 전혀 다르며, 또한 이들은 미래사회의 중심이 되어가고 있으며, 영향력이 강한 세대이기 때문에 밀레니얼-Z세대에 관한 연구는 앞으로도 각 분야에서 중요한 이슈가 될 것이라 예상된다. 밀레니얼-Z세대는 사회에 진출에 있어 몇 차례 경제위기속에서 취업난을 겪고 있으며, 설령 취업을 했다 하더라도 대부분이 비정규직으로 고용의 안정성을 보장받지 못해 늘 미래에 대한 불안함에 쌓여 생활하고 있다. 또한 가파르게 오르는 주거비용과 생활비등으로 인하여 경제적 부분에서 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이러한 미래에 대한 불안함을 해소 하기위해 이들은 종자돈을 모아서 여러 방법으로 투자를 하기 시작했으며, 그 중 하나로 비교적 안정자산인 주거부동산 투자를 통하여 자산증식 및 불안한 미래의 대비를 하려고 한다. 본 연구는 부산광역시에 거주하는 밀레니얼-Z세대와 다주택자에 대한 문헌자료와선행연구를 살펴보고 이들이 현재 보유중인 주거부동산 현황과, 주거부동산투자시 중요선택요인 및 주거투자성향에 대한 조사하였고, 이를 토대로 밀레니얼-Z세대 다주택자의 주거투자성향에 관한 연구 결과를 다음과 같이 정리하였다. 첫째, 밀레니얼-Z세대 다주택자의 일반적인 현황에 대한 분석결과는 직업군에서는 직장인이 가장많았으며, 전체 비율에서 연소득 4,500만원 이상인 응답자가 56.4%로 과반수 이상을 차지했고, 보유자산은 3억원 이하가 많았으며, 부부와 자녀가 함께 사는 가구가 많았다. 또한 이들이 주거부동산에 투자하는 이유로는 시세차익(66.4%)이라는 응답이 과반수 이상이며, 다음으로 노후대비(38.2%)때문이라는 응답이 뒤를 이었다. 둘째, 밀레니얼-Z세대 다주택자의 주택보유현황에 대한 분석결과는 2주택소유자가 87.3%로 가장 많았으며, 이들이 주거부동산에 투자하는 이유가 위에서 언급한 것과 같이 시세차익 및 노후대비이기 때문에 임대수입 유무 설문에서 61.8%가 임대수입이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 보유부동산 종류에 대한 다중응답결과 응답자의 90%가 아파트를 보유하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이들이 보유하고 있는 지역은 부산광역시가 57.3%로 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 지방중소도시 22.7%로 나타났다. 그리고 나이가 높을수록 다주택자의 비중이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 주거부동산투자시 중요선택요인에 대한 평균분석결과, 경제적 요인에서 투자금(3.98m), 사회적 요인에서 대출규제(3.9m), 입지적 요인에서 교통접근성(4.08m),시설적 요인에서 주차장시설(3.92m), 환경적 요인에서 위해시설(3.8m)로 각요인 안에 중요도에서 높은 점수가 나왔다. 넷째, 주거부동산 투자성향에 대한 분석결과 밀레니얼-Z세대 투자성향은 위험 중립형(68.6%)이 가장 많았으며, 이들은 물건가액 1~3억 미만에 투자금 5,000만원~1억원 미만 투입되는 물건을 선호 하였으며, 선호투자대상은 아파트(84.5%)으로 나타났다. 또한 기대연수익은 50~100%기대수익으로 잡고 있으며, 향후 부동산 가격상승전망에서 75.5%상승할 것으로 전망하고 있다. 본 연구의 시사점으로 밀레니얼-Z세대가 왜 주거부동산 투자를 할 수밖에 없는 지를 우리사회에서 이해하고, 이들을 투기꾼으로 몰것이 아니라 시장경제사회에 맞게 시장경제 속에서 자유로운 투자 할동을 할 수 있도록 정부에서는 각종 규제 완 화정책등을 펴야할 것이며, 부동산 가격이 시장 원리에 맞게 형성되어 안정될 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

비행소년에 대한 경찰의 다이버전 정책에 관한 연구

이금형 동국대학교 2008 국내박사

The Korean Juvenile Law which succeeded the Youth Judiciary System since it was established in 1958 has not particularly changed in terms of treatment on juvenile offenders, whereas the new policies such as 󰡒the Police Diversion explaining that a plan under the pretext of proper guidance with no indiction at the police stage󰡓 and 󰡒Restorable Justice󰡓have been reflected in the Judiciary System in the advanced countries. They newly established󰡐a plan for suspension of indictment under the pretext of proper guidance by the public prosecutor at the stage of the Public Prosecutors󰡑Office󰡑in the revised Juvenile Law which came into force on June 22 2008, however, the opinions insisted by the experts and police that making a regulation of 󰡐the Police Diversion󰡑due to it󰡑s the most effectful method to guide the juveniles to the good behaviors and to prevent them from repeatable delinquency were consequently not reflected in the revised Juvenile Law. Therefore, most of the minor juvenile cases without closing at the police stage are transferred to the Public Prosecutors󰡑Office and then because their offenses are almost indicted with no physical detention, the priorities to treat the juvenile cases should be postponed. And the juveniles have to comply with the summons much later the cases are transferred and have to be investigated by the prosecutors in several times. Then 68% from the juvenile offences are fallen with non-indictment and eventually it has been produced a lot of juvenile criminals. And prolonged judicial procedures against juvenile offenders who in the growth period may cause severe negative effect to them such as giving troubles at school(67.8% from the juvenile offenders was junior and high school students in the year of 2007) or in the society, exposing them to a criminal environment easily, and labeling them by not only the society (families, friends and so forth) but also by their own will. This phenomena is related to exceed over 30% of juveniles󰡑repeatable delinquency in Korea. Different with other countries, without taking 󰡒the Police Diversion󰡓, all juvenile offenders are transferred to the Public Prosecutors Office directly and the disposal by the prosecutors are divided in two ways, non-indictment and indictment, not to be dealt by the Juvenile Court. Therefore. the ratio of repeatable juvenile delinquency is getting higher and higher. However, as I mentioned in this article, juveniles should be focused on protection with good guidance not to punish them for their improper behaviors and minor juvenile offenders should be treated on the control of 󰡒the Police Diversion󰡓. These are normal Juvenile judicial policies in other countries. As a countermeasure to solve problems of the current Juvenile Justice System, it is suggested to adopt 󰡒the Police Diversion󰡓 which means a diversion from the judicial system to non-judicial system against minor juvenile offenders, but this plan is sometimes criticized that it may cause the offences take a turn for the worse with excessive generosity and was just an old fashioned plan in the advanced countries such as the US or UK in the 1970s. In the Police Diversion, the adolescence-limited delinquents are only defined to adopt to the growing minor juveniles but repeatable juvenile offenders and violent criminals are transferred to the Public Prosecutors Office as it used to be. In the 1970s the United States, with criticism against the juvenile diversion, research for a transfer of a juvenile󰡑s case to the adult court revealed that it didn't cause an efficient restraint for violent juvenile offences in the US. In the 20th century of England, most of the juvenile judicial procedures were based on social welfare but the juvenile procedures changed into non-tolerance based on punishment through a boy's brutal crime, and these changes have become a legal base with the Police Diversion like 󰡒A final warning from the Police󰡓. A self-reported minor juvenile offender can be treated by the Police Diversion for 4 years in western countries. In case he or she finishes the Diversion program with non-indictment, he or she can be returned to the society successfully. To make the juvenile offender come back to the society, it is absolutely needed to have a legal base for ?the Police Diversion?. There're two ways to regulate the special act on the juvenile offences, first, a way to provide for in the law ?the Police Diversion? itself connected with the regulation of conditional suspension of indictment by the Public Prosecutor and second, a way of declaration, a special act designed to prevent juvenile offences and guidance in the context of special law, however, it is desirable to create legal base through declaration a special act. Ensuring professional manpower takes part in various skillful guidance programs not only police officers, criminal psychologist, juvenile delinquency advisers and social workers with successful development for introducing ?the Police Diversion?, should be preferential basis. In order to achieve the goal, it is suggested to connect guidance programs which run in each governmental agencies by establishing 󰡒The Juvenile Crime Prevention Center󰡓and the discretionary authority should be given to the police to guide the juvenile offenders properly and to prevent juveniles󰡑repeatable delinquent activities. We have to form the firm foundation of integrated system for juvenile guidance activities. Most of all, not only juvenile's voluntary and positive participation into rehabilitation and guidance activities but also cooperation with the families of victims and guilty party, the police, the judicial authorities and NGO should be combined altogether. And lastly, We have to try to help the minor juvenile offenders who have a possibility to return as a successful member of the society through the most effective Police Diversion programs.

Motion estimation and Keypoint extraction using inter-frame information from monocular video

금형철 포항공과대학교 인공지능대학원 2022 국내석사

In 2012, the appearance of AlexNet [1] in the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge [2], the largest image classification competition, provided a fundamental framework for how deep learning can be applied to visual intelli- gence. The CNN-based visual intelligence system constituting AlexNet is one of the neural network structures that are still widely used. Since then, with the ad- vent of ResNet in 2015, the ability of computers to classify images has surpassed humans. ResNet is one of the most widely used visual intelligence models even now. Since AlexNet, Image classification ability of the machine has made unprece- dented progress in the decade. Deep learning has been introduced in almost all areas, and it has shown rapid performance improvement in each field. Deep learn- ing has opened up the possibility that we can use the properties of data more abundantly, which have previously been difficult to consider. As a representative I example among them, deep learning demonstrates the new possibility of a gener- ative model [3] in which computers can visualize abstract concepts. Meanwhile, research on estimating 3D information from 2D images or restoring structures is also being widely conducted. Recent neural rendering techniques have reached a level that can replace the SfM technology prior to [4]. In addition, in recent years, a neural network structure that is good for computer vision models and other signal models (e.g., natural language, voice, etc.) to converge with each other has evolved into a large-scale multi-modal form [5]. Ultimately, the goal of purely computer vision is to better understand the present environment or predict the near future by utilizing past information from continuous visual inputs, such as human eyes. We are using these image sequence data as the video. Thus, the video data-based vision problem is bound to be a step closer to general visual intelligence. In this study, two research results are proposed using such video data. One is the study of estimating the real scale Depth and Sceneflow from monocular videos. It proposes the first monocular integrated pipeline, and does not require any stereo images or LiDAR data. Second, we propose an algorithm to extract and match dense keypoints from the current frame based on keypoints extracted from the past frame of the video. This algorithm works well with any keypoint matching algorithm and can be used by connecting to the front end of the keypoint extractor. The proposed methods demonstrate the usability of various mid-level vision tasks utilizing the time axis of the video. Based on this, we discuss future applications and future research. Our method proposed through these studies is as follows. • First monocular video training pipeline and Depth, Sceneflow inference architecture • Template search techniques for dense keypoint matching

AIDS 치료 효과 관찰을 위한 HIV-RNA 측정의 유용성

金炯晳 仁濟大學校 大學院 2009 국내석사

HIV와 AIDS는 우리나라에만 국한된 것이 아니라 세계의 평화와 안전에 대한 위협으로 보고 있다. 외국에 비해 우리나라는 50세 이상 고령층의 AIDS(후천성면역결핍증) 발병이 2006년 이후 30세 미만을 앞지르고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 30세 미만의 에 이즈 발병자는 05년도 154명 06년도 172명 07년도 149명으로 줄어들었으나, 50세 이상 고령층은 05년도 138명에서 06년도 175명 07년도 189명으로 늘어나, 현재의 30세 미만 중심의 획일적인 에이즈 예방 정책을 개선할 필요성이 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 현재에도 AIDS 치료법은 계속 계발되고 있으며 약물치료로 인해 사망률이 70%로 감소되었다. 본 연구는 2006년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 2년간 부산 P병원에 내원한 AIDS 환자들 중 신환(처음 내원한 환자) 100명을 대상으로 환자의 혈액을 채취하여 유세포 분석법으로 T-cell subset을 실시하여 CD4와 CD8이 역전된 환자들을 대상으로 HIV-RNA dctection을 측정하여 HIV-RNA의 검출여부를 확인하여 현재 약물치료중인 AIDS 환자들이 약물치료가 얼마나 효과적이었는지 확인할 수 있는 좋은 기회가 되었다. CD4와 CD8이 역전된 환자들 중 HIV-RNA가 처음부터 검출되지 않은 환자군, HIV-RNA가 처음에는 검출되었으나 약물치료로 인해 검출되지 않은 환자군, HW-RNA 검출 유무가 약물치료 중 계속 반복된 환자군, 그리고 HIV-RNA가 계속 검출된 환자군 이 네 가지 그룹으로 나눠졌다. 그 중 세 번째 환자군은 HIV-RNA가 검출되더라도 아주 미량으로 검출되어 다음 측정 시에는 모든 환자들이 HIV-RNA가 검출되지 않았다. HIV and AIDS have been recognized as the intimidatory diseases that does not limited only in our country but also for the peace and safe in over the world. In comparison to the cases of abroad, the occasion of occurrences of AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in over 50 years old person were more than the age less than 30 after the year 2006. The number of AIDS patients younger than 30 years old was 154 in 2005 and 172 in 2006 then this has been decreased in 2007 to 149 but, the number of patients over 50 has been increased from 138 in 2005 to 175 in 2006 then 189 in 2007 so the requirement for the development of intensive policies for the early precautions of AIDS to those people who aged less than 30 would be necessary. Those treatments for AIDS have been developing until now and the medicinal treatments reduced the death rate to 70%. This study has been conducted with AIDS patients who had never visited hospital before at the P hospital in Susan for two years period, from January 2006 to December 2007. The flow cytometric analysis of T-cell subset was performed with the blood sample collected from a 100 patients and then HIV-RNA within the patients who had symptoms of translocated CD4 and CD8 was detected to see how the medicinal treatment was effective to on treating patients. There four groups of patients were divided in those criterion that patients had no detentions of HIV-RNA but CD4 and CD8 were translocated, the RNA detected in the first place but not detected any more after the medicinal treatments, HIV detected inconsistently during the treatment, and the RNA detected consistently. However, the third group of patients who had inconsistent detection of RNA showed a negligible amount of the RNA detection but was no longer detected in the next measurement.

내열성 α-amylase 처리 압출팽화미분의 이화학적 특성

金螢宰 순천대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

This study was aimed to prepare rice flour extrudates(RE) desirable for development of on-the-go rice food and investigate their physicochemical properties. In order to cause mechanical and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice starch, rice flour(RF) was extruded with thermostable α-amylase(0, 0.4, 0.8, 3, and 5%) at 80, 85, 95℃ for the I, II, and III sections of barel, respectively, 0.775 kg/min feed rate, 250 rpm screw speed, and 30% moisture content. Expansion ratio(ER) was >1 for RE-0.4 and 0.8% while <1 for RE-3 and 5%, indicating weak puffing by severe hydrolysis and shrinkage during cooling after extrusion. Extrusion with increasing enzyme addition ratio resulted in RE with a lower WAI and higher WSI. WSI of RE-0.4% was 5 times higher than RE-0% while its WAI was a half of RE-0%. Digestibility of RE-5% was lower by 25∼30% than that of RE-0%. Extrusion with α-amylase promoted a reduction in paste viscosity, which was more intense with the amylase addition amount. RE-0.4 and 0.8% showed higher dispersion stability in cold water, especially at >16% concentration, compared to RP and other RE. Results in this study suggested that extrusion with 0.4% amylase would be desirable for development of instant rice food with high digestibility and desirable dispersion properties in cold water.

김성동 소설 『만다라』에 나타난 갈등의 인과성

金亨順 충북대학교 2007 국내석사

The nobel of "Mandara" published in 1979,written by Kim Sung-Dong, is the author's autobiographical containing his 10 year's experiences fro m retiring to a mountain to enter the priesthood to returning to secular life.It contains the strong messages and feelings of the seekers after truth such as the world of absolute freedom which they would like to reach through study of the Zen cult,asceticism and wandering,the senses of futilities and sorrows felt when the hopefully attaning buddhahood is far away and anony is continued,the pains watching all the sorrow and the subsequent pleas,and the unrealized bygone days' vestiges of love, through the stages that the young monk,Bubwoon and the depraved monk,Jisan had met each other and then were frozened to death. The reasons why this literary is choosed as the research task is that the stages of conflicts and wandering of Buddhist monk,Jisan with which he came and went to life as a seeker after truth and wolrdly life describe well the contradiction as an ancient meaning altogether with Buddhistical subject matters, that in the point of view that the religion and the literature aim to human being and self-reflection to life,things the present society hungers for is accomplished considerably through the subject matter of 'the conflict', and that over all the literary,the 'conflict' is essentially scattered from the theme and subject matter to the formation as a process for seeking the individual and social directions.and that there is the possibility of creating the Buddhist literature by recognizing the era,says,of Buddhist literature's participation in the realities of life through 'the conflict'.In this regards,the 'conflict' is selected as an essential task alongwith the subject. The young seeker for truth,Jisan who couldn't reach the world of 'Mandara' represented as the stage of perfect composure and harmony shows the limitation with which modern human are buried at the daily routine and meaninglessness and the subsequent result to the catastrophic world.And till the above herein is resulted,there is the law of cause and effect related to the main charater. There are the ontological and the not-ontological in the law of cause and effect.Modern social structure regards the ontological law of cause and offect as recognition process as a whole as the just and reasonable point of view, which is resulted from thoughtless introducing of Western civilization such as politics,ecomony,religion and science,etc.But this thesis does not adopt the ontological as an physical and spiritual recognizing process,but the transmigrationism of the ontological which is come from the oriental thought,especially the Buddhistic. In order to study the approaching methed of the transmigrationism related with choosing the subject of literary,firstly I have traced the side of time and place and the side of spirit.The character in literary had doubt with the contradiction of social phenomenon related to his position.And his conflict shows the beginning of wandering, occuring in succession and the end of death. And a serious of wandering have changed and strenthened by the cause and effect of time and place and sprit. From the above reason,the subjects of this thesis is summarized into some catagories briefly.First,thers is the law of cause and effect from external factors around Jisan. External factors herein means the configurational meanings such as environment factors and persons around main character.Regading to the path of character,when he was a young seeker for truth to practice asceticism,he fell in love with a student at a women's colleage in incidential chance.By a singular chance,his life was stood on the sequent line of wandering,which was,subject to the 5 steps desire of Maslow,the stages that main charater experienced his latent unsatisfactory desire outward and the amplification of desire responding to the closed environment and strengh of conflicts. Second,thers is the law of cause and effect from internal factors in Jisan which is related with mental fuction of main character.In formal Buddhism,a few of anonies and the subsequent paina is named as the 'worldly desires'. Of them,the named "SOOBUNNAE" which is classified by 20 kinds, is oftenly occurred in mind of ordinary persons. In the case of Jisan,he experienced the worldly desires of Dogeo[도거(掉擧)] in which his duty as a seeker of truth didn't do with rapidity and his sprit was disturbed and excited due to falling in love. And then he experienced the worldly desires of Honchim[혼침(惛沈)] in which his activity was not prompt and his mind was not clear.Then main character who had clinged to the world of region with pure mind to be Buddha at first found the state of disbelief to be disappeared in the regional belief. Finally,he experienced the stage of regret in which he looked back over the past.It was found that the above stages was changed by transmigrationism. Third,there is the relationships with Bubwoon and Jisan.This is about the relationships with main character and Bubwoon in which connection of the transmigrationism as a not-law in cause and effect is a remarkable factor. This would be a circular relationships. At first,Bubwoon observed and judged main character.But in the while,he was influenced by Jisan to be in agony together about the joint problem lately. When Bubwoon met Jisan at first,he strongly blamed Jisan for commiting an immoral act with Jisan's disregarding the social position of Buddhist monk. At first,Jisan of the depraved monk and a seeker for truth of Bubwoon was seemed to be an aspect of confronting each other.By the time was passing,he understand Jisan little by little and felt his hidden feeling of estrangement through him.In this regards,fist Jisan and Bubwoon seemed to have different aspects outwardly but in fact to be one and the same person with two faces. Last,there is the relationships with Jisan and woman.This seems to be the corresponding relationships.Commonly we use the expression of "fell in" in the case of love,gambling,fraud and drgs.Regarding his meeting with the student of women's colleage when he is young as love,we could say Jisan fell in love as the world goes.While he devoted his life to the pursuit of his faith in the terrible coldness and solitude, he met the student of women's colleage and showed naturally week attitude of human being to satisfy the physioligical desire.There was the phenomenon of 6x6 law which six organs such as eyes,ears,nose,tongue,body,mind make couples with six sensory organs such as shape,sound,smell,taste,touch,thought respectively.And then by the 6x6law and operation of five senses,satisfying the desire of organs and sensory organs amplified the desire according to the principle of 이고득락.Due to incidental affinity for a little while,Jisan's faulty was so heavy that he could not be back to the original.And he got hurt very roughly. After then the meetings for a little while with the student of women's colleage had influenced to the period of his confusion.There was urban women that he met to solve the desires and hopes he felt from the student of women's colleage. Jisan's hurt was changed into wandering.The women substituted for the student of women's colleage was the barmaids he met when he roamed from temple to city and wander on the entertainment center.They are also the crystals of wandering alongwith liquor and dity. Since the student of women's colleage,Jisan had experienced momentaty one body and then repeated to feel deep nihility.But as he did,his wandering was longer and got increasingly worse,which is not the basic way of attaining spiritual enlightenment. Consequently his hope to seek one body became far away and he long for more and more. Like above,Jisan's external cause and effect factors,internal cause and effect factors, circular relationships with Jisan and Bubwoon, corresponding relationships with Jisan and women was summarized. In order to overcome th estrangements between the present and the ideal,main character had a drink despite of his position of Buddhist monk and left the temple to run out to city.But finally he was nothing but wandering in the worldly desires and abandoning himself in pleasure.Also his death seems to be part of efforts chosen for being free from the agony, the continuity and the end of wandering.Accordingly his wandering is nothing but showing the week aspect of human after all. Like above although he attempted to pursuit to the spritual enlightenment as going widely and enduring the pains,consequently as main character who had been entered the priesthood returned to secular life,showed the actual abandonment as a seeker for truth at first,the tragic aspect of human being,says,the religious defeatism against industrialization and physical secularism.And the attitude of the deep research on the real nature of religion itself is weak. a depraved monk Life like the deprave monk resulted from human's stong will to be Budhaa and the discouragement,the subsequent sense of futility and hopelessness distrusted Buddha as a false image and a suspicion itself and wandered.But consequently Jisan's wandering was not sublimated and cannot clue to the eventual problems in the present Korean society. As to the aspect of rescue,as betraying the expectation of a broad viewpoint,the the regret was left. Finally,if interpreted in other meaning, Jisan's wandering is the same as a modern's in overflowing of materialism and state of saturation in information. Accordingly the traces of Jisan don't represent the aspect of life of particular person who are worried between anony and seek for truth,but the conflict we are faced in here. By the way,subject to the not-ontological law in cause and effect,we don't regard him as the depraved monk only against teaching of Buddha. And we could have the detailed concerns about his wandering and the deep understanding to the main character with the view of concern and generosigy, With the mercy which is basic thought of Buddhism and a main concept, the religious love and basic moral intention to get rid off the disadvantage and suffering is necessary which could be understood only with the view of the unknown and altruistic transmigrationism, the not-ontological law in cause and effect of universal way of the world.

이중 희박 예혼합 가스터빈 연소기의 NOx 발생 특성 연구

金炯模 忠南大學校 大學院 2011 국내박사

Understanding flame structure and NOx formation characteristics of dual lean premixed combustor is critically important in combustor design and NOx emission performance data analysis, but is poorly understood. In recent dissertation, this problem is addressed via the study of NOx formation in actual gas turbine combustors operating on dual lean premixed natural gas/air. OH-chemiluminescence(308nm band filtered) methodology, direct flame temperature measurement by C-type thermocouple and two dimensional NOx measurement by gas analyzer was adopted for investigating flame structure and NOx formation characteristics. The parameters, pilot fuel mass fraction (fPF)and pilot air mass fraction(fPA),were developed to analyze the relations of each burner. These experiments focus on the effects of pilot fuel mass fraction(0~0.7), overall equivalence ratio(0.4~0.6), inlet temperature(573~653K) and residence time(0.43~5.22ms). NOx formation has the lowest value when the pilot fuel mass fraction is equal to pilot air mass fraction. When the pilot fuel mass fraction increases from the point, NOx also increases by increment of the adiabatic pilot flame temperature, the traditional thermal NOx formation effect. On the contrary, when the pilot fuel mass fraction reduces, NOx increases by increment of main flame adiabatic temperature. Flames in each burner form and progress in the separated area; pilot flame forms in the pilot burner and has strong sharp edge, main flame forms from downstream of main fuel/air mixture jet due to relatively lower reaction rate than pilot flame and spreads out to fill the whole combustor chamber, even outer recirculation zone (ORZ). This experimental data clearly shows that the amount of NOx formed in a lean, homogeneous combustion system depends on the post-combustion temperature and is rarely affected by residence time. The NOx prediction model was experimentally achieved by comparing each pilot and main adiabatic flame temperature with NOx measured from combustor exit. This model only bases on thermal NOx formation mechanism, but shows under 5ppmv error with every test result. Through verification of NOx prediction model with another actual gas turbine combustor, VTI’s 50kW class dual premixed type combustor(200K higher inlet temperature than studied combustor), the predicted result shows similar NOx trends, the lowest NOx formation point, and flame extinction point at lower air excess ration conditions. 최근 거듭 강화되고 있는 가스터빈엔진에 대한 친환경규제들에 대응하기 위하여 실제 운용되고 있는 이중 희박 예혼합 연소부를 갖는 연소기에 대한 연소특성을 분석하였으며 NOx 생성량을 예측하는 모델을 개발하였다. 파일럿과 메인 예혼합 연소부로 구성된 실제의 연소기에 대한 분석을 수행하기 위하여 파일럿 연료 질량분율을 도입하였으며 형상 변화에 따른 NOx 발생 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 파일럿 공기 질량분율 개념을 정의하여 분석에 사용하였다. 이중 희박 예혼합 연소부를 갖는 연소기의 화염구조 파악하기 위하여 OH-Chemiluminescence 기법을 이용하였으며 파일럿 연료 질량분율이 파일럿 공기비와 같은 지점을 기준으로 파일럿 연료 질량분율이 증가하면서 파일럿 버너의 화염강도가 강해지고 있으며 파일럿 연료 질량분율이 감소하면 메인 노즐의 가장자리에 위치하고 있는 외부 재순환 영역에서 화염이 발달하며 전체적으로 화염강도는 떨어지고 화염 영역이 커지는 것을 확인하였다. 수치해석과 2차원 온도측정을 통한 연소장 분석결과, 파일럿 연료 질량분율이 감소할수록 파일럿 연소부의 온도가 내려가고 메인 연소부의 온도는 상승하는 결과를 얻었다. 이러한 현상들은 2차원 NOx 분포를 동일한 평면에서 온도장을 측정하고 비교함으로써 이중 예혼합 버너의 NOx생성이 각각의 버너부의 연소온도의 증가에 의한 Thermal NOx에 의한 영향임을 알 수 있었다. 실제 연소기의 후류에서 NOx발생량을 계측하여 당량비와 단열화염 온도를 분석하였으며, NOx의 발생은 파일럿 연료 질량분율에 대하여 메인버너의 영향이 큰 구역과 파일럿 버너의 영향이 큰 구역으로 구분할 수 있었으며 상호 교란에 의한 NOx의 발생이 증가하는 것이 아닌 두 버너가 독립적인 성격을 가지면서 NOx 생성에 기인하고 있음을 밝혔다. 이러한 시험결과를 바탕으로 각 버너별 단열화염온도를 이용한 이중 예혼합 화염에서 NOx가 발생하는 모델을 개발하였다. 시험결과와 비교한 결과, 공기 속도의 변화, 파일럿 연료 질량분율의 변화, 연소기 유입 공기온도의 변화, 당량비의 변화에 대하여 개발된 모델이 매우 근사한 값을 예측하고 있었으며 연구에 사용된 연소기 외에 다른 연소기에 대하여 적용한 결과에서도 NOx의 발생 경향과 최저의 NOx가 발생하는 조건들을 정확하게 예측하였다. 개발된 NOx의 예측 모델과 분석방법은 희박예혼합 연소기의 설계, 시험결과의 분석, 유사 연소시스템 적용 등 다양한 분야에서 널리 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.