농산소비들의 유통시스템의 개선방안에 관한 연구 : 특히 청과물유통을 중심으로

노상욱 국민대학교 1984 국내석사

요약 데이타의 효율적인 처리를 위한 데이타 사전/디렉토리의 설계 및 구현

노상욱 西江大學校 1988 국내석사

土地所有에 대한 認識의 轉換

노상욱 慶熙大學敎 行政大學院 2002 국내석사

With regard to the modern land ownership system, the following points comprise the main subjects to be discussed herein. First, the land ownership system should be formulated to materialize the freedom of human, and at the same time regulated in order not to be abused. Differently from other goods, the land should not be owned by some specific persons from its land characteristics that it is not augmented and is limited, since the exclusivity can act with the selfishness of human, causing the conflicts among people. Secondly, the individual human exists as a social though exist as a truth body of personality, the individual should live along in the midst of the freedom, personality, rationality and harmony. In other words, regardless of either of those who do own land or not, they should be free from its use of goods that are common to the entire humans as a constituent member of the entire society. Thirdly, the objective of land development should meet the public interests, and the privatization of development profits featuring an unearned income should be resolutely regulated, thereby recovering such unearned income for the public benefits and for redistributions. In addition, the land should be placed to maximize the efficiency in its use, and also a priority should be placed to conserve the land resources. Land, as a common resource when viewed from its characteristics, should be passed over to the descendants, and should be given its special significance in its conservation. In order to systematize these points mentioned above, deciding the type of ownership relative to the land ownership should be based on the establishment of the concepts as to the land ownership as its basic foundation. Though basically land is the subject of value that exists for the humans, the reverse function requires new changes, which is occurring due to its ownership formed for the purpose of protecting the vested rights. Consequently, after considering the true nature of human at full length, the conversion of perception relative to the land ownership should be established in the following direction. First, the perception conversion from the subject of ownership to the subject of management As the land is an indispensable element to the survival of people just like the water or air, it should be studied from the viewpoint of value with the historical consciousness as a means of human survival. We must well recognize in mind that land is the common basis of the human production and human life, and further it is the natures inheritance due to our descendants. In addition, it is not such a kind of article belonging to the properties that can be produced by the labor activities of humans. As mentioned above, viewing the land as the subject to be in possession will result in more admiring to own more and more lands, as the exclusivity of ownership becomes to combine with the selfishness of humans for its characteristics, which in return places too much emphasis on the wealth, finally leading to the source of social conflicts. Acknowledging the exclusive ownership relative to the part of land surfaces disables to gain access to the corresponding lot from others, which can threaten other peoples rights to live, and also can be an obstacle to the freedom of self-realization. The land, from its characteristics by nature, cannot be produced by any efforts of humans, and nor be the subject of either consumption or goods. Basically, land should be used for the achievement of the totalitarian objective as well as the individual objective of humans. Therefore, as the land, which has the original properties of being fixed, perpetual and not being increasing, is individualistic and scarce, it is neither reasonable nor justifiable to view the land as belonging to the individual personal property. In addition, as human lives in the environment prone to be affected by the bad rather than the good, it is easy to pursue selfish desire coming from the selfishness of individual, despite the characteristics of land that is allowed recognized as the private ownership like in the case of goods, land can be an obstacle to its reasonable use, and further, can be hindered from its reasonable uses for the totalitarian objective, bringing about the inequality in the distribution of wealth and the social conflicts. Therefore, not from the subject of consumption or goods, but from the living foundation, land should belong to the subject of bei ng controlled in common by all humankind. Secondly, the conversion of perception toward private ownership from public standpoint We human beings have both the totalitarian objective and individual objective simultaneously, leading our life with the family as its basic unit. With the structure of the family focused on the love as humans true character, its constituent members get along each other. Furthermore, we enjoy our freedom within the fences of family, and exist equally for all of us. However, the equality can only be a real equality in the midst of respect for the qualificatory position either as parents, children, or sisters or brothers, and the freedom can be only enjoyed within the fence of equality. From the point that the extension of this family concept becomes society, and forms the nation, and composes the world, the right form can be achieved when the ownership type in the family becomes applicable to the society that we belong. The ownership in the family can be either the ownership in common between family members, or the ownership of individual. With the lands placed as the central point, it does not give any inconveniences to the individual use since the lands should be used in common for the family welfare, thereby the sacrifice of individual can be endured with such a mind of happiness. This is because that the love of the spiritual chief support is based underneath. This type of structuring the family can be termed private ownership from its public standpoint. When making an application in order to expand the society with the normal type family to the society, there can be found a clue to its basic solution. For this, our way of thinking needs to be fundamentally changed. In other words, the fundamental changes in the sense of value relative to the relationship between the land and human should be accompanied.

경찰공무원의 감정노동이 조직유효성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

노상욱 圓光大學校 2015 국내박사

최근 민간 서비스산업은 종사원들로 하여금 품질 높은 서비스를 제공하여 고객만족을 실현하는 것을 강조하며, 기업의 경쟁우위는 종사원들의 이러한 서비스 수준에 의해 결정되는 경향이다. 이에 따라 기업은 조직의 감정표현규범을 준수하도록 요구하며 종사원들이 실제 겪는 감정과 무관하게 조직이 원하는 감정이나 느낌을 고객들에게 연출하도록 강요한다. 민간 서비스산업에 관한 연구들은 종사원의 과도한 감정노동은 직무만족이나 조직몰입과 같은 조직유효성에 부정적으로 작용한다는 사실을 지적했다. 종사원 본인들이 실제 느끼는 감정과 직무규범 상 표현해야 하는 감정이 다른 감정 불일치를 경험하면 조직 구성원들은 스트레스를 받게 되며, 이러한 감정 불일치가 직무만족 및 조직몰입에도 영향을 미치게 된다는 것이다. 또한 조직의 유효성에 영향을 미치는 또 다른 중요한 요인으로 비교적 오래전부터 연구주제가 되어 온 것 중의 하나가 조직관리자의 리더십이다. 리더십은 조직의 구성원들로 하여금 목표를 지향하게 하며 목표달성을 위해 행동하도록 영향력을 행사하는 것으로 조직구성원들을 조직에 몰입하도록 동기부여 하며 조직에 대한 만족도를 높임으로써 조직유효성을 향상시키는 역할을 한다. 지금까지 경찰조직과 같은 공공부문에서 감정노동의 실태와 효과에 관한 연구는 충분하지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 경찰공무원이 겪고 있는 감정노동의 실태를 파악하고, 감정노동이 경찰의 조직 유효성에 미치는 영향을 판별하는 것이다. 또한 경찰서 간부의 리더쉽 유형이 감정노동과 조직유효성과의 관계에 어떻게 작용하는지를 분석한다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 조직유효성에 부정적으로 작용하는 감정노동 요인을 찾아내 이를 해소할 수 있는 정책적 대안을 제시하고, 조직 유효성에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 경찰간부의 바람직한 리더쉽 유형을 제안하고자 한다. 실증 분석을 위해 광주·전남지역을 5개 권역으로 분류하였으며, 해당 경찰서 지구대?파출소에서 근무하는 경찰공무원 254명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 감정표현빈도와 감정표현 다양성에 대한 감정노동이 높을수록 조직몰입은 감소하였으며, 감정표현빈도와 감정표현 다양성에 대한 감정노동이 높을수록 직무만족은 감소하였다. 둘째, 리더십 유형 중 변혁적 리더십은 강할수록 조직몰입이 증가하였지만, 리더십 유형 중 거래적 리더십은 조직몰입에 유의미한 영향을 주지 못했다. 리더십 유형 중 변혁적 리더십은 강할수록 직무만족이 증가하였지만, 리더십 유형 중 거래적 리더십은 직무만족에 유의미한 영향을 주지 못했다. 셋째, 감정표현빈도와 감정표현다양성과 변혁적 리더십이 상호작용함으로써 조직몰입의 영향력이 높아짐을 보여주었다. 이는 변혁적 리더십이 감정표현빈도 및 감정표현다양성과 조직몰입간의 관계를 조절하고 있었다. 하지만 감정노동과 조직몰입의 관계에서 거래적 리더십이 조절효과가 없었다. 감정표현다양성과 변혁적 리더십이 상호작용함으로써 직무만족의 영향력을 높아짐을 보여주었다. 이는 변혁적 리더십이 감정표현다양성과 직무만족간의 관계를 조절하고 있었다. 하지만 감정노동과 직무만족의 관계에서 거래적 리더십이 조절효과가 없었다. 연구결과를 종합해 보면, 경찰간부의 리더십은 지구대?파출소 근무 경찰공무원에 영향을 미치게 되는 것이다. 경찰 간부는 경찰공무원들과의 친화유지를 바탕으로 한 리더십이 중요하며, 다양한 창의성과 개혁성, 새로운 비전을 제시하는 변혁적 리더십은 경찰공무원들과의 의사소통이 무엇보다도 중요하다는 점은 연구결과에서도 말해 주고 있다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 정책적 제언을 하고자 한다. 경찰공무원들의 감정노동을 줄이거나 해소할 수 있는 제도적 뒷받침이 필요하다. 첫째, 감정표현빈도와 감정표현다양성은 조직유효성에 가장 큰 영향력을 행사하는 요인인 만큼 감정표현빈도와 감정표현다양성 수준을 낮출 수 있도록 지구대·파출소 직원을 대상으로 힐링캠프와 같은 심리 안정 프로그램을 마련하여야 한다. 둘째, 시민들에게 무조건적인 친절을 강요하는 조직표현 규칙의 완화가 필요하다. 주취자 응대 혹은 사건 처리와 관련하여 무조건적인 친절을 강요할 것이 아니라 상황에 맞는 자연스러운 감정표현을 할 수 있도록 조직 감정표현 규칙을 완화하여 직원들의 자율성과 재량을 발휘할 수 있는 환경을 조성하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 도가 지나친 악성 민원인들에게 엄정하게 대응할 수 있는 제도적 기반을 마련해주어야 한다. 원스트라이크 아웃제와 같은 적법한 방법으로 경찰관들을 지나친 감정노동으로부터 보호해줄 수 있는 제도적 장치가 필요하다. 바람직하고 효과적인 리더십이 조직에 기여하기 위해서는 기본적으로 리더의 역량이 뒷받침되어야 한다. 이러한 측면에서 리더십 발전을 위한 훈련이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 첫째, 우선 리더의 역량을 제고하기 위해서는 인사고과에 반영할 수 있는 다면평가제도를 부활해야 한다. 즉 In recent times, the private service industry has put emphasis on realizing customer satisfaction by getting their employees to provide high-quality services to customers while corporate competitive edge tends to be determined by employees' service level like this. Accordingly, a company asks employees to abide by organizational emotional expression standards and also forces them to create an organization-wished emotion or feelings for customers regardless of actual feelings ,with which they meet. Research works on the private service industry have pointed out the fact that employees' exceesive emotional labor works against organization effectiveness, such as job satisfaction, or organizational commitment, etc. In other words, their argument is that when employees themselves get to experience emotional incongruity between their actual feelings and emotion that should be expressed due to the standards of duties, organizational members get to be under stress, and resultantly, such emotional incongruity comes to affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment as well. In addition, another important influential factor in effectiveness of organization, which has become one of the research subjects for a comparatively long time, is the leadership of an organization administrator. Leadership means exercising influence in order for organizational members to aim at goals, and behave to achieve goals, and leadership plays a role in improving organization effectiveness by motivating organizational members to be committed to an organization and enhancing their satisfaction with an organization. So far, in the public sector like police organization, research works on real condition and effect of emotional labor have been insufficient. The aim of this study is to grasp the real picture of emotional labor which police officers are suffering, and detect the influence of emotional labor on organization effectiveness of the police. In addition, this study is to analyze how the leadership type of a police station executive works on relations between emotional labor and organization effectiveness, Through this, this study is intending to suggest a policy alternative to resolve it by finding out the emotional labor factor which works negatively on organization effectiveness, and to propose a desirable leadership type of a police executive that could have a positive influence on organization effectiveness. For doing an empirical analysis, this study classified the Gwangju & Jeonnam region as 5 areas, and then conducted a questionnaire survey on 254 police officers working for the relevant police station, police division and police box, and the research results are as follows: First, the research results indicated that the higher the emotion labor on frequency & diversity of emotional expression, organizational commitment decreased. Second, it was found that the stronger the transformational leadership, the more the organizational commitment increased, but the transactional leadership among the leadership types failed to give a significant influence on organizational commitment; in addition, the stronger the transformational leadership among the leadership types, the more the organization satisfaction increased, whereas the transactional leadership among the leadership types failed to have a significant influence on organization satisfaction. Third, the research result showed that influence of organizational commitment got higher through interaction between emotional expression frequency, emotional expression diversity, and transformational leadership. This explains that transformational leadership regulated the relations between emotional expression frequency, emotional expression diversity and organizational commitment. However, it was found that there was no regulation effect of transactional leadership in the relations between emotional labor and organizational commitment. The research results revealed that influence of organization satisfaction got higher through interaction between emotional expression diversity and transformational leadership. This explains that transformational leadership regulated the relations between emotional expression diversity and organization satisfaction; however, there was no regulation effect of transactional leadership in the relations between emotional labor and organization satisfaction. Putting research results together, the leadership of the police executive gets to have an influence on the police officers in service for the police division. The research results also explain that in case of a police executive, what matters is the leadership on the basis of fellowship maintenance with police officers, and having communication with police officers is important before everything in case of the transformational leadership which suggests diverse creativity, reformative inclination, and new visions. This study is intending to make a policy suggestion as follows: There is the need for the institutional support that makes it possible to reduce or resolve the emotional labor of the police officers. First, inasmuch as emotional expression frequency and emotional expression diversity are the factors in exercising the biggest influence on organization effectiveness, it's necessary to arrange the psychological stability program like a healing camp targeting the officers affiliated with the police box of the police division so that they can reduce the level of emotional expression frequency and emotional expression diversity. Second, it's necessary to alleviate the organizational expression rules forcing the officers to do unconditional kindness. In other words, there is the need for developing an environment where police officers can display their autonomy and discretion by alleviating the organizational expression rules in order for them to do natural emotional expression in line with every-changing circumstances other th

교육자치의 실질화를 위한 교육감 권한의 개편 방안에 관한 법적 연구

노상욱 동국대학교 2020 국내박사

Abstract A legal study on the reorganization of the educational superintendent’s authority for the realization of educational autonomy Since adoption of local educational autonomy system, Korean education field have shown different kind of conflict, finally facing with the risk of its core foundation being shaken. From year 1991 when law related to local educational autonomy system was established, the law was amended for many times. However, without any improvement in basic reasons which are law without detail and ambiguity of regulations, conflicts and disputes are keep taking place. According to Korean Constitution Article 31 and Article 14 Clause 1, local educational autonomy system should respect independence of education and political neutralization. This is done by separating authority by central and local governments and dividing educational administration body from general administration body. The problem occurs from the following; voting for progressive-oriented superintendents due to adoption of residence direct election system, causing intensified conflict with central government, legislative work and authority being focused on central government, and ambiguous regulations on traditional power of superintendents. These forementioned instability on current educational system has acted in combination, risking independence and professionalism of education and political neutralization. Of all these points, the basic problem of overlapped legal authorities and unclear appointment have caused frequent authority conflict, resulting in jurisdiction disputes. As a result, national anxiety and distrust in education caused by not practicing educational policies on time are growing more and more. As this is the case, this research tries to find ways to mature local educational system in Korea through improvement of legal tools and system revision by analyzing conflict between minister of education and superintendents. This research looks into conflict and dispute cases between minister of education and superintendents. To find ways to solve such conflict and disputes, it also looks into other countries having local educational system. Based on this analysis result, necessity of improvement and amendment of present legalization is suggested. Methods of improving legalization, concluded from local conflict cases and international local educational autonomy system in this research can be divided into three points. First, ambiguous definition on law and educational legislation related to present local educational autonomy system is causing overlapping. Thus, work and authority of minister of education and superintendent have to be specified and clarified. Second, in case of conflict between central education and local education organizations, time for solving this problem through private organization has to be reduced. Also, institutional strategy for smooth educational administration is required. Third, in the long term, the problem of the current member of education that violates the constitution should be revived as a constitutional independent school board system, and the legislative and enforcement agencies must be paired; in addition, the qualifications of the education councilors should have about 10 years of education and education administration experience. The current direct election systems for educational superintendent have great implications for establishing democratic legitimacy in order to secure residents' right to vote and to secure the representation of the superintendent. However, there are many side effects because the system has not been implemented for a long time; since the abolition of the direct election system for superintendent, including the local government head's appointment system, running mate system, joint registration system, etc., is against the constitution of the local educational autonomy system, it is considered necessary to minimize and supplement the side effects that appear rather than to fix the system again. On the other hand, the empowerment of the Ministry of Education, which is currently actively pursuing education autonomy, is likely to be a retrogressive revision as long as it results in the quantitative reduction of the functions and roles of the existing Ministry of Education and the expansion of the roles and functions of the municipal ministry of education. In the reality with no legal mechanism for school autonomy and further in the climate of our educational world with the deeply embedded roots of the vertical bureaucratic culture, simply emphasizing the principles of school autonomy is more likely to end with mere superficial measures or at the level of trials. It is required to secure stable systems to check the authority of the educational superintendent and the municipal ministry of education to take over the authority of the Ministry of Education. Therefore, it is necessary to revitalize the independent education committee, to establish a local education committee in the municipal ministry of education, and to activate the resident participation system (resident summon system, resident direct initiation system, resident litigation system, resident voting system, and resident audit request system). Likewise, this research looks into the essence of educational autonomy and tries to find ways to prevent and improve authority conflict caused by overlapped authority and ambiguous appointment. Therefore, it tries to suggest directions for qualitative growth of local educational autonomy system. Starting from this research, there should be ways to reduce conflict and disputes that present local educational system is facing with and opportunities for advancing and maturing local educational authority system through the following researches. 지방교육자치제도가 도입된 이후, 실질적인 교육자치를 위한 논의가 이어져 왔다. 그러나 다양한 갈등이 표출되면서 교육의 근간이 흔들리는 위기에 봉착하고 있다. 1991년에 제정된 「지방교육자치에 관한 법률」은 법률과 규정의 모호성으로 계속 갈등과 분쟁의 소지가 되고 있다. 지방교육자치제도는 「헌법」제31조와 「교육기본법」제14조 1항에 의거해 정치적 중립성과 교육의 자주성을 보장해야 하도록 해야 한다. 정치적 중립성과 교육의 자주성을 위해 중앙·지방과, 일반·교육 행정기관의 분리라는 실천이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 법률이 규정하고 있는 권한 배분을 둘러싼 이해관계자들의 인식차이와, 규정된 권한자체의 중복 혹은 모호한 경계로 인해 정치적 중립성과 교육의 자주성이 멀어지고 있다. 선출된 상당수의 교육감들은 법제상의 사무와 권한의 중앙정부 집중, 교육감 고유권한에 대한 모호한 규정, 현행 교육자치제도의 불완전성 등과 같은 문제로 인하여 중앙정부와 갈등이 야기되고 있는 상황이다. 이는 사법분쟁으로까지 펴져 교육에 대한 국민의 불안과 불신을 키우는 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 교육부장관과 교육감 간에 발생하는 갈등과 분쟁 사례들을 살펴보고 이와 같은 갈등과 분쟁을 해소할 수 있는 방안을 모색하기 위해 지방교육자치제도를 시행하고 있는 미국과 일본의 교육자치제도와 갈등사례를 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 현행 법제의 개편과 개선의 필요성이 제기되었다. 본 연구에서 수행된 교육부장관과 교육감 간의 사무와 권한을 둘러싼 갈등 사례 및 미·일 지방교육자치제도 및 갈등사례 분석을 통해 도출된 법제개선 방안은 크게 세 가지이다. 첫째, 현행 지방교육자치에 관한 법률 및 교육관련법에서 교육부장관과 교육감의 사무와 권한에 대한 규정을 세분화하여 명확하게 명시하는 것이다. 둘째, 중앙과 지방의 교육행정 간에 갈등 및 분쟁상황이 발생할 때, 사법기관을 통해 해결되는데 걸리는 시간을 줄이는 원만한 제도적 장치를 준비하는 것이다. 셋째, 헌법에 위배되는 현행의 교육의원 문제는 장기적인 관점에서는 합헌인 독립적인 교육위원회 제도로 부활하여 의결기관과 집행기관이 짝으로 이루어져야 하고, 교육의원은 10년 가량의 교육 및 교육행정 경력을 보유해야만 자격요건을 충족할 수 있다. 현행 교육감직선제는 주민의 선거권을 보장하고, 교육감의 주민대표성을 확보할 수 있게 만들어 민주적 정당성을 확립한다는 의미를 갖는다. 다만, 교육감직선제의 도입이 그리 오래되지 않았음에도 불구하고 그 부작용 문제가 비교적 크기 때문에 교육감직선제의 폐지를 주장하는 이들이 적지 않다. 문제는 교육감직선제 대신 논의되고 있는 지방자치단체장의 임명제, 러닝메이트제, 공동등록제 등의 경우, 지방교육자치제의 헌법에 위배될 우려가 있다는 것이다. 이에 제도를 다시 고치는 것보다는 교육감직선제의 부작용을 최소화하고 보완하는 방안이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 한편 현재 교육자치를 적극적으로 추진하고 있는 교육부의 권한 이양은 기존 교육부의 기능과 역할의 양적 축소와 시·도 교육청 역할과 기능의 양적 확대로 귀결되는 순간 개악이 될 가능성이 높아진다. 학교자치에 대한 법적 장치도 마련되지 않은 현실에서 더욱이 수직적 관료행정 문화의 뿌리가 깊은 우리 교육계 풍토에서 학교자치 원칙을 강조하는 것은 말 뿐인 조치로 끝나거나 시늉내기 수준에서 멈춰버릴 가능성이 농후하다. 교육부의 권한을 넘겨받을 시·도교육청과 교육감의 권한을 견제할 수 있는 보다 안정적인 장치가 필요하다. 따라서 독립적인 교육위원회 부활, 시·도 교육청에 지방교육위원회 설치, 주민참여제도(주민소환제, 주민직접발안제, 주민소송제, 주민투표제, 주민감사청구제도)의 활성화가 필요하다고 생각한다. 본 연구는 지방교육자치의 실질화 방안을 제시하기 위해 권한의 중첩 및 모호한 사무, 권한 배분에 따른 갈등과 이로 인한 교육행정의 질적 하락을 예방하고 개선할 수 있는 방안을 모색하였고 이를 통해 지방교육자치제도가 지방자치와의 조화를 통해 실질화될 수 있는 방안을 제시 하였다. 본 연구를 시작으로 각각의 개선방안에 대한 후속 연구들을 통해 지방 교육자치제도가 당면하고 있는 갈등과 분쟁을 종식시키고, 지방교육자치 제도가 선진화, 실질화될 수 있는 계기가 마련되어야 할 것이다.

공유수면매립지 귀속분쟁 해결을 위한 법적검토

노상욱 성균관대학교 2007 국내석사

A Legal Study in Settling the Dispute over the Ownership of the Reclaimed Field about Public Surface of The Water Noe, sang ouk Major Study in Public Law Dept. of Law Graduate School Sungkyunkwan University Currently in Korea, there are several examples of trials on the conflict of attribution including a dispute between the District of Dangjin-goon and the City of Pyungtaek regarding the construction of the Pyungtaek Port filed to the Constitutional Court in 2000, which closed on Sept. 23, 2004 in favor of the district of Dangjin-goon; a dispute on the boundary of a public reclaimed land between the city of Gwangyang and the city of Suncheon, which closed on Aug. 31, 2006 in favor of the city of Gwangyang; a dispute over the boundary of a reclaimed land for the new Busan harbor between the city of Busan and the city of Jinhae in Gyeongnam at present pending litigation to be on trial in the Constitutional Court; a dispute over the boundary of a reclaimed land(Settled) between the city of Incheon and the city of Siheung in Gyeonggi. It was the dispute between the Province of Gyeonggi-do and the City of Incheon over the military reclaimed land in 1997 that made the dispute over the Ownership of the public reclaimed lands full-scale. The central arbitration committee has remarked in the text of decision that “we urge the relevant authorities to amend the applicable laws to clarify the ownership of the public reclaimed land in order to prevent the recurrence of disputes in similar forms.” If any prompt actions had been taken by the relevant authorities afterwards, the current serious disputes could have been prevented. As the problem of establishing the maritime borders became more serious, the government having the Ministry of Government and Home Affairs as the central figure along with the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, National Geographic Information Institute and National Oceanographic Research Institute started promoting the establishment of the national local government maritime borders targeting 2008 for completion. The primary reason of the disputes can be found in the fact that the legislation regarding the issue is too weak. First, the law of public reclaimed land applies during the process of reclaiming land from sea, however to register the land, the law of land register applies. Here, a problem to point out is that there is no connection between the two laws. The biggest problem more than anything is that there is no legislation provided to determine the jurisdiction of the reclaimed land formed among more than two local goverments. Settling the dispute over the ownership of reclaimed land is not an easy task because there is of course a problem of maintenance of related legislation, but prior to the problem, there also is an issue to be resolved in the national level including the government’s standpoint and legislative policies. The issue of maritime jurisdiction, that is whether the jurisdiction belongs to the nation or the local government, is an important problem to put the standpoint of the entire nation in order. It is one of the most tantalizing problems because there are different points of views among the scholars and also among the authorities in the government. Therefore, this paper intends to do a case study of foreign examples including Japan to know the key points of the disputes and solve the problem based on the actual condition of the disputes on the public reclaimed land currently in progress. Then by presenting a direction of maintenance of the related legislation, it intends to settle the ownership of the public reclaimed land and the related disputes between the local governments. It seems that in order to solve the problem of establishing sea border or administrative zone in the legislative respect, new laws shall be made or the existing laws shall be supplemented through diverse legislative investigations. First, on the premise that the public surface of water is recognized under the jurisdiction of local government under the local government law, an enactment of new special law under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries which regulates the extent of the maritime jurisdiction. The plan to demarcate the maritime borders is an act of acknowledgement of the substantiality of local government maritime border on the current topographical map. Second, there shall be a clear stipulation of law in regard of establishing the border of public reclaimed land. Therefore, it is necessary to create Item 2 of Article 4 of the Local Government Act (Demarcation of Boundary of Public Reclaimed Land) and Item 2 of Article 6 of the Public Reclaimed Land Act to clarify the jurisdiction by elucidating the administrative zone of the expected site of reclamation in the reclamation plan in order to prevent the disputes over boundaries in the basic planning stage of reclamation. Third, it is necessary to stipulate the law of the court or the Constitutional Court for the settlement of disputes in a statutory form. Fourth, it is necessary to stipulate the settlement of disputes or arbitration procedure with regard to the boundaries between the local governments. The conflicts between the local governments regarding the maritime borders could incur the delay or confusion of policies by elevating the complexities and uncertainties of the policies or bring about ambiguity or distrust. In establishing the maritime zoning, there has been a high wall of distrust due to squandering of administrative resources and deepening of conflicts between the neighboring local governments claiming the jurisdiction of public land developed by the national or local government to reclaim the public surface of water. As the similar cases of dispute are expected to increase, the seriousness of the problem in the levels of the relevant authorities and the nation are now recognized, and the institutional intentions and efforts are being made. Therefore, the efforts and time exhausted in regard of the maritime border disputes by the local governments shall be invested in more productive regular administrative duties. The disputes over the maritime borders shall be promptly settled in order for the conflicts not be embedded between the neighboring local governments and the local residents.

Flexible multi-agent decision-making under time pressure

노상욱 Univ. of Texas at Arlington 1999 해외박사

본 논문은 개체(agent)의 실질적이며 유연한 의사결정을 수행할 수 있는 방법론을 제안한다. 다개체 환경(multi-agent environment)에서, 자율적인 개체(autonomous agent)들은 복잡하고 불확실한 환경 뿐만 아니라 다른 개체들도 고려하여 자신의 결정을 수행하여야 하기 때문에, 제한된 시간내에 의사결정(decision-making)을 완료한다는 것은 실질적으로 불가능하다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위하여, 자율적인 개체들에게 다양하고 유연한 의사결정 방법들을 제공한다. 이 방법들은 의사결정의 질적인 수준과 의사결정 소요시간을 고려한 트레이드엎(trade-off)을 통하여 실질적인 개체의 의사결정을 가능하게 한다. 이 방법론은 단순화(simplification)와 근사화(approximation)로 구성된다. 단순화는 의사결정의 최적화를 손상시키지 않는 범위 내에서 개체가 고려하는 정보를 간략화하는 방법이다. 단순화 방법은 (1) 지배행동(dominant action)의 발견, (2) 정보의 기억화(memorization), (3) 불필요한 모델의 선별 등을 포함한다. 즉, 이러한 세가지 방법을 이용하여 모델링 구조 자체를 단순화 시킴으로써, 개체의 의사결정이 제한된 시간내에 이루어질 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 다른 한편으로, 근사화 방법은 개체가 처리하는 정보의 범위를 제한하는 것이다. 근사화 방법은 (1) 가능한 행동의 범위를 제한하기 위한 규칙(rule)의 사용, (2) 모델링의 적절한 범위를 찾기 위한 프로파일(profile)의 이용, (3) 의사전달을 통한 불확실성의 제거를 포함한다. 근사화는 개체가 오프라인(off-line)에서 학습을 통하여 축적한 경험을 실시간의 의사결정에 적용함으로써, 제한된 시간내에 최상의 행동에 가장 근접한 결정을 도출해 내도록 한다. 위의 유연한 의사결정 방법론은 다음과 같은 자율적인 개체의 모듈(module)들과의 상호작용 하에서 이루어진다. 이러한 모듈들은 정보를 체계적으로 관리하기 위한 지식베이스(knowledge base)의 구성, 상호협력(coordination)을 위한 타 개체들(other agents)의 존재에 대한 인지, 타 개체들의 변화에 따른 정확한 모델의 유지 및 의사전달 행위들로 구성되어 있다. 위의 각 모듈들을 위한 알고리즘의 개발을 통하여 개체가 다양한 기능을 수행할 수 있도록 하였으며, 이러한 기반 하에서 유연한 의사결정 방법론이 어떻게 다개체 환경에서 구현되는가를 보여준다. 유연한 의사결정 방법론을 지대공 방어 환경(an anti-air defense domain)에 적용한 실험에서, 개체의 의사결정을 위한 소요시간이 단축되었을 뿐만아니라, 동시에 최적 성취도의 90%이상을 달성하였다. 결론적으로, 본 논문은 복잡하고 불확실한 실시간 다개체 환경(a real-time, coordinated, uncertain, multi-agent domain)에서 유연한 의사결정 방법론을 갖춘 개체(flexible agent)가 주어진 정보처리 능력과 소요시간의 제한 하에서 합리적인 판단 능력을 수행할 수 있음을 검증하였다.