(The) need for geoengineering regulation

하필립 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2018 국내석사

(The) relationship between food security and peace : the conflicts in Nigeria

공효원 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2018 국내석사

The research will prove that the long lasting famine and hunger are the cause of the Sub-Saharan African instability. The research will mainly concentrate on the conflict between Nigeria and the terrorist group Bokoharam. It is meaningful that this paper introduces one of the non-traditional approaches, food security, as the main cause of the conflict in Nigeria. Then the paper will talk about why the food security has not been solved in Nigeria. The conflicts between Nigeria and Bokoharam have been considered as ethnic and religious conflict. The military power and diplomacies were thought to be the variables for conflict. Traditional security concept has provided grounds for that approach. However, the main reason for the conflict is food deprivation. With climate change, food deprivation caused the conflict. This is worldwide phenomenon with the emergence of globalization. With the interconnectivity, each nation became mutually affected by many variables including non-militaristic variables. Food security is one of the non-militaristic variables that became the cause of the conflict. This can be proved not only in Africa but also in other regions such as the Middle East. The Middle East can be the mirror for the Nigerian case. The fact that the climate change is unfavorable to Sub-Saharan African agriculture is making problem worse. The climate change itself is changing the land condition of Sub-Saharan Africa. In this circumstance, the domestic conditions of these nations including Nigeria are not working well to respond against climate change. With the poor external and internal environment surrounding Nigeria, with its poor infrastructure and underdeveloped technology, Nigeria is not responding well with food security issues.

The Need for Geoengineering Regulation

Philip, Ha 고려대학교 국제대학원 2018 국내석사

This dissertation explores the most prevalent methods and means of regulating a new avenue of averting anthropogenic global climate apocalypse: geoengineering. It answers why we need geoengineering regulation and how we can regulate it. An introduction to geoengineering is given, as well as a literature review of the methods, but most importantly the need for a proper regulatory regime to guide future research and efforts into the use of geoengineering practices to combat global warming. London and Montreal Protocols serve as a guide for a geoengineering regulatory regime, which can offer real insight on global identity by rejecting the standard capitalist narrative of sovereignty.

Exploring the inefficiencies of India's transportation system : potential for green growth in India's imminent future

Whang, Samuel Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2017 국내석사

As cities continuously adopt smart growth for their development, the public transportation system is an important key part in the daily lives of its citizens. Shifting from a transportation system that releases CO2 emissions to using electric or biofuel will be a major factor in creating a green growth environment. India is facing many different problems within the transportation system in most aspects including unaffordability, market failure, and congestion. Seoul faced similar problems with their transportation system as well and analyzing the methods used to ameliorate certain situations can shed light on what India can impose to enhance their transportation systems’ efficiencies. To deal with unaffordability and market failure, the Seoul Metropolitan Government introduced semi-public operation system and bus management system to solve poor management of buses by private sectors. In other words, the bus system went from being owned by private firms to being semi-public and this allowed the government to have more control to accommodate the bus fares according to public’s demand. Then to deal with congestion, Seoul introduced the practice of taxing congestion charge in 1996 and as of 2014, the congestion charge have risen to 2,000W, nearly doubling the price of subway or bus fares. Thus, India can impose similar changes into their public transportation systems in order to deal with their own versions of unaffordability, market failure, and congestion problems. Keywords: Market failure, India, BRT, BEST, CO2 emissions, public transportation

Role of public sector in mobilizing private sector engagement in climate finance : case study : German climate finance

허종인 고려대학교 국제대학원 2016 국내석사

The thesis examines the role of public sector in mobilizing private sector engagement in climate finance. First, it analyzes the global climate finance by each sector and explains limitations and difficulties in capturing accurate climate finance flows due to an absence of internationally agreed definition of climate finance. Then the study highlights the importance of private sector’s involvement in keeping global temperature rise at 2℃ above the pre-industrial level. It also identifies barriers and risks involved with investment in low-carbon development to explain limited involvement in climate finance by the private sector. The private sector will only engage in stable and profitable environment, so the thesis recommends active role of public sector to create attractive investment environment giving incentives and predictable regulatory framework. The paper has a case study on German climate finance to find what has been done differently to explain the active engagement by the private sector in Germany. Some of the German government’s standards, regulations and incentives are examined to highlight the role of public sector in mobilizing private sector’s involvement in climate finance. Ambitious targets set by the government, set of right incentive measures and financing mechanism have pulled the private sectors to get engaged in investments for decarbonized society.

Cooperation with transnational networks to strengthen low carbon urbanization in developing countries : case study of ICLEI in Southeast Asia

김유리 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2016 국내석사

As the world experiences rapid urbanization, cities have become important strategic actors to tackle climate change. The dynamics of global environmental governance is changing from the traditional state-centric top-down approach to a bottom-up approach that includes new stakeholders such as cities. It is now important for cities to actively pursue low carbon urbanization so that low carbon development can start at the local level of the society and build upwards. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how cities in Southeast Asia can most effectively strengthen low carbon urbanization since this region has the highest urbanization potential in the future. Multi-level governance theory and regime effectiveness theory are adopted as tools to assess the effectiveness of ASEAN and ICLEI. The analysis shows that ICLEI is a more effective option than ASEAN to strengthen low carbon urbanization. Therefore, Southeast Asian cities and ICLEI should strengthen cooperation to pursue this path in the region. This thesis will provide new insight into the prospects of low carbon urbanization in Southeast Asia, a region regarding which such study is still in its early stages.

Enhancing regional stability in Indonesia : a case of addressing Illegal, unreported, unregulated fishing (IUU Fishing)

Susanto Fransisca Putri Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2018 국내석사

As the largest archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia has an abundant source of marine resources including the full availability of captured fish. However, since 2014, it is estimated that 5,400 foreign vessels (mostly from Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia, and China) have been doing illegal fishing in Indonesia's territory. Approximately 1 million ton of fish or equivalent to USD 2,5 billion per year lost due to illegal fishing. As an effort to tackle this long-standing problem, the government of Indonesia has implemented the IUU Fishing policy by sinking the illegal fishing vessels. This policy serves as a deterrent effect on the offender so that they won’t be illegally fishing in Indonesian waters again. However, this effort may endanger Indonesia’s good relations with its neighbor, since the perpetrators of IUU Fishing in Indonesia’s territory is a close neighbor who has a good relationship with Indonesia, as well as members of ASEAN. Several regional arrangements have been arranged to tackle the problem with IUU Fishing, but those arrangements don’t seem to work effectively. This thesis will analyze how Indonesia’ efforts to eradicate IUU Fishing problem may endanger the stability in Indonesia as well as in the region, considering that Indonesia has to strengthen the efforts to combat IUU Fishing.

(The) role of regional organizations In East Asia in implementing sustainable environment management : the case of marine environment management

김윤일 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2016 국내석사

Globalization has brought the world closer together considering countries now realize that sustainable development cannot be obtained within national borders. Ever since the 1992 Rio Conference, sustainability has been the primary concern towards the future of mankind. In recent years, donor countries are incorporating sustainable development criteria within their foreign aid projects considering the cooperation of recipient countries is required to achieve sustainability on a global level. Furthermore, the linkage between sustainable development and marine environment management has become a rising issue within the international community. Countries are realizing how effective marine environmental management is essential for sustainable development considering the management of living and non-living resources directly impacts trade liberalization, food and energy security, as well as human livelihood. However, a stronger mechanism for cooperation is necessary, which steps aside of the national levels. Regional level of cooperation is more appropriate considering this fosters direct participation from all stakeholders in developing policy measures that can be utilized on a global level. Considering regional organizations provide a powerful platform for leaders to deliberate on non-transboundary issues such as environmental concerns, countries must take a more proactive approach. In regards to marine environment regional cooperation, we are able to witness organizations such as the Partnerships in Environmental Management of the Seas of Asia(PEMSEA) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) that have evolved their agendas so that all stakeholders, regardless of their country’s development status, can actively engage in the decision making process for sustainability.

Global governance in shaping development paradigms : a comparative analysis of MDGs and SDGs

이영아 고려대학교 국제대학원 2016 국내석사

Abstract As the 'Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)' were endorsed at the UN General Assembly in September 2015, the SDGs have been settled as the new development paradigm succeeding the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). They will be the milestone in designing policies and mobilizing the resources for development for the next fifteen years. This paper focuses the discussion of the two development paradigms, the MDGs and the SDGs. The world today is facing the long-lasting challenges of financial crisis, environmental degradation, terrorism, and internal wars. One notion that has risen as a way to solve the global issues is global governance. In the perspective of neo-liberalism, the focus is on the cooperation of states through the institutions, and in the perspective of institutionalism, the attention is given to the creation, extinction, or function of the institution. By comparison, global governance signifies the mechanism itself in which the diverse stake-holders solve the matters in multiple ways. One of the actors that constitute global governance is the international organization. It can be defined as the "a formal arrangement transcending national boundaries that provides for the establishment of institutional machinery to facilitate cooperation among members in the security, economic, social or related fields". (Plano 1979, 288) or as “clusters of intergovernmental and transgovernmental networks associated with the formal institutions" in a broader sense (Keohane and Nye 1977, 240). It creates "norms and information that enable member states and other actors to coordinate their behavior in mutually beneficial ways." (Buchanan and Keohane 2006, 1-3) There are no typical types or patterns explaining global governance. However, it has some principals such as transparency, accountability, or democracy. This paper traces back the flow of the global discourses to get an insight how the main agendas and goals of the MDGs appeared. The series of the UN conferences, the programs of the intergovernmental organizations, and the activities of the civil society would be examined. The role of the epistemic community has been important in particular in shaping the new paradigm. The substantial process of goal setting and drafting had some distinctive characters. The primary point to mention is that only a small number of countries and intergovernmental organizations were engaged in the MDGs process. In the substantial process of setting the goals, the discrepancies were exposed between the intergovernmental organizations. In terms of the scope of the application, the obligation to follow the goals was unilaterally imposed to the receiving states. Compared to the MDGs, the proceedings of the SDGs were different in that the largest range of the participants directly participated in framing the Post-2015 framework through the diverse routes that the UN had launched. Also the range of application was broadened to include the donor states as well. This paper aims at outlining the processes in the perspective of the global governance.

Transnational Human Rights Advocacy : Understanding Regional Contexts and Fostering Progress in the North Korean Human Rights Debate

Celia Adjoke Vignon 고려대학교 국제대학원 2016 국내석사

This study analyses the current international debate about North Korean human rights implementation, how it developed, the role of Non-Governmental Organisations in addressing the issue, and its current obstacles. Relying on the spiral model theory developed by Risse and Sikkink (1999) as well as the “boomerang effect”, the study tries to document how NGOs have forwarded the North Korean human rights debate to an international level. Trying to assess the current stage of North Korean human rights implementation, the study further argues that the lack in substantial progress has been the consequence of an absence of internal pressure within the DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea). Furthermore, existing divides within NGO advocacy and the instrumentalisation of the human rights agenda for national policy purposes has substantially limited effective human rights advocacy. Taking regional and historical contexts into consideration, the study will discuss why North Korea perceives current human rights approaches as hostile acts towards its regime. It will be argued that unless the substantial nature of the North Korean human rights debate will change, human rights implementation will remain at its current stage and foster further isolation of the North Korean regime. Consequently, understanding the interconnectedness of issues relating to the DPRK, minimizing internal divides and engaging with the North Korean government are substantial steps necessary for improvement of the North Korean human rights situation.