With increasing renovation in both materials and design, greater demands are being placed on high strength steels. There is also an imperative to introduce higher-strength sheet steels while maintaining formability to allow manufacturers to retain exi...
With increasing renovation in both materials and design, greater demands are being placed on high strength steels. There is also an imperative to introduce higher-strength sheet steels while maintaining formability to allow manufacturers to retain existing manufacturing processes and equipment, as well as to maintain design flexibility. In recent decades, there has been an increased emphasis on the development of new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) which have an excellent combination of high strength and ductility. Since FCC austenite (γ) is a ductile phase compared to other phases (e.g., ferrite, bainite and martensite), it plays a critical role in determining the ductility and work hardening property of AHSS containing austenite phase. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the overall formability of steel by controlling the austenite microstructure. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze the austenite microstructure and its effect on the mechanical properties of steels in various steel grades.
In this paper, design methodologies based on considerations of deformation microstructure of austenite are presented and evaluated to develop steel with high utility. Fe-22Mn-0.4C High Mn austenitic steel, Fe-20Mn-11Cr-4Si-xNi alloy and 2101 Lean Duplex stainless steel were prepared and deformed at different strain and strain path. Austenite microstructure was analyzed to make the above steels that could withstand various processing deformations applied during the steel production process and optimum microstructures were proposed to improve steel performance.
First, the high temperature workability of high manganese austenitic steel has been examined to prevent grain boundary embrittlement cracking problems in the hot rolling process. As-cast Fe-22Mn-0.4C steel exhibited poor hot ductility behaviors at 900°C tensile test. Phosphorus segregation and BN precipitation at grain boundaries were observed to be mainly responsible for this deterioration. In order to enhance the hot ductility, titanium was added to this steel, and high temperature workability was compared in view of reduction of area in tensile test at 900°C. BN precipitation at grain boundaries was effectively suppressed by the formation of interior Ti(C,N) precipitates. Furthermore, phosphorus atoms, a grain boundary embrittlement element, were observed to segregate at Ti(C,N) interfaces in Auger electron spectroscopy and atom probe tomography. These results prove that titanium addition in Fe-22Mn-0.4C steel can effectively improve the high temperature workability by decreasing the segregation of phosphorus at grain boundary.
Second, the present work also concerned Ni effects on the reversible deformation induced martensitic transformation of Fe-20Mn-11Cr-4Si-xNi (x=2, 4, 6 wt%) alloys and the corresponding deformation mechanism under the uniaxial deformation. As the Ni content increased, the amount of thermal and initial tensile deformation induced ε-martensite decreased because the Ni addition increased the thermal stability and stacking fault (SF) energy. In contrast, the reversibility of deformation induced γ↔ε transformation sharply increased. TEM and EBSD analysis showed that Shockley partial dislocations remained the same slip plane for the reversible martensitic transformation (γ↔ε). Thus, SF intersection and thermal induced ε-martensite acted as a barrier against dislocation movement in reverse martensite phase transformation (ε→γ). This suggests that the Ni content should be optimized to balance the forward and reverse phase transformation under plastic deformation.
Third, the deformation behaviors of the austenite in lean duplex stainless steels were investigated through uniaxial tension tests with different amounts of deformation. Microstructural analysis showed that in the initial deformation stage the deformation in austenite grains had a predominant effect on the strain hardening behavior of the lean duplex stainless steel (LDX-2101). The initial deformation in the austenite grains was found to be mainly accommodated by the formation of stacking faults. As the deformation increased further, mechanical twins were generated by the initial stacking faults and sequentially interacted with dislocations to accommodate the strain. The analysis of dislocation behavior revealed that the deformation twinning process followed the three-layer twin formation mechanism.
Above results indicated that steels with austenite phase were successfully developed in this thesis. Through controlling its chemical content and temperature conditions in heat treatment, the sufficient strength and formability were achieved to become a good candidate for an AHSS. In conclusion, we have investigated microstructural factors that influence the mechanical properties of steels containing austenite phase to advance further system.