무당 표상의 변전(變轉)과 검열 간 관계를 통해 본 1970년대 한국영화 = A Study on South Korean Films of the 1970s Based on the Relationship between the Changing Representations of Shamans and Censorship

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper presents another aspect in the film history of South Korea during the 1970s by focusing on the representations of shamans in South Korean films during the decade. Shamans were actively reproduced in South Korean films from the 1960s to the 1980s. In the films produced in the 1960s, shamans were a symbol of barbarism and superstition and were depicted as negative beings that hindered modernization. Toward the end of the 1970s, shamans were reproduced as part of the traditional culture confronting foreign Western culture and a being to connote the suffering of the ruled. In the early 1980s, daughters of shamans often appeared to have hypersexuality in erotic films. This embodiment happened especially in folksy films and lasted until the early 1990s. This study argues that the dichotomy of extreme representations, in which shamans were the symbol of the suppressed on one hand and that of hypersexuality on the other hand, took place in the 1970s and tried to understand more profoundly South Korean films in the 1970s characterized by recession and indecency.
A focus was placed on films that were not included in old discussions to figure out the process and context of dichotomy in the representations of shamans. The films that most mentioned reproduced shamans in the 1970s include Munyeodo (Choi Ha-won, 1972), Iodo (Kim Gi-yeong, 1977), Chobun (Lee Du-yong, 1977), The Ascension of Han-ne (Ha Gil-jong, 1977), Eulhwa (Byeon Jang-ho, 1979), and Singung (Im Gwon-taek, 1979). These films have been evaluated as literary films based on literary works and also auteurism films that clearly show the director’s individuality. In addition to these films that have been actually canonized, there are many more films in which the representation of a shaman is the center of the narrative. They include Baebaeng-i (Kim Gi, 1973), Aglyeong (Kim In-su, 1974), Bagsumudang (Im Won-sik, 1974), and Wonmu (Park Yun-gyo, 1976). These films were released between 1972 when Munyeodo, which was the inflection point in the representation of a shaman, was made and 1977 when the reproduction of a shaman was active in literary films. In these films, shamans were reproduced in ways that were more conscious of the public’s viewpoint and put the entertainment dimension first before ideological, ethical, and artistic criteria. These films also had to pass censorship based on the government’s ideological, ethical, and artistic criteria. The censorship process for these films witnessed an encounter between entertainment to address the hobbies and expectations of the public and the criteria of films that the government sought after. This process included clashes, dislocations, competitions, compromises, conspiracies, displacement, and setting a direction, which represent an aspect of the 1970s. This study paid particular attention to the censorship criteria in relation to shamanism in the 1970s revealed in the censorship practice, the discourses comprised of the criteria, resulting changes to the representations of shamans, and the drive and energy that was not to be captured or controlled by the framework.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "한네의 승천"

2 강인철, "한국의 종교, 정치, 국가: 1945-2012" 한신대학교출판부 2013

3 "한국영상자료원 KMDB"

4 장석만, "한국 근대종교란 무엇인가?" 도서출판 모시는사람들 2017

5 "피막"

6 "초분"

7 "조선일보"

8 강인철, "저항과 투항: 군사정권들과 종교" 한신대학교 출판부 2013

9 신양섭, "임권택 영화 속의 무속적 세계관" 한국학연구소 (60) : 277-308, 2017

10 "이어도"

11 신광철, "이미지로 재현된 무속과 그리스도교의 마주침" 한국역사민속학회 (12) : 2001

12 "을화"

13 오진곤, "유신체제기 영화와 방송의 정책적 양상에 관한 연구: 유신체제의 법제적 장치에 따른 영화와 방송의 법제적 조치를 중심으로" 언론정보연구소 48 (48): 229-259, 2011

14 백문임, "월하의 여곡성" 책세상 2008

15 "원무"

16 김윤미, "오영진의 1940년대 초기 시나리오에 나타난 ‘민속’의 의미 －'배뱅이굿(べべンイの巫祭)'과 '맹진사댁 경사(孟進仕宅の慶事)'을 중심으로" 한국문학연구학회 (39) : 379-422, 2009

17 "악령"

18 "신궁"

19 박유희, "샤먼의 기억 ―한국 영화에 나타난 ‘무당’ 표상" 현대문학이론학회 (48) : 185-216, 2012

20 대한민국 내무부, "새마을운동 기본교재"

21 "불의 딸"

22 "배뱅이"

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24 "박수무당"

25 최경호, "미신타파 이후의 동제와 마을의 정체성: 경북 영덕 노물리의 사례를 중심으로" 한국종교학회 13 : 1997

26 신광철, "무속 소재 영화와 무녀 캐릭터" 한국역사민속학회 (18) : 335-356, 2004

27 "무녀의 밤"

28 "무녀도"

29 "만고강산"

30 "동아일보"

31 대중서사장르연구회, "대중서사장르의 모든 것: 5.환상물" 이론과실천 2016

32 이영미, "공포에서 해원으로 - 1980년대 전후 영화 속 무당 표상과 사회적 무당의 탄생" 민족문화연구원 (65) : 493-530, 2014

33 "경향신문"

34 박유희, "‘검열’이라는 포르노그래피－<춘몽>에서 <애마부인>까지 ‘외설’ 검열과 재현의 역학" 대중서사학회 21 (21): 95-145, 2015

35 박유희, "‘文藝映畵’의 함의" 한국영화학회 (44) : 117-157, 2010

36 한국기독교사회문제연구원, "1970년대 민주화운동과 기독교" 1983