Nuclear energy is emerging again recently as a clean energy source due to the increase of oil price rapidly. In the viewpoint of operation, a pending problem of nuclear facilities is to reduce the volume of radioactive wastes. In particular, an innov...
Nuclear energy is emerging again recently as a clean energy source due to the increase of oil price rapidly. In the viewpoint of operation, a pending problem of nuclear facilities is to reduce the volume of radioactive wastes. In particular, an innovative scheme to suppress the generation of secondary wastes during the decontamination process is urgently required. Large amounts of radioactive activated carbon is occurring in nuclear facilities including nuclear power plant every year, and the uranium contaminated soil and waste oil are occurring in nuclear facilities related nuclear fuel processing, but these were accumulated at facility sites due to a difficulty of decontamination. We used supercritical carbon dioxide as a cleaning solvent which is environmentally-friendly non toxic solvent in this study. A technical advantage of this cleaning method is that no secondary waste is generated fundamentally due to the easy recycling of carbon dioxide. Supercritical carbon dioxide is thought to be a good solvent for the decontamination of radioactive activated carbon and soil which has high porosity, because supercritical carbon dioxide is very easy to penetrate those pores due to its low surface tension. And, it is effective in decontamination of waste oil because carbon dioxide has non polar properties. A core technology of this study is 'the decontamination process development of radioactive waste using supercritical fluid', which includes development of an extraction method of radioactive contaminants, pressurization process, and recycle process of supercritical fluid.
Radioactive iodide takes a form of gaseous methyl iodide in nuclear power plants, and the methyl iodide is absorbed by activated carbon with TEDA(Trietylenediamine) impregnated on the surface. Generally, methyl iodide(CH3I) is combined chemically with TEDA, and then I-TEDA(chemical compound between CH3I and TEDA) was produced the final product. To recycle radioactive activated carbon, removal of I-TEDA from activated carbon is needed. To determine the removal possibility of I-TEDA from activated carbon using organic solvents in supercritical carbon dioxide, I-TEDA was synthesized at laboratory. The solubilities of I-TEDA for organic solvents were determined at ambient temperature and pressure. The organic solvents are used as cosolvents in supercritical carbon dioxide for the removal of I-TEDA. The solubilities of I-TEDA under supercritical carbon dioxide containing organic cosolvents were determined using a variable volume view cell. The removal efficiencies of I-TEDA from solid surface for organic solvents in supercritical carbon dioxide containing cosolvents were determined by the QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance). We made activated carbon specimens by contaminating them with methyl iodide containing I-131. We determined the removal efficiency of iodine compound from these radioactive mouk-up activated carbon specimens using supercritical carbon dioxde containing methanol as a cosolvent. The removal efficiency increased with the amount of methanol in supercritical carbon dioxide. We found that decontamination of radioactive activated carbon using supercritical carbon dioxide be possible. The decontamination process using supercritical carbon dioxide with methanol have to reduced secondary wastes than that using methanol only.
In order to extract uranium from the contaminated soil, the chelating ligand or microemulsion which are able to combine or dissolve uranium ion were used as a uranium extractants. The solubility measurement of TBP in supercritical carbon dioxide indicated that TBP was dissolved above pressure of 95bar at temperature of 40℃. The distribution coefficient dependence of the amounts of TBP and the concentration of nitric acid under supercritical carbon dioxide on the uranium extraction were measured. Based on the dependence, the dissolution steps of uranium dioxide by TBP-HNO3 complex under supercritical carbon dioxide were identified. Uranium were extracted from aqueous solution and soil when we used TBP as a chelate ligand under supercritical carbon dioxide. Solubility measurements of TBOD in supercritical carbon dioxide indicated that TBOD was dissolved above pressure of 160bar at temperature of 40℃. Solubility measurement of TBOD-HNO3 complex and TBOD-(NO3)2-UO2 complex under supercritical carbon dioxide were done also. Distribution coefficients for the uranium extraction under the solutions of dodecane and that of supercritical carbon dioxide were measured in the aqueous solution. The distribution coefficient dependences on the amounts of TBOD and the concentration of nitric acid under supercritical carbon dioxide were measured. Uranium were extracted from aqueous solution and soil when we used the chelate ligand, TBOD under supercritical carbon dioxide. The solubility measurements of Proline derivative in supercritical carbon dioxide were done. Proline derivative was measured to be dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide above pressure of 120bar at temperature of 40℃. Formation of microemulsion by Proline derivative with water under supercritical carbon dioxide was identified. Uranium was extracted from soil when we used microemusion formed by proline derivative under supercritical carbon dioxide. Uranium was extracted from the soil when we used HFA or Pyridine. Uranium was extracted from soil when we used TBOD as a ligand with IPA as a sub-ligand and TBOD with butanol under supercritical carbon dioxide.
The waste oil used in a fuel processing plant was contaminated by uranium because of its exposure to materials or environments containing uranium. Under current law, waste oil that has been contaminated with uranium is very difficult to dispose of in a radioactive waste disposal site. In order to dispose of the uranium-contaminated waste oil, the uranium was separated from the contaminated waste oil. Supercritical R-22(chlorodifluoromethane) is an excellent solvent for extracting clean oil from uranium-contaminated waste oil. The critical temperature of R-22 is 96.15℃ and the critical pressure of R-22 is 49.9 bar. In this study, we extracted the uranium from the uranium-contaminated waste oil using supercritical R-22. Many different kinds of additives are included to waste oil, we assumed that uranium-combined organic compounds were dissolved and extracted by supercritical R-22 after functional group like amine or phosphate in a lubricating oil additives formed the uranium-combined organic compound. For this reason, we need to dissolve the uranium in the uranium-combined organic compounds using nitric acid. The decontamination process of uranium from the uranium-contaminated waste oil using supercritical R-22 extraction and nitric acid treatment was developed in this study.