The measurement and control of low temperatures influence severely on the experimental data at low temperatures. The precise measurement and control of temperatures are essential especially for the measurements of small changes of physical quantities ...
The measurement and control of low temperatures influence severely on the experimental data at low temperatures. The precise measurement and control of temperatures are essential especially for the measurements of small changes of physical quantities at low temperatures, or, the changes of heat capacity and the superfluid density of helium near the superfluid transition temperature, Tλ .
In this paper, we discuss the various thermometers for the temperature measurement at low temperatures, and the methods of temperature control.