발전경제학과 국제원조의 진화 = Influences of Development Economics on the Foreign Aid Evolution

국문 초록 (Abstract)

개발도상국의 경제사회 발전을 지원하기 위한 국제원조는 2차 대전 이후 본격화되었는데, 그후 70여년간 국제원조의 우선적 목표와 핵심수단은 계속 진화하였다. 개도국 경제현실과 공여국의 정책목표와 더불어 발전경제학 분야에서의 학문적 발전 또한 국제원조의 진화에 영향을 미쳤다. 본 논문의 목적은 발전경제학의 발전이 국제원조의 진화에 어떻게 영향을 미쳤는가를 고찰하는 것이다. 1960년대 까지는 해로드-도마 모형을 근간으로 한 고전적 성장이론에 근거하여 개도국의 저축-투자 갭의 보완이 원조의 핵심기능으로 인식되었다. 그후 바그와티(J.Bhagwati)와 크루거(A.O. Krueger) 등의 신고전파적 무역이론의 발달은 국제원조가 개도국의 정책지원과 구조조정을 강조하게 된 이론적 배경이 되었다. 1980년대 센(A. Sen)의 역량이론은 인간개발을 위한 원조의 확대에 기여하였다. 또한 노스(D. North) 등의 신제도주의경제학과 원조효과에 관한 실증적 연구결과들은 국제원조에서 제도의 중요성을 인식시키는 데 크게 기여하였다. 한편 무작위추출 통제실험(RCT)과 같은 최근의 미시적 평가방법론의 발전은 ‘증거에 기반한 (evidence-based) 원조’가 탄생하게 된 학문적 배경이 되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Foreign aid has shown changes in its prime goal and instrument in the last several decades. In addition to developing countries` realities and international political terrain, new thoughts in development economics have highly influenced the evolution in foreign aid. This study examines this relationship. At first, the classical growth theory supported that aid would promote growth by filling the investment-saving gap of developing economies. Thereafter, neo-classical trade theory served as an academic basis for the use of aid fund for structural adjustment, while the capability approach of A. Sen redirected aid to prioritize human development. New institutional economics and empirical studies on aid effectiveness led aid to facilitate institutional changes in developing countries. The recent development in policy evaluation methods underlined the effectiveness of aid projects at the micro level.

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