시진핑시기 중국 국가안전위원회의 위상과 역할에 관한 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the expansion of China's international status and influence, Xi Jinping has established the National Security Commission (NSC), a new command tower of the Communist Party and the state's internal security-related systems based on Xi’s ‘Overall National Security Outlook.’ With the new NSC, China aims to strategically cope with the complex and dynamic domestic and foreign security environment and threats. It differentiates itself apart from NSCs in other countries because it is installed within the party, not in the government, as a veiled ‘Black Box’ to oversee domestic and foreign security affairs.
This paper seeks to identify the roles and status of National Security Commission by examining its background, purpose, functions and features, and analyze the NSC from the perspective of historical institutionalism.
According to the historical context, the National Security Commission was established as a ‘Commission’, which is a form developed from Leading Small Groups (領導小組). The LSGs are coordinating bodies that have existed in China’s party-state political system since the Communist Party of China (CPC) was created. Unlike Small Groups (小組), which has a temporary, unofficial nature and only performs communication and cooperation, the commission is a permanent body that oversees various ministries and small groups within China’s party-state system as the ‘Second official system.’ The commission also has decision-making as well as coordination authorities, and it serves to strengthen the party’s unified leadership through the top-level design. In addition, external factors such as evolving U.S.-China relations and domestic security challenges combined with Xi Jinping's awareness of vulnerabilities in the current national security system have affected the Supreme Leader’s actions and interest to setup a new national security commission. Through this system, Xi Jinping aims to modernize national defense and military to realize China’s dream, consolidate the rule of the Communist Party, and finally concentrate the power in Xi Jinping alone.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

중국의 국제적위상과 영향력이 제고됨에 따라 복잡하고 다양한 대내외 안보환경과 위협에 전략적으로 대응하기 위해 시진핑은 총체국가안보관을 기반으로 당-국가 내의 안보관련 기구들을 통솔하는 사령탑인 국가안전위원회를 신설하였다. 중국의 국가안전위원회는 베일에 싸여있는 암상자(Black Box)로 정부가 아닌 당내에 설치되어 국내외 안보업무를 총괄한다는 점에서 다른 국가들의 NSC와 차이가 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 중국 국가안전위원회의 신설배경과 목적, 기능, 특징 등을 살펴봄으로써 국가안전위원회의 역할과 위상을 파악하고, 종합적으로 역사적 신제도주의 관점에서 국가안전위원회를 분석한다.
결론적으로, 국가안전위원회는 역사적 맥락에 따라 중국 공산당 창당시기부터 중국의 당-국가 정치체제 내에 존속해온 비공식기구인 영도소조에서 발전된 형태인 ‘위원회’로 신설되었다. 임시적이고 비공식적인 성격을 띠며 의사협조 기능만을 수행하는 영도소조와는 달리 위원회는 ‘제2의 정식제도’로서 당-국가 내의 여러 부처와 소조들을 총괄하는 상설기구로 의사협조는 물론 의사결정의 기능도 가지고 있으며 정층설계를 통해 당의 통일적 영도를 강화하는 역할을 하고 있다. 또한 미중관계의 변화, 다양한 국내 안보적 도전이라는 거시적 구조와 시진핑의 국가안보인식이 결합되어 기존 국가안보체제의 취약성을 보완하고 안보위협에 효과적으로 대응하기위해 신설된 국가안전위원회라는 제도가 이 기구의 최고책임자인 시진핑의 이익과 행위에도 영향을 미쳤다. 시진핑은 이 제도를 통해 중국몽 실현을 위한 국방·군대의 현대화 건설을 추진하고 공산당의 집권을 공고히 하며, 최종적으로는 시진핑 1인으로 권력을 집중시키는 제도적 보장책으로도 활용하고 있다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 1
• 제1절 연구배경 및 목적 1
• 제2절 연구방법 및 범위 4
• 제3절 선행연구 검토 및 한계 12
• 제2장 국가안전위원회 설립의 역사 배경 19
• 제1절 중국 ‘영도소조’의 역사변화와 특징 19
• 제2절 중국 ‘영도소조’의 조직 구조와 기능 33
• 제3절 중국 ‘영도소조’의 정치적 위상 46
• 제3장 국가안전위원회의 설립목적과 기능 50
• 제1절 설립 배경 50
• 제2절 국가안전위원회의 설립목적과 임무 65
• 제3절 국가안전위원회의 구성과 기능 76
• 제4장 국가안전위원회의 정치동학 95
• 제1절 국가안전위원회의 운영방식 분석 95
• 제2절 국가안전위원회의 실천 분석 112
• 제3절 국가안전위원회의 특징 123
• 제5장 결론과 전망 131
• 참고문헌 139
• Abstract 151