미중 데탕트와 주한미군 = U.S.-China Détente and the United States Forces Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 데탕트기 미중 간의 비밀협상 과정에서 비중있게 논의되었던 주한미군 문제를 고찰하여 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 제시하였다. 첫째, 주한미군 문제는 한반도 문제 자체보다는 주로 동아시아 안보의 맥락에서 논의되었다. 특히 소련의 위협, 일본의 잠재적 군사화, 대만에서의 미군 철수, 북한의 주한미군 철수 요구 등과 긴밀히 연계되어 다루어졌다. 둘째, 미중은 협상을 통해 주한미군의 동북아 안정자 역할에 암묵적으로 동의함으로써 존속으로의 타협점을 찾았다. 미국은 정치적 영향력 유지와 동북아 안정을 위해 상당한 규모의 주둔이 요구된다는 결론에 도달했다. 중국은 소련과 일본의 위협 견제, 한반도 안정 등의 전략적 이점을 고려하여 주한미군을 용인하면서도 대만문제 관련 요구 관철, 북한에 대한 영향력 유지, UN에서의 위상 강화 등을 위해 협상 수단으로 활용하였다. 셋째, 역내 국가들의 주한미군에 대한 인식과 행태는 이념이나 우적관계를 뛰어넘는 전략적 계산에 의한 결과로써, 동북아 안보질서 형성에 상당한 영향요인으로 작용하였음을 보여준다. 향후 주한미군의 역할과 성격은 미중관계의 변화와 역내 국가들의 주한미군에 대한 인식과 전략에 따라 크게 영향을 받을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 전략적 시각을 한반도를 넘어 동북아로 확장하여, 역내 각국의 상대에 대한 인식과 전략을 깊이 있게 이해함으로써 실효적인 안보전략을 수립할 필요가 크다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper explores the United States Forces Korea(USFK) issue, which was extensively discussed between the US and China amidst the détente period. The study presents the following findings and arguments: First, discussions on the USFK agenda primarily centered around East Asian security concerns, such as the Soviet threat, Japan's potential militarization, the Taiwan issue, and North Korea's demand for the removal of the USFK. Second, the US and China reached a compromise by tacitly agreeing to the role of the USFK as a stabilizing force in Northeast Asia. The US concluded that a sizable military presence in South Korea was necessary to maintain its hegemony in East Asia. China accepted the USFK role as a stabilizer while strategically using it to counter threats from the Soviet Union and Japan, secure US support for the One China policy, and maintain its influence over North Korea. Third, the perception and position of Northeast Asian countries towards the USFK were based on strategic considerations that transcended ideological or ‘friend and foe’ relations. Any changes in US-China relations, as well as the strategies of Northeast Asian countries towards the USFK, could significantly impact the role and nature of the USFK. Therefore, taking a broader strategic perspective beyond the Korean peninsula to Northeast Asia would help establish an effective security strategy.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김정배, "중미화해, 한반도정치, 그리고 냉전체제" 한국미국사학회 36 : 205-245, 2012

2 씨아야펑, "중국의 엘리트 정치와 중미 관계회복, 1969년 1월~1972년 2월" 19 (19): 129-155, 2012

3 최명해, "중국의 대미 데탕트 시도와 북‧중 동맹 관계의 재조명" 아세아문제연구원 51 (51): 230-264, 2008

4 이동률, "중국의 1972년 대미 데탕트: 배경, 전략, 역사적 함의" 세종연구소 20 (20): 71-106, 2014

5 박건영 ; 박선원 ; 우승지, "제3공화국 시기 국제정치와 남북관계: 7·4 공동성명과 미국의 역할을 중심으로" 세종연구소 9 (9): 61-92, 2003

6 마상윤, "적(敵)에서 암묵적 동맹으로: 데탕트 초기 미국의 중국 접근" 한국정치연구소 23 (23): 313-338, 2014

7 홍석률, "분단의 히스테리: 공개문서로 보는 미중관계와 한반도" 창비 2012

8 손열, "미중데탕트와 일본: 1972년 중일국교정상화 교섭의 국제정치" 현대일본학회 (38) : 257-275, 2013

9 김차준, "미중 데탕트기 미국의 한반도 ‘평화’ 구상: 1971년 키신저·저우언라이 대화를 중심으로" 통일평화연구원 13 (13): 199-237, 2021

10 마상윤, "미중 경쟁과 한국의 대응: 냉전의 역사로부터 교훈 찾기" 극동문제연구소 38 (38): 115-152, 2022

11 박정진, "데탕트기 북중관계의 변화와 북일관계의 전개: '두 개의 조선' 정책과 한일기본조약에 대한 시사" 극동문제연구소 31 (31): 27-51, 2015

12 류인석, "닉슨독트린과 주한미군 철수: 개입 축소와 영향력 유지의 딜레마에서의 철수 결정" 한국국방연구원 39 (39): 7-41, 2023

13 우승지, "남북화해론 : 박정희와 김일성" 인간사랑 2020

14 조선노동당출판사, "김일성 저작집 27권" 조선노동당출판사 1984

15 신욱희, "기회에서 교착상태로 : 데탕트시기 한미관계와 한반도의 국제정치" 한국정치외교사학회 26 (26): 253-286, 2005

16 Kissinger, Henry A, "White House Years" Little, Brown 1979

17 U.S. Department of State, "US Policy Toward Korea, Department of State Policy Planning Council, June 15, FRUS, 1964-1968, Vol. XXIX, Part 1, Korea"

18 Zhisui, Li, "The Private Life of Chairman Mao" Random House 1994

19 도지인, "The Making of a Cold War Turning Point: The Sino-Soviet Split and the Prelude to Detente with the United States, 1965-1968" 한국국제정치학회 12 (12): 113-136, 2014

20 Gaddis, John Lewis, "Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy" Oxford University Press 1982

21 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Plenary Opening Statement, 2/21, Box 847"

22 라먼 파체도 파, "North Korea’s Nuclear Threat and the Strategic Response by the ROK-US Alliance" (재)한국군사문제연구원 13 : 31-55, 2023

23 National Security Archive(NSA), "Next Step toward the PRC-NSSM 124, June 1, CH00211"

24 Xia, Yafeng, "Negotiating with the Enemy : U.S.-China Talks during the Cold War, 1949-1972" Indiana Univeristy Press 2006

25 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "NSSM 3: U.S. Military Posture and the Balance of Power, General Purpose Forces Section, September 5, H-023"

26 National Security Archive (NSA), "NSSM 14, Subject: U.S. China Policy, February 5, CH00043"

27 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "NSC Meeting(San Clemente) 8/14 Briefings: Korea, China(2 of 3), HAK Talking Points"

28 U.S. Department of State (DOS), "Memorandum, The Impact of the Korean Talks, July 7, RG 59, Box2429"

29 National Security Archive (NSA), "Memorandum, NSSM 3: U.S. Military Posture and the Balance of Power, “Pilot Study of Alternative Military Objectives, Forces, and Budgets for General Purpose Forces,” January 30, PR00292"

30 Declassified Document Reference System, "Memorandum of Conversation, Participants: Mao Tsetung, Chou En-lai, Henry A. Kissinger"

31 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum of Conversation, October, 22, Box 846"

32 U. S. Department of State(DOS), "Memorandum of Conversation, June 22, FRUS, 1969-1976, Volume XVII, China, 1969-1972"

33 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials(NPM), "Memorandum of Conversation, July, 11, Files-Lord-China, Box 846"

34 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum of Conversation, July 9, Files-Lord-China Box 846"

35 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, Files-Lord-China Box 846"

36 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum of Conversation, February 23, Box 91"

37 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, Box 91"

38 U. S. Department of State(DOS), "Memorandum of Conversation, February 15, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol. XVIII, China, 1973-1976"

39 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum for the President from HAK, Subject: My October Visit:Discussions of the Issues, November 11, Box 847"

40 Declassified Document Reference System, "Memorandum for the President from HAK, Subject: My Asian Trip, February 27"

41 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum for the President from HAK, Subject: Briefing Papers for the China Trip, February 8, Lord-China File, Box 847"

42 Declassified Document Reference System, "Memorandum for the President from HAK"

43 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Memorandum for Dr. Kissinger from John H. Holdridge Subject:Convergence in Peking-Pyongyang Relations: The Chinese Bring Kim IlSung on-board for Flexible Diplomacy, September 17, Box 1036"

44 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Joint Communique, February 28, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China"

45 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Joint Communique(Tentative Draft) Second Chinese DRAFT 10/257:15 P.M. Box 846"

46 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Joint Communique(Tentative Draft) First Chinese DRAFT 10/24 9:30P.M. Box-846"

47 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Joint Communique(Tentative Draft) FINAL DRAFT 10/26-8:00 A.M. Box 846"

48 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Draft Joint Communique Third U.S. Draft. 10/25 10:00 P.M. Box 846"

49 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Draft Joint Communique Second U.S. Draft. 10/25 10:15 A.M. Box 846"

50 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Draft Joint Communique First U.S. Draft. 10/22 8:00 P.M. Box 846"

51 National Security Archive (NSA), "Draft Instruction to Warsaw for Meeting with Chinese, January 20, Memorandum to the President, Guidance for Sino-U.S. Ambassadorial Meeting, CH00108"

52 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "Dr. Kissinger Visit to the PRC Briefing Book, Korea, June, HAK Office Files Country Files-Far East, Box 97"

53 Beckley, Michael, "Delusions of Détente: Why America and China Will Be Enduring Rivals" 102 (102): 2023

54 U.S. Department of State (DOS), "DOS to AmeEmbassy Seoul, Subject: ROK Foreign Policy Change, June 22, RG 59"

55 U.S. Department of State (DOS), "DOS Intelligence Note, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, North Korea: Pyongyang Moves Closer to Peking in Support of DPRK Objectives in the South, September 22, RG 59, Box 2421"

56 U.S. Department of State (DOS), "DOS East Asian Interdepartmental Group, Policy Analysis Resource Allocations Paper (PARA) Korea, March 14, RG 59, Box 2429"

57 National Archives and Records Administration, Nixon Presidential Materials (NPM), "DOS Background Paper, Visit of Richard Nixon President of United States to the People’s Republic of China, February, Lord Files"

58 Goh, Evelyn, "Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961-1974:From ‘Red Menace’ to ‘Tacit Ally’" Cambridge University Press 2005

59 Gurtov, Melvin, "China Under Threat : The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy" Johns Hopkins University Press 1980

60 Nam, Joo Hong, "America’s Commitment to South Korea: The Decade of the Nixon Doctrine" Cambridge University Press 1986

61 U.S. Department of State (DOS), "AmEmbassy Seoul to DOS, Subject : North Korea and the United States Presence in the ROK, May 7, RG 59 1967-1969, Box 2260"

62 Harding, Harry, "A Fragile Relationship : The United States and China Since 1972" Brookings Institution 1992

63 김명섭, "1972년 데탕트의 한계와 국제질서의 혼돈" 극동문제연구소 38 (38): 49-78, 2022

64 홍석률, "1970년대 초 남북대화의 종합적 분석 ―남북관계와 미중관계, 남북한 내부 정치의 교차점에서―" 이화사학연구소 (40) : 290-330, 2010